不同玉米-大豆带状套作组合条件下光合有效辐射强度分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响

【目的】发展间种套作大豆是有效解决粮食供需矛盾的重要途径。本文旨在通过优化群体配置,改善群体光分布特征,实现大豆对有效光能的高效利用,为套作大豆高产栽培及群体结构的优化设计提供理论依据和技术途径。【方法】本研究于2011年和2012年,以不同株型玉米杂交种和大豆品种贡选1号为试材,设计登海605/贡选1号（处理A）、川单418/贡选1号（处理B）、雅玉13/贡选1号（处理C）3种玉豆带状套作组合,并以大豆单作作为对照（CK）,分析不同玉豆带状套作组合PAR分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响。【结果】（1）不同玉豆带状套作组合的PAR和透光率存在显著差异,且均显著低于CK（P＜0.05）。玉豆共生期间,处理A的PAR分别比处理B和处理C高54.4%和90.7%。处理A的透光率分别比处理B和处理C高7.4%和17.7%。处理A的PAR和透光率均显著高于处理B和处理C。这说明登海605/贡选1号的带状套作组合,能够提高套作系统的光合有效辐射强度和透光率。（2）不同玉豆带状套作组合下,处理A大豆叶片Pn显著高于处理B和处理C (P＜0.05）,处理B和处理C大豆的Pn与处理A相比分别低了14.16%和27.23%。Gs和Ci与Pn变化趋势相同,Pn与Gs存在显著的正相关关系（0.883**）,说明气孔限制可能是Pn下降的主要原因。（3）不同玉豆带状套作组合显著提高了大豆叶片的Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)含量,降低了Chla/b比值,且均呈显著差异（P<0.05）。在V3、V5和R1期时,处理C大豆叶片Chla含量比处理A和B相比分别高5.42%、10.2%、5.9%和3.08%、4.9%、3.3%。处理C下大豆的Chlb含量比处理A和处理B分别高14.4%、14.9%,11.73%和7.8%、7%和5.74%。处理C大豆叶片Chl(a+b)的含量比处理A和处理B分别高7.27%,11.1%,7%和4.08%,5.35%,3.8%。处理间Chla/b与其呈相反的变化趋势。不同套作组合大豆叶片的叶绿素含量随着遮阴程度的增加而增加,使叶片更有效的捕获有限的光能,对光强降低有一定的补偿作用,增加对有限光能的利用。（4）不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆叶面积指数和干物质重且均显著低于CK。且处理间呈显著性差异(P＜0.05）,玉豆共生期间,不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆的LAI表现为处理A＞处理B＞处理C,且处理B和处理C的干物质重分别比处理A低35.4%和57.1%,LAI与干物质重存在显著的正相关关系 （0.977**）,说明紧凑型玉米削弱了对大豆弱光胁迫的程度,增加了LAI和光能截获量,从而提高了套作大豆群体的物质积累。（5）不同玉豆带状套作组合下,大豆产量及产量构成因素存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。处理A的单株荚数比处理B和处理C高11.28%和32.75%,单株粒数高5.19%和13.34%,每荚粒数高6.4%和22.5%,单株粒重高2.16%和6.22%。不同处理间大豆产量以处理A的产量最高,且分别比处理B和处理C高13.13%和35.6%,说明随着玉米对大豆弱光胁迫程度的加剧,大豆产量呈现降低趋势。【结论】适宜的株型配置可以改善套作大豆生长的光照环境、提高其光合效率和产量。     

Enhanced enantioselectivity in excitation of chiral molecules by superchiral light

A molecule or larger body is chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image (enantiomer). Electromagnetic fields may be chiral, too, with circularly polarized light (CPL) as the paradigmatic example. A recently introduced measure of the local degree of chiral dissymmetry in electromagnetic fields suggested the existence of optical modes more selective than circularly polarized plane waves in preferentially exciting single enantiomers in certain regions of space. By probing induced fluorescence intensity, we demonstrated experimentally an 11-fold enhancement over CPL in discrimination of the enantiomers of a biperylene derivative by precisely sculpted electromagnetic fields. This result, which agrees to within 15% with theoretical predictions, establishes that optical chirality is a fundamental and tunable property of light, with possible applications ranging from plasmonic sensors to absolute asymmetric synthesis.     

