园林植物钻蛀类害虫嗜食性特点的利用

绿化植物中的钻蛀类害虫是最具毁灭性的一类害虫。这类害虫具有种类多、分布广、危害重、防治难的特点。其＂嗜食性＂或＂偏食性＂特点为我们指示了一条＂不战而屈人之兵＂的防控路线。通过调查,我们对本地绿化植物钻蛀类害虫的嗜食性特点已初步了解,据此特点,制定出连云港市科学的防控钻蛀类害虫的有效办法。     

天牛类蛀干害虫的防治

天牛类蛀干害虫是危害林木、果树等多种经济树种的重要害虫,具有种类繁多,危害严重,隐蔽难除的特点。     

天牛类蛀干害虫的防治

<正>天牛类蛀干害虫是危害林木、果树等多种经济树种的重要害虫,具有种类繁多,危害严重,隐蔽难除的特点。     

2种蛀干类害虫引诱剂诱捕害虫效果研究

引诱剂Ⅰ和引诱剂Ⅱ是最常用的2种松墨天牛引诱剂。为了弄清蛀干类害虫引诱剂林间诱捕云南松蛀干害虫的效果,于2009～2012年每年的5～9月蛀干害虫活动期在玉溪市红塔山自然保护区2个林区设6块样地进行2种蛀干害虫引诱剂诱捕蛀干类害虫实验。结果表明,蛀干类害虫引诱剂可以诱捕到危害云南松枝梢和树干的8种害虫,1种待鉴定,1种天敌昆虫。松墨天牛、短角幽天牛、吉丁虫、木蠹象、松瘤象是云南松蛀干害虫的优势群体。连续使用害虫引诱剂能显著降低林间蛀干类害虫的虫口密度。     

木棉蛀干害虫初步观察

通过对木棉蛀干害虫进行系统观察，了解其生物学特性，分析危害特点和危害趋势，为科学监测和防治提供依据。     

杨凌地区柳树行道树蛀干害虫危害及防治

本文通过对杨凌示范区城市园林绿化树种蛀干害虫危害现状及防治措施的调查,揭示当前关中地区城市园林蛀干害虫发生特点及主要应对策略,为城市园林中控制蛀干害虫扩散、危害提供决策依据。     

桃采收后怎样防天牛

桃采果后，天牛类蛀干害虫危害会加剧，特别是成年树受害更重。一般危害桃的害虫主要育星天牛、桑天牛等，其幼虫蛀食树干、枝干和根部。因此，要及时采取措施杀灭天牛。其防治方法为：     

木材虫害及其预防

昆虫种类很多,食性复杂.木材害虫,主要为食材性昆虫(或称食木性昆虫)和食菌性昆虫. 树木采伐后到制材加工过程中,木材含水率不同,蛀入木材中产卵的害虫也不一样.通常以木材的纤维饱和点(含水率为30%)为界限,蛀入含水率高于木材纤维饱和点的原木或锯材中产卵的害虫,称为湿材害虫;蛀入含水率低于木材纤维饱和点的干木材或半干木材中产卵的害虫,称为干材害虫.但有些害虫既危害湿材,也危害干材,如危害橡木(栎类)的害虫主要为蠹虫类(甲虫),如粉蠹虫、小蠹虫,长小蠹虫、长蠹虫等,既有湿材害虫,也有干材害虫.     

中国桉树蛀干害虫研究现状

随着中国桉树人工林栽培面积不断增大,桉树虫害的发生和危害也日趋严重.蛀干害虫由于其隐蔽性和防治难逐渐上升为主要的害虫种群.据统计,桉树蛀干害虫从2001年的18种增加到目前的25种,主要集中在3目10科,其中危害中等以上的有16种.文章总结了中国桉树蛀干害虫的发生情况和危害特点,提出了有效的防治措施及今后的研究方向.     

