兴隆山国家级自然保护区鸟类群落初报

通过对兴隆山自然保护区阔叶林、混交林和针叶林鸟类群落结构的调查，结果表明：混交林中鸟类物种数和鸟类物种多样性最高，阔叶林最低。其中，山雀科和鳾科在阔叶林中占优势，而柳莺亚科在混交林和针叶林中占优势。提出了保护区每种生境都应保持一定面积，以便保护该地区鸟类物种多样性的建议。     

陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区不同生境蝶类昆虫多样性

2014年、2015年,选取针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛、草地等4种植被类型生境,对陕西子午岭国家级自然保护区的蝶类进行研究。共捕获蝶类832头,隶属于6科45种,其中蛱蝶科种类和个体数量最多。在4种生境中,阔叶林中的蝶类种类及数量最多,蛱蝶科为优势科;草地中的种类及数量最少,弄蝶科占优势地位;灌丛和针叶林居中,前者粉蝶科占优势地位,后者优势种群不明显。对4种植被类型中蝶类物种多样性、均匀度、丰富度和优势度等指数进行了计算与分析,结果表明:阔叶林生境多样性、均匀度和丰富度最高,优势度最低;草地生境相反;灌丛林与针叶林居中。除草地之外,阔叶林、针叶林、灌丛等3种生境蝶类种-多度曲线趋于对数正态分布。     

舒兰市夏季鸟类资源及多样性研究

2022年6—8月,采用样点法对舒兰市的鸟类进行调查,共调查到鸟类63种,隶属于13目32科。雀形目鸟类最多,占种总数的53.97%。国家二级保护鸟类9种,占种总数的14.29%。记录的鸟类以夏候鸟为主。在4种生境中,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数天然林最高、水域最低;Simpson优势度指数天然林最高,人工林最低;E.Pielou均匀度指数水域最高,天然林最低;相似性上,天然林和农田相似性最高,水域和其他生境相似性低。     

陕西秦岭西段繁殖鸟类多样性研究

陕西秦岭西段包括南坡的凤县，留坝县，勉县和略阳县以及北坡的陈仓区，渭滨区和陇县。为了了解秦岭西段南北坡繁殖鸟类的物种多样性，我们于2020-2022年的4-7月采用可变距离样线法进行了调查。共调查到鸟类182种，隶属于15目49科，其中国家级保护鸟类27种。无论是南坡还是北坡，东洋界物种和古北界物种的比例都接近于1∶1。不同生境中，落叶阔叶林带鸟类物种数最多，其次是农耕带，再次是针阔混交林带。而针叶林和草甸带物种数最低。各生境的优势种有很大差异，但是南北坡相似生境的优势种组成也趋于相似。总体上，南北坡鸟类多样性的海拔分布均呈现中峰模式。本研究为秦岭西段鸟类多样性的保护提供了基础数据。     

广东连南瑶排梯田国家湿地公园鸟类物种多样性

为掌握广东连南瑶排梯田国家湿地公园的鸟类物种多样性，2019年10月至2020年10月，采用样线法和样点法对湿地公园鸟类进行了系统调查。结果显示，共记录到鸟类89种，隶属于12目38科。在89种鸟中，有留鸟62种，夏候鸟10种，冬候鸟14种，旅鸟3种；鸟类区系为，古北界26种，东洋界55种，广布种8种；另有13种鸟类属国家二级重点保护野生动物。在7种生境中，灌丛、乔木林、农田中鸟类物种多样性指数较高，沼泽、库塘、村落、河流中鸟类物种多样性指数较低。最终，建议湿地公园管理部门通过加强湿地修复、降低人为干扰、秋冬季维持梯田湿地环境等措施提高湿地鸟类的物种多样性。     