带状套作大豆群体冠层光能截获与利用特征

【目的】研究不同行距的玉豆间距带状套作组合对大豆冠层结构特征与光能利用的影响,为制定适宜的群体配置提供理论依据。【方法】以四川省主推玉米和大豆品种“川单418”和“贡选1号”为试材,设计（A）玉豆间距40 cm（大豆窄行行距70 cm）、（B）玉豆间距50 cm（大豆窄行行距50 cm）、（C）玉豆间距60 cm（大豆窄行行距30 cm）3种玉豆带状套作组合,并以单作玉米（SM）和单作大豆（SSB）作为对照,对带状套作大豆冠层结构、光能截获量、干物质重等指标进行测定分析。【结果】（1）不同带状套作大豆群体冠层上方的PAR存在显著差异,且均显著低于SSB（P＜0.05）。玉豆共生期间,处理A大豆群体冠层上方的PAR与处理B和C相比,分别低44.1%和60.4%。这说明由于处理A缩短了玉豆间距,加剧了玉米对大豆的遮荫程度,从而降低了大豆群体可利用的有限光照资源。（2）不同带状套作大豆群体的LAI、叶倾角和株高均呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）,在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B比处理C和处理A的LAI分别提高了16.4%、13.1%、12%和30.3%、32.2%、29.3%。叶倾角比处理C和处理A分别提高了15%、16%、14%和34%、31%、26%。株高比处理C和处理A分别减低了7%、8.8%、7.9%和13.5%、16.7%、14.8%。说明适宜的玉豆间距可以提高套作大豆的LAI,调整更加合理的叶倾角和株高,优化植株形态特征,实现光能在大豆群体内的均匀分布,有利于提高大豆的光能利用效率。（3）不同带状套作大豆光能截获量呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期间,处理A与处理B相比光能截获量分别降低了43%、22%和33%,处理C与处理B相比则分别降低了21%、10%和17%,LAI与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系（0.977**）, 说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的LAI,从而提高了光能截获量。（4）不同带状套作大豆光能利用率呈现显著差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B与处理C相比光能利用率分别提高了8.6%、7.0%和5.8%,处理B与处理A相比则分别提高了40%、23%和13%。（5）不同带状套作大豆群体的干物质重均显著低于SSB,且处理间呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理A与处理B相比分别降低了59%、36%和41%,处理C与处理B相比则分别降低了27%、16%和22%,DMW与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系（0.989**）,说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的光能截获量,从而提高了大豆群体干物质的积累。（6）不同带状套作大豆群体产量及总产量存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。其中处理B的大豆产量分别比处理C和处理A提高了10%和27%,总产量比处理C和处理A提高了1%和3%。说明随着玉豆间距的缩短,大豆弱光胁迫程度的增加,大豆产量呈下降趋势。【结论】本试验条件下,以玉豆间距为50 cm的玉豆带状套作种植模式可以优化大豆群体冠层结构、提高光能利用率和产量。     

Membrane changes in a single photoreceptor cause associative learning in Hermissenda

Single type B photoreceptors in intact, restrained Hermissenda were impaled with a microelectrode and exposed to either paired or unpaired presentations of light and depolarizing current to simulate natural stimulus effects during conditioning with light and rotation. Paired, but not unpaired, stimulus presentations produced cumulative depolarization and increased input resistance in type B cells. These membrane changes are similar to those observed after pairings of light and rotation are administered to either intact animals or isolated nervous systems or when light is paired with electrical stimulation of the vestibular system in isolated nervous systems. One and two days after treatment, pairing- and light-specific suppression of phototactic behavior was observed in recovered animals. These findings indicate that the membrane changes of type B cells produced by pairing light with current injections cause acquisition of the learned behavior.     

Effects of light-emitting diodes on tissue culture plantlets and seedlings of rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) are a new light source with low energy consumption and high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and they can satisfy the energy-saving needs of plant culture systems. However, the effects of LED light sources on rice tissue culture and rice seedling cultivation are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of LEDs on the growth of tissue culture plantlets and seedlings of the rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Nipponbare. The best light source for rice tissue culture was different from that for rice seedling cultivation. Blue(B) LED light was the most appropriate light for rice tissue culture. Under a B LED light, the time required for callus proliferation, differentiation and regeneration was the shortest, and the frequency of plantlet initiation, differentiation and regeneration was the highest. A blue:red(B:R)=1:1 LED light facilitated the growth of rice seedlings and produced the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and photosynthetic rates in the rice seedlings. Abundant photosynthetic products were more effectively generated in the rice seedlings under the B:R=1:1 LED and R LED lights than under the B LED light. B LED light is the most appropriate light for rice tissue culture plantlets and can be used as an alternative light source for rice tissue culture, and B:R=1:1 LED light facilitated the cultivation of robust rice seedlings and can be used as the primary light source for rice factory seedling cultivation.     