北方地区林木主要蛀干害虫的综合防治技术

文章对北方地区林木蛀干害虫的危害特点和常见种类作了简要描述,并拟定了林木蛀干害虫的综合防治建议,为林木蛀干害虫的综合治理提供一定的参考。     

深圳市福田区社区公园植物景观评价

深圳社区公园建设较早，结合当前“公园城市”建设的贯彻、开展，老旧社区公园亟需更新、提质。以福田区3个不同建设时段的社区公园作为调查对象，运用IPA方法进行分析，对社区公园植物景观的满意度进行调查。并结合各阶段社区公园中乔木、灌木、地被的品种、群落及空间的研究，对各梯队的满意度-重要性进行分析，总结各梯队中部分因子满意度较低的原因。最后结合各梯队满意度分析结论，提出社区公园植物景观设计、营建相关建议。     

湖北上涉湖湿地自然保护区冬季鸟类物种多样性

2008年3月,根据上涉湖湿地自然保护区的地理状况和植被情况划分生境类型,在4种生境中选择典型样区设定样线,采用样线法对鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类144种,隶属15目35科,其中留鸟57种、夏候鸟15种、冬候鸟64种、旅鸟8种;古北种75种、东洋种48种、广布种21种.分别采用Shannon-wiener指数、Pielou指数和G-F指数对保护区鸟类物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,鸟类群落丰富度为林地＆gt;浅滩＆gt;农田＆gt;水域;采用Jaccard指数进行鸟类群落间相似性分析结果,农田和林地的鸟类群落相似程度最高.分析了保护区鸟类资源保护现状和存在的问题,提出了鸟类资源保护建议.     

Flooding, root temperature, physiology and growth of two Annona species

The effects of root zone temperature (RZT) and flooding on physiology and growth of Annona glabra L. (pond apple) and A. muricata L. (soursop) were investigated. Trees planted in containers were exposed to RZTs of 5, 10, 20, 25 or 35 degrees C in controlled root temperature chambers. Trees at each RZT were either non-flooded (control) or continuously flooded. There were four replications over time for each treatment combination. Pond apple was more flood-tolerant than soursop. A combination of flooding and RZTs of 5 and 10 degrees C resulted in tree mortality of both species by Week 4. Only trees that appeared to develop morphological adaptations survived continuous flooding. In both species, net CO2 assimilation (A) decreased to nearly zero within 1 week following exposure to RZTs of 5 or 10 degrees C and became consistently negative over the remaining experimental period. Flooding reduced leaf chlorophyll index (measured with a SPAD meter), A and plant growth, and increased root electrolyte leakage from soursop. Optimum growth occurred at RZTs of 25 to 35 degrees C for non-flooded pond apple trees and at 20 to 25 degrees C for flooded trees. Soursop exhibited maximum growth at RZTs of 35 degrees C under non-flooded conditions and at 25 degrees C under flooded conditions.     

Woody plant diversity,structure and regeneration in the Ambo State Forest,South Gondar Zone,Northwest Ethiopia

For this study in the Ambo State Forest on woody plant diversity, structure and regeneration, 70 quadrats, each 25 m by 25 m, were selected using a systematic random sampling technique and intervals of 100 m along a transect line. For assessing seedlings and saplings,two 2 × 10 m sub quadrats were set upon opposite sides of each main quadrat. Data on species diversity, abundance,structure, basal area, density, frequency and regeneration status were collected and analyzed using standard procedures and programs. Of 58 woody plant species identified,69 % were trees, 16 % were shrubs, 12 % were tree/shrubs and 4 % were climbers. Fabaceae was the most speciesrich family comprising 17 species. The Shannon–Weiner diversity index was 2.73, and evenness was 0.67. The population structure in the cumulative diameter class frequency distribution revealed an interrupted and inverted J-shape with a very high decrease in higher diameter class.Acacia lahai(49 %) was the most important woody species with the highest importance value index. To maintain balanced structure, enhanced regeneration and protecting the forest from selective cutting are recommended.     