尕海湿地鸟类多样性季节动态

分析不同生境和不同季节的鸟类多样性差异,以期为鸟类多样性保育与湿地管理提供科学依据。2017年11月至2018年10月,以样带监测为主,辅以红外相机全天候拍摄验证和纠错的方式对尕海湿地鸟类进行了调查,分析鸟类群落组成及其多样性季节动态。尕海湿地调查到鸟类38种,隶属6目12科24属。其中涉禽鸟类有13种,游禽鸟类25种。年物种丰富度春季最高,冬季最低;鸟类种群多样性春季最高,冬季最低。研究表明,尕海湿地鸟类类群以游禽为优势种,种群多样性随季节交替发.生变化。     

四川海子山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

应用样线法,调查海子山自然保护区鸟类的组成和群落结构,经调查确认保护区内有鸟类16目48科210种,以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,鸟类区系成分复杂,古北界种类略占优势。根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区鸟类划分为5个群落。调查得知,不同群落的优势种、常见种有较大差异;同一群落类型的物种组成、数量、遇见频次的季节差异明显。运用Shannon Weinner指数计算各群落的多样性;采用E=H／Hmax。计算群落中各群落物种的均匀度;用百分率相似性数（index of percent similarity）对各群落做相似性比较。结果表明：保护区内鸟类群落结构与各群落类型内部的空间异质性程度密切相关,群落的空间结构越复杂,则物种多样性就越高;湿地鸟类群落的均匀度指数最高,而高山灌丛鸟类群落的均匀度指数最低;各群落类型百分比相似性指数均较低;鸟类群落结构具有较大差异。     

小五台山西台夏季鸟类群落结构研究

在小五台山自然保护区西台，通过路线调查法研究了该地区夏季鸟类群落的物种多样性及群落间的相似性，并对鸟类群落的物种多样性随空间的变化模式及物种生态位的关系进行了分析。结果表明，该地区不同鸟类群落物种多样性的排列顺序为：针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林＞溪涧＞灌丛＞亚高山草甸＞亚高山灌丛。鸟类的物种多样性随栖位而变化，并在不同的鸟类群落中表现出不同的模式。群落物种多样性随着生态位重叠的增大而减小。     

人工林在生物多样性保护中的作用

综述了近年来世界人工林的发展动态以及人工林在生物多样性保护方面的最新研究进展; 从人工林与乡土森林的比较中, 表明了多数情况下人工林支持的物种多样性并不少于乡土森林植被, 同时表明了人工林已经成为一些稀有、濒危物种的重要庇护所和替代生境, 在很大程度上支持了人工林并不是生物多样性〝沙漠〞的观点; 分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素及保护人工林生物多样性的途径。     

云南祥云水目山鸟类多样性研究

结合样线法和样点法、红外相机陷阱法对云南祥云水目山的鸟类资源进行调查。调查结果,共记录鸟类77种（或亚种）,分属9目27科,其中以雀形目鹟科鸟类种数最多,为29种,占记录种数的37.7%。统计结果,居留类型属于留鸟的有64种;区系划分中东洋种鸟类有70种;有8种列入国家重点保护野生动物名录,国家一级重点保护鸟类1种黑颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus humiae）,属祥云县境内首次发现,其余7种为国家二级重点保护鸟类。多样性分析结果,在不同生境中,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势为：针叶林＞阔叶林＞灌丛＞农田;而Simpson优势度指数变化趋势相反。受宗教文化影响,一些珍稀濒危物种得以保存。     

不同干扰强度对杭州西湖山区植被多样性的影响

对不同干扰条件下杭州西湖山区植被多样性进行了比较,发现随着干扰程度的增加,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的物种数均是在中度干扰时最高,重度干扰时最低。常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>藤本层>草本层>乔木层,而落叶阔叶林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>草本层>乔木层>藤本层。3种植被类型中灌木层的优势度都最小,物种数最多,因此灌木层的物种多样性也最高。     