Vacuum-induced transparency

Photons are excellent information carriers but normally pass through each other without consequence. Engineered interactions between photons would enable applications as varied as quantum information processing and simulation of condensed matter systems. Using an ensemble of cold atoms strongly coupled to an optical cavity, we found that the transmission of light through a medium may be controlled with few photons and even by the electromagnetic vacuum field. The vacuum induces a group delay of 25 nanoseconds on the input optical pulse, corresponding to a light velocity of 1600 meters per second, and a transparency of 40% that increases to 80% when the cavity is filled with 10 photons. This strongly nonlinear effect provides prospects for advanced quantum devices such as photon number-state filters.     

番茄高抗TYLCV与敏感品种光合生理特性比较

以国外主推番茄品种好韦斯特(不抗TYLCV)为对照,比较了其与自育高抗TYLCV番茄品种——瓯秀806的叶绿素含量、植物学特性、光合特性等生理特性的差异,结果表明,Chla、Chlb、Chl (a+b)和Car含量均以瓯秀806较高(P＜005);而Chla / Chlb则以好韦斯特较高(P＜005);2个番茄品种的光合速率均随着CO2浓度的升高而增大,当CO2浓度大于450 μmol·mol-1,其光合速率增加不显著(P＞005)。在低CO2浓度(350 μmol·mol-1)下,好韦斯特的最大光合速率较高(P＜005);较高CO2浓度(450,550和650 μmol·mol-1)下,好韦斯特的光饱和点均较低(P＜005),分析认为主要由于其较低的叶绿素含量引起。而不同CO2浓度下,2个番茄品种表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rn)和光补偿点(LCP)差异较小。瓯秀806早期产量为1 4568 kg·667 m-2,低于好韦斯特(P＞005);而其总产量则高于好韦斯特,达7 245 kg,增产582% (P＜005),分析其原因主要是由于好韦斯特后期发病率较高。     

LED组合光谱对白羽肉鸡生长、屠宰性能及抗应激的影响

本试验以荧光灯作为对照,研究了不同光谱组合LED灯(A(21%蓝+30%绿+24%黄+25%红)、B(35%蓝+35%绿+18%黄+12%红)、C(27%蓝+30%绿+22%黄+21%红))对AA肉鸡的生长、屠宰性能和抗应激的影响。试验选取480只1日龄AA肉鸡,平均分配到4个光照处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复30只鸡(公母各半),自由采食和饮水。第1周光照强度为20 lx,从第2周开始至试验结束为5 lx,间歇光照节律(14L:4D:2L:4D)。结果表明,B光源组1~2周平均日增重分别比A、C和荧光灯组显著降低了15.05%、14.40%和20.47%(P0.05);C光源组3~5周平均日增重分别比A光源和荧光灯组降低了8.62%和9.39%(P0.05);且B光源组1~6周平均日增重与其他组相比有减小的趋势(P=0.06)。B光源组1~2周平均日采食量和料重比显著低于和高于其他3组(P0.05)且1~6周的料重比与其他组相比有增大的趋势(P=0.09)。C光源组3~5周料重比显著高于B光源(P0.05)。荧光灯组腹脂重和脂带宽显著低于B和C光源组(P0.05);C光源组腿肌率显著高于A和B光源组(P0.05);A光源组SOD值和荧光灯组T-AOC值显著提高(P0.05)。C光源组H:L显著高于A和D光源组(P0.05)。研究结果显示,A光源和荧光灯均有利于白羽肉鸡生产性能的发挥,同时提高抗氧化能力,缓解肉鸡的应激反应。从节能的角度考虑,肉鸡实际生产中可采用均衡型光谱组合LED灯更有利于生产效率的提高。     

Efficient multistep photoinitiated electron transfer in a molecular pentad

A synthetic five-part molecular device has been prepared that uses a multistep electron transfer strategy similar to that of photosynthetic organisms to capture light energy and convert it to chemical potential in the form of long-lived charge separation. It consists of two covalently linked porphyrin moieties, one containing a zinc ion (P(Zn)) and the other present as the free base (P). The metailated porphyrin bears a carotenoid polyene (C) and the other a diquinone species (Q(A)-Q(B)). Excitation of the free-base porphyrin in a chloroform solution of the pentad yields an initial charge-separated state, C-P(Zn)-P(.+).-Q(A)(-)-Q(B), with a quantum yield of 0.85. Subsequent electron transfer steps lead to a final charge-separated state, C(.+)-P(Zn)-P-Q(A)-Q(B)(.-), which is formed with an overall quantum yield of 0.83 and has a lifetime of 55 microseconds. Irradiation of the free-base form of the pentad, C-P-P-Q(A)-Q(B), gives a similar charge-separated state with a lower quantum yield (0.15 in dichloromethane), although the lifetime is increased to approximately 340 microseconds. The artificial photosynthetic system preserves a significant fraction ( approximately 1.0 electron volt) of the initial excitation energy (1.9 electron volts) in the long-lived, charge-separated state.     