Establishing trees in an Appalachian silvopasture: response to shelters, grass control, mulch, and fertilization

In order to successfully introduce trees into existing pastures, it is important to determine and recommend a whole range of tree establishment practices. In the spring of 1995, approximately 350 bare-root seedlings each of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) were planted in six randomized paddocks within a silvopastoral study area at the Agroforestry Research and Demonstration Site in Blacksburg, Virginia. Three seedling establishment studies were tested, including (1) a tree protection study, (2) a water retention study, and (3) a fertilization study. Seedlings were planted using two different tree shelters (60 cm-tall poultry wire cage and 1.2 m-tall plastic Tubex), two water retention treatments (mulch and herbicide spray), and one fertilizer treatment. All treatments were compared to untreated controls. Tree survival, damage, and stem volume were compared for each species. Tree survival was comparable among all studies over three growing seasons. Tree establishment using poultry wire and Tubex shelters resulted in significant reduction of deer damage and significant increase in stem volume from 1996 to 1998. Tubex shelters had a pronounced positive impact on tree height and also on stem form; height of both black walnut and honeylocust was twice the height of control seedlings. Mulch and herbicide treatments for moisture control resulted in significant stem volume increases over thecontrol treatment from 1997 to 1998. However, mulching was less effective than the herbicide treatment. There was no significant tree growth response resulting from fertilization during this same period. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Morphometric study confirms the presence of only Vatica mangachapoi on Hainan Island,China

To date only one species of the genus Vatica Linn.(Dipterocarpaceae) has been identified, and a subspecies and three varieties have been reported on Hainan Island, China. However, it remained controversial whether the species was Vatica mangachapoi or a new species Vatica hainanensis, and whether the subspecies or varieties are taxonomically valid. We evaluated here morphometric variations of 133 trees collected from nine populations and herbarium specimens of Vatica spp. using 16 traits of leaf and fruit. Among these, leaf traits varied more within and among populations than did fruit traits. Four traits of ratios were more stable than directly-measured traits within and among populations. The ranges of lamina length, lamina width and height of maximum lamina width point were the greatest among the 16 traits, while number of lateral veins varied least among the 12 directly-measured traits. Measurements from all 9 populations overlapped for each morphological trait, and variation of each trait was continuous among both individuals and populations. The range of variation did not distinguish any specimen from V mangachapoi as described in the flora of Southeast Asia By cluster analysis, individuals of each population as wel as specimens of each variety formed no distinct clusters The published varieties thus were characterized by no distinguishing variations in comparison with the nine sampled populations. In conclusion, the new species V hainanensis as well as the subspecies and varieties were not supported by our comparisons, and only V. man gachapoi without any subspecies or varieties occurs on Hainan Island, China.     

Understanding Climate Change Perceptions,Attitudes, and Needs of Forest Service Resource Managers

Surveys were collected to assess Forest Service (FS) resource managers’ perceptions, attitudes, and informational needs related to climate change and its potential impacts on forests and grasslands. Resource managers with three background types were surveyed. All participants generally considered themselves to be well-informed on climate change issues, although each resource manager group had different perceptions of climate change effects on natural resources. They shared similar views on the most potentially useful sources of information and that there was less concern at the Ranger District level about climate change. Administrative issues, including funding, were viewed by all participants as serious obstacles inhibiting agency action. Results of these surveys should provide insight for increasing science delivery efforts, providing educational opportunities, and developing guidance and training for FS resource managers. As a result, the agency can continue to provide science-based tools which assist in conserving and maintaining healthy, resilient ecosystems.     