浙西北天然次生林群落物种多样性研究

对浙西北地区天然次生林群落植物物种多样性特征进行了研究,测定了群落植物生长型构成以及各层次植物物种的重要值,采用多种测度方法计算了群落各层次植物物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明：（1）浙西北地区天然次生林群落各层次优势种比较明显,乔木树种以青冈为主,灌木树种以柃木和檐木占优势,草本植物则以箬竹为主;（2）该地区天然次生林群落植物物种比较丰富,乔木树种种数最多,草本植物稀少;就各层次而言,草本层物种数最多,乔木层和灌木层比较接近,各层次的均匀度指数的趋势是灌木层最高,草本层最低,乔木层居中;以多种指标计算各层次物种多样性指数结果均显示,灌木层多样性指数最高,草本层最低,尽管草本层具有最高的丰富度;（3）封育时间长、人为干扰轻的地区具有较高的物种多样性指标以及数量指标,有利于生物多样性的保护。     

基于MaxEnt模型的白水河国家级保护区有蹄类保护动物生境适宜性评价

通过MaxEnt模型对白水河国家级自然保护区4种有蹄类保护物种进行生境适宜性评价,研究结果如下:(1)20次重复后斑羚、鬣羚、林麝、羚牛的训练集AUC值分别为0.962、0.947、0.924和0.945;(2)斑羚、鬣羚、林麝、羚牛得适宜栖息地分别占保护区总面积的14%、27%、25%、24%,次适宜栖息地占保护区总面积的27%、19%、35%、34%,不适宜栖息地占保护区总面积59%、54%、40%、42%;(3)对斑羚贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、坡度和落叶灌丛,对鬣羚贡献最大的3个环境因子是竹林、栽培竹林和落叶灌丛,对林麝贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、落叶灌丛和竹林,对羚牛贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、竹林以及落叶阔叶林。     

Bird communities following high-severity fire: Response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest,Oregon, USA

Fire is a widespread natural disturbance agent in most conifer-dominated forests. In light of climate change and the effects of fire exclusion, single and repeated high-severity (stand-replacement) fires have become prominent land management issues. We studied bird communities using point counting in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of Oregon, USA at various points in time after one or two high-severity fires. Time points included 2 and 3 years after a single fire, 17 and 18 years after a single fire, 2 and 3 years after a repeat fire (15 year interval between fires), and >100 years since stand-replacement fire (mature/old-growth forest). Avian species richness did not differ significantly among habitats. Bird density was highest 17 and 18 years after fire, lowest 2 years after fire, and intermediate in repeat burns and unburned forest. Bird community composition varied significantly with habitat type (A = 0.24, P < 0.0001) with two distinct gradients in species composition relating to tree structure (live to dead) and shrub stature. Using indicator species analysis, repeat burns were characterized by shrub-nesting and ground-foraging bird species while unburned mature forests were characterized by conifer-nesting and foliage-gleaning species. Bird density was not related to snag basal area but was positively related to shrub height. Contrary to expectations, repeated high-severity fire did not reduce species richness, and bird densities were greater in repeat burns than in once-burned habitats. Broad-leaved hardwoods and shrubs appear to play a major role in structuring avian communities in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. In light of these results, extended periods of early seral broadleaf dominance and short-interval high-severity fires may be important to the conservation of avian biodiversity.     

南京市仙林大学城冬季鸟类多样性初步调查——以文澜路3所高校为例

物种多样性已成为评估一个地区生态环境质量优劣的主要标准。2017年11月—2018年1月,采用样线法对南京森林警察学院、南京师范大学、南京财经大学3所高校的仙林校区开展了鸟类资源调查。共记录鸟类20种,其中南京森林警察学院仙林校区鸟类12种,隶属3目10科,其中留鸟11种,鸟类区系以古北界为主;南京师范大学仙林校区鸟类17种,隶属5目13科,留鸟14种,以广布种为主;南京财经大学仙林校区鸟类16种,隶属4目11科,留鸟13种,以广布种为主。3所校区鸟类组成兼具古北界和东洋界成分,以古北种占优势,广布种比例也较高。由SPSS分析结果知,南京师范大学和南京财经大学校区的鸟类物种多样性指数在乔木林、灌丛、草丛、水域和建筑区均高于南京森林警察学院校区。对比鸟类均匀性指数,南京师范大学在乔木林、水域和建筑区最高,南京森林警察学院则在灌丛和草丛环境最高。     