光合细菌的分离与特性研究

从华南农业大学水田土壤中经过富集培养和分离筛选,得到4株光合细菌,编号为B1～B4。采用不同培养条件对菌株进行了菌株生长和色素合成情况的观察检测,结果表明,以3 000 lx为最优生长光照强度,以厌氧+光照为促进光合色素合成的最佳组合条件。通过对菌株B2的菌落形态、培养特征、菌体形态学观察及生理生化特性测定,初步鉴定其为胶状红长命菌(Rubrivivax gelatinosus),该菌株发酵液对茄子、辣椒的促生作用已初有效果。     

Turing-type patterns on electrode surfaces

We report stationary, nonequilibrium potential and adsorbate patterns with an intrinsic wavelength that were observed in an electrochemical system with a specific type of current/electrode-potential (I-phi(DL)) characteristic. The patterns emerge owing to the interplay of a self-enhancing step in the reaction dynamics and a long-range inhibition by migration currents rather than by diffusion. Theoretical analysis revealed that this self-structuring of the electrode occurs in all electrochemical systems with an S-shaped I-phi(DL) characteristic in wide and well-accessible parameter ranges. This unusual pattern-forming instability in electrochemical systems has all the characteristics of the mechanism proposed by Turing in 1952 in the framework of an early theory of morphogenesis. Our finding might account for structure formation in certain biological systems that have gradients in the electric potential and may open new paths for fabricating patterned electrodes.     

黄瓜幼苗对微塑料和镉污染的生理响应

为研究农田土壤中微塑料和镉污染对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗的生理效应,以两种不同粒径的聚氯乙烯微塑料A(粒径:<18μm)和B(粒径:18~150μm)及20 mg·kg^-1的镉为试材,探讨微塑料与镉污染对黄瓜幼苗根系和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,微塑料A和B能够缓解镉污染对黄瓜根系活力的影响;微塑料A显著降低了黄瓜幼苗总根长,但对根直径无显著影响。微塑料A、B和镉的复合污染对黄瓜叶片SOD和H2O2的影响无叠加效应,反而呈现中和效应;微塑料B可以改善镉污染对黄瓜叶片MDA的影响。微塑料粒径不同,其对黄瓜叶片光合色素和光合荧光参数的影响也不同;微塑料A可以显著改善镉污染对黄瓜叶片类胡萝卜素的影响;微塑料B处理的黄瓜叶片对光能的吸收和耗散能力都高于微塑料A处理;微塑料B与镉的复合污染降低了黄瓜叶片对光能的耗散能力,但增高了其对光能的捕获能力。灰色关联度分析表明微塑料A和B对生理指标的影响与镉不同,镉与生理指标H2O2的关联度大;但微塑料A和B与光合作用相关的生理指标关联度大。本研究为农田土壤微塑料与镉污染的生态风险评价提供依据。     

蓖麻遗传育种进展及其在生物能源与医药综合利用潜势

研究立足于蓖麻遗传多样性及其植物质能的综合利用潜势,根据蓖麻雌雄同株的细胞学、生物学和油脂化学特性和毒蛋白的物化性质,综述国内外有关蓖麻生物学、遗传育种、杂种优势及综合利用的进展与研发前景。尤其是蓖麻油脂在生物能源、生物农药、医药研发上的潜在亮点,蓖麻将成为21世纪极具潜力和倍受青睐的优势作物。     

Selenium distribution and nitrate metabolism in hydroponic lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.): Effects of selenium forms and light spectra

A deficiency in selenium(Se) in the human diet is a worldwide problem. The intake of Se-rich vegetables can be a safe way to combat Se deficiency for humans. However, most leafy vegetables can accumulate a high content of nitrates, which poses a potential threat to human health. Light is an important environmental factor that regulates the uptake and distribution of mineral elements and nitrogen metabolism in plants. However, the effects of Se forms and light conditions, especially light spectra, on the uptake and translocation of Se and on nitrate reduction are poorly understood. In this study, lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) was treated with exogenous Se applied as selenate(10 mmol L~(-1)) and selenite(0.5 mmol L~(-1)) and grown under five different light spectra: fluorescent light(FL), monochromatic red LED light(R), monochromatic blue LED light(B), and mixed red and blue LED light with a red to blue light ratio at 4(R/B=4), 8(R/B=8), and 12(R/B=12), respectively. The effects of light spectra and Se forms on plant growth, photosynthetic performance, Se accumulation and nitrate reduction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectra and Se forms had significant interactions for plant growth, foliar Se accumulation and nitrate reduction. The Se concentration and nitrate content in the leaves were negatively correlated with the percentage of red light from the light sources. Compared to Se applied as selenite, exogenous Se applied as selenate was more effective in reducing nitrate via promoting nitrate reductase and glutamate synthase activities. The lowest nitrate content and highest plant biomass were observed under R/B=8 for both the selenate and selenite treatments. The significant effect of the light spectra on the root concentration factor and translocation factor of Se resulted in marked variations in the Se concentrations in the roots and leaves. Compared with FL, red and blue LED light led to significant decreases in the foliar Se concentration. The results from this study suggest that the light spectra can contribute to Se distribution and accumulation to produce vegetables with better food quality.     