广西岑王老山自然保护区药用植物所在科的重要度分析

本研究旨在确定广西岑王老山自然保护区药用植物所在各科的重要程度。用回归残差分析法对保护区166科被子植物中各科的植物种数和药用植物种数之间的关系进行了分析,根据残差值将166科分成100个高利用科和66个低利用科。     

Fuel deposition rates of montane and subalpine conifers in the central Sierra Nevada,California, USA

Fire managers and researchers need information on fuel deposition rates to estimate future changes in fuel bed characteristics, determine when forests transition to another fire behavior fuel model, estimate future changes in fuel bed characteristics, and parameterize and validate ecosystem process models. This information is lacking for many ecosystems including the Sierra Nevada in California, USA. We investigated fuel deposition rates and stand characteristics of seven montane and four subalpine conifers in the Sierra Nevada. We collected foliage, miscellaneous bark and crown fragments, cones, and woody fuel classes from four replicate plots each in four stem diameter size classes for each species, for a total of 176 sampling sites. We used these data to develop predictive equations for each fuel class and diameter size class of each species based on stem and crown characteristics. There were consistent species and diameter class differences in the annual amount of foliage and fragments deposited. Foliage deposition rates ranged from just over 50 g m⁻² year⁻¹ in small diameter mountain hemlock stands to ∼300 g m⁻² year⁻¹ for the three largest diameter classes of giant sequoia. The deposition rate for most woody fuel classes increased from the smallest diameter class stands to the largest diameter class stands. Woody fuel deposition rates varied among species as well. The rates for the smallest woody fuels ranged from 0.8 g m⁻² year⁻¹ for small diameter stands of Jeffrey pine to 126.9 g m⁻² year⁻¹ for very large diameter stands of mountain hemlock. Crown height and live crown ratio were the best predictors of fuel deposition rates for most fuel classes and species. Both characteristics reflect the amount of crown biomass including foliage and woody fuels. Relationships established in this study allow predictions of fuel loads to be made on a stand basis for each of these species under current and possible future conditions. These predictions can be used to estimate fuel treatment longevity, assist in determining fuel model transitions, and predict future changes in fuel bed characteristics.     

Growth, nutrition, photosynthesis and transpiration responses of longleaf pine seedlings to light, water and nitrogen

Early growth and physiology of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were studied in response to light, water and nitrogen under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted with 1-year-old seedlings grown in 11.3 l pots. The experimental design was a split-plot factorial with two levels (low and high) of each of the factors, replicated in three blocks. The four factorial combinations of water and nitrogen were randomly applied to 15 pots (sub-plots) in each of the light treatment (main plot). Data were collected on survival, root collar diameter (RCD), and height on a monthly basis. Biomass (shoot, root and needle), leaf area index, specific needle area, and needle nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) concentrations were determined following final harvest after 16 months. Physiological data (net photosynthesis and transpiration) were collected monthly from March to July during the second growing season.

Height and RCD were significantly influenced by nitrogen and water and by the interaction between them with no apparent effect of light. Seedlings grew 93% taller in the high nitrogen and well watered (HNWW) treatment compared to the low nitrogen and water stressed (LNWS) treatment. Similarly, a significant increase (78%) in RCD was observed for seedlings in the HNWW treatment over the LNWS treatment. Light, along with water and nitrogen, played an important role in seedling biomass growth, especially when water was not limiting. Biomass partitioning (as measured by root:shoot ratio) was affected only by nitrogen and water. Nutrient stress had a greater influence on carbon allocation (69% increase in root:shoot ratio) than water stress (19% increase). Net photosynthesis (P_net) was significantly higher for seedlings in the high resource than in the low resource treatments with significant light×water and nitrogen×water interactions. Transpiration rate was higher (75%) under the WW treatment compared to the WS treatment. Longleaf pine seedlings grown under the LNWW treatment had the lowest foliar nitrogen (0.71%) whereas seedlings in the HNWS treatment had the highest (1.46%). Increasing the availability of light (through larger canopy openings or controlling midstory density) and soil nitrogen (through fertilization) may not result in greater P_net and improved seedling growth unless soil water is not limiting.