Breeding bird community composition in different successional vegetation in the montane coniferous forests zone of Taiwan

To examine the relationship between forest succession following fire and the composition of bird communities, we investigated the vegetation structure, bird population density, foraging behavior and guild structure in bamboo grasslands (11 years since the last fire), pine savanna (41 years), pine woodland (58 years), old-growth hemlock forest (never burned), and old-growth spruce forest (never burned) in the Tatachia area of central Taiwan. Canopy height, total foliage cover, tree density, total basal area of tree, total basal area of snags, foliage height diversity, and tree species richness all increased with successional age. However, shrub cover peaked in intermediate successional stages. The vertical profile of foliage cover was more diverse in later successional forests, which had more breeding bird species and ecological guilds. All the breeding bird species recorded in early and intermediate stages were also found distributed in the late successional forests. Because Taiwan has high precipitation and humidity, and most forest fires in Taiwan are caused by human activities, forest fires and large areas of early successional vegetation were probably rare in the mountain areas of Taiwan prior to the arrival of humans. Therefore, bird species have not had enough time to adapt to areas with early or intermediate successional vegetation. Moreover, late successional forests host all the major plant species found in the early and intermediate stages and have higher foliage height diversity index, which was positively correlated with the bird species richness and bird species diversity index in this study. As a result, all breeding bird species and guilds in the area can be found in late successional forests. Efforts for conserving avian diversity in Taiwan should focus on protecting the remaining native old-growth forests.     

The relationship between shelterwood cuts and crown thinnings and the abundance and distribution of birds in a southern New England forest

Forest regeneration methods such as shelterwood treatments have been shown to substantially increase the diversity of bird species, specifically of species that prefer early seral forests, now rare in the eastern United States. Stand improvement techniques such as thinnings have also been found to increase avian diversity under some conditions. A sustainably managed forest, however, must simultaneously apply regenerative harvesting with stand improvements, and the effect of such treatment combinations on bird community composition is not clear. We compared bird distribution and abundance on shelterwood cuts, crown thinnings, and unmanaged stands at the Yale Myers Forest, a large privately owned and actively managed forest in southern New England. Bird abundance and species diversity was highest in shelterwood cuts and lowest in unmanaged forest, with thinnings being intermediary. Different suites of species inhabited the three treatments, with 18 of 49 common species differing significantly in their abundances between treatments. Characteristics of the vegetation that were directly influenced by silvicultural intervention, including canopy openness, seedling regeneration and vertical structural diversity, appeared to be the dominant drivers of bird abundance. The abundances of some species or groups of species were correlated with the number of trees retained in the implementation of the forestry practices. In conjunction with the conservation of a variety of mature forest habitats, regenerative cuts and stand improvement techniques can be used together to sustain a diverse assemblage of bird species.     

深圳市主要植被群落类型划分及物种多样性研究

采用组间平均联结法对深圳市主要植被群落进行划分,并应用Gleason丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数对主要植被群落的物种多样性水平进行比较分析。结果表明:深圳市城市森林可以划分为5个群系组和31个群落类型;各群落类型的物种多样性均表现为灌木层>乔木层,常绿阔叶人工林的乔木层和灌木层的生物多样性指数均最低,常绿落叶阔叶人工林乔木层丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数均最高,常绿阔叶人工林的乔木层优势种比较明显。     

Characteristics of bird communities between slope and valley in natural deciduous forest, South Korea

本研究在弄清韩国桂坊山(374030N,128301E)天然落叶阔叶林斜坡和山谷中鸟类群落间的特征差异。调查结果表明:两地鸟类群落的种类组成、丰富度、鸟种多样性及群落结构都有不同。森林的垂直结构特别是林下覆被度及胸高直径分布多显不同。两地生境结构的不同必然影响着鸟类对可利用生境的选择。表6图2参19。