Photon number squeezed States in semiconductor lasers

Electromagnetic fields, with the noise on one quadrature component reduced to below the quantum mechanical zero-point fluctuation level and the noise on the other quadrature component enhanced to above it, are currently of great interest in quantum optics because of their potential applications to various precision measurements. Such squeezed states of light are usually produced by imposing nonlinear unitary evolution on coherent (or vacuum) states. On the other hand, squeezed states with reduced photon number noise and enhanced phase noise are generated directly by a constant current-driven semiconductor laser. This is the simplest scheme for the generation of nonclassical light, and so far it has yielded the largest quantum noise reduction. The mutual coupling between a lasing junction and an external electrical circuit provides opportunities for exploring the macroscopic and microscopic quantum effects in open systems.     

Artificial airglow excited by high-power radio waves

High-power electromagnetic waves beamed into the ionosphere from ground-based transmitters illuminate the night sky with enhanced airglow. The recent development of a new intensified, charge coupled-device imager made it possible to record optical emissions during ionospheric heating. Clouds of enhanced airglow are associated with large-scale plasma density cavities that are generated by the heater beam. Trapping and focusing of electromagnetic waves in these cavities produces accelerated electrons that collisionally excite oxygen atoms, which emit light at visible wavelengths. Convection of plasma across magnetic field lines is the primary source for horizontal motion of the cavities and the airglow enhancements. During ionospheric heating experiments, quasi-cyclic formation, convection, dissipation and reappearance of the cavites comprise a major source of long-term variability in plasma densities during ionospheric heating experiments.     

LED组合光谱对白羽肉鸡生长、屠宰性能及抗应激的影响

对野生及人工养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较。结果表明,野生瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中水分显著高于人工养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼（P <0.05）,而粗脂肪含量显著低于人工养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼（P < 0.05）,粗蛋白和粗灰分含量两者无显著差异（P >0.05）。野生和人工养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种以上氨基酸（色氨酸含量较低未测定）。除酪氨酸外,其余各项氨基酸指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。氨基酸平衡性分析结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼氨基酸组成符合FAO/WHO标准,具有较好的平衡性,蛋白品质较好。野生瓦氏黄颡鱼较养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼ω3脂肪酸高。瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉贮存脂肪高,是一种较优的经济鱼类。     

Controlling electromagnetic fields

Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and propose a design strategy. The conserved fields-electric displacement field D, magnetic induction field B, and Poynting vector B-are all displaced in a consistent manner. A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a proscribed volume of space to exclude completely all electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields.     

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: hemizygous manifestation in a patient with leukemia

In a study of 41 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, two were found to have the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase heterozygous phenotype A-B, and two had the phenotype characteristic of Pd(B) homozygosity. Since one of the two with Pd(B) homozygosity was the mother of two children with the A phenotype, it was presumed that she carried a Pd(A) gene not expressed in her blood cells. his was confirmed by electrophoretic analysis of her fibroblasts, which had the A-B phenotypic pattern. Gene deletion is considered to be the most likely explanation.     

不同比例红蓝光对生菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以罗马生菜种子为材料,研究了6种不同比例的红(R)蓝(B)光质(2R/1B,4R/1B,8R/1B,1R/2B,1R/4B,1R/8B)对生菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 与对照的白光相比,以红光为主的复合光处理(2R/1B,4R/1B,8R/1B)促进种子萌发效果明显,其发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著高于对照。红蓝复合光对生菜幼苗的形态建成、根系活力、叶片色素含量和叶绿素荧光均有促进作用,以红光为主的复合光处理促进效果优于以蓝光为主的复合光处理。在以红光为主的复合光处理中,2R/1B,4R/1B处理对生菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的促进效果优于8R/1B。总之,不同红蓝光比例显著影响了生菜种子萌发及幼苗生长,其中以2R/1B和4R/1B处理最优。