日光温室秋茬甜瓜果实生长发育与糖分积累的关系分析

为揭示日光温室特殊环境下甜瓜果实大小和糖分积累的规律和特点,以果型大小和成熟期不同的两个甜瓜品种为试验材料,于果实发育的不同时期观察测定了果实纵横径、果肉细胞数目、细胞大小和糖分含量.结果表明:甜瓜果肉细胞数目快速增长主要发生在花后3d内.甜瓜果实细胞大小在花后3～14d迅速增大.温室甜瓜果实体积快速增长期在花后3～21 d,甜瓜果实大小增长存在明显的品种差异.甜瓜果肉还原糖(果糖和葡萄糖)快速积累期在花后14～28 d(玉金香)或21～35 d(银帝).两个品种蔗糖和总糖快速积累均主要发生在果实成熟前2～4周.同品种果实体积大小和细胞长度和宽度极显著相关,和细胞数目相关不显著,玉金香和银帝品种间体积差异主要原因是细胞数目不同.甜瓜果实糖分增高主要是蔗糖量的不断积累,玉金香含糖量高于银帝的主要原因是蔗糖积累速率较快.     

不同成熟阶段枸杞果实中糖分含量的变化规律研究

本研究比较了4个枸杞品种3个成熟阶段果实中的糖分含量,并分析了糖分之间的相关性。结果表明:随着果实的逐步成熟,枸杞果实中的总糖、多糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量逐渐增多;幼果期果实中的总糖、多糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量差异不明显,但色变期是不同枸杞品种果实糖分积累出现差异的关键时期;成熟果实中,‘宁农杞4号’和‘宁农杞5号’的总糖含量明显高于‘宁杞1号’和‘宁夏黄果’;‘宁农杞4号’和‘宁夏黄果’果实中枸杞多糖含量在成熟期达最大值,而‘宁农杞5号’和‘宁杞1号’在色变期达最大值;黄果枸杞在幼果期和色变期果实中的葡萄糖含量明显高于红果枸杞,为黄果枸杞在糖组分方面区别于红果枸杞的主要特征;枸杞果实中,枸杞多糖与果糖之间、果糖与葡萄糖之间存在显著正相关关系,其它各糖分间不具相关性。     

亏缺灌溉对枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

通过控制灌溉量将土壤水分控制在18.20%(T1),19.50%(T2),20.60%(T3),22.40%(T4),23.50%(T5)不同的水平上,研究亏缺灌溉对枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:随水分胁迫的增强,不同处理枸杞果实百粒重呈下降趋势,严重亏缺灌溉的T5百粒重显著低于其它处理;在枸杞全生育期果实己糖(葡萄糖、果糖)积累量递增,蔗糖积累量逐渐下降.且随亏缺灌溉的加重,红果期各处理果实己糖、蔗糖含量差异显著,其中T1、T2显著高于T5;枸杞果实全生育期转化酶活性保持在较高水平,呈先上升后下降趋势,红果期其活性下降保证了蔗糖的积累;蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性较低,呈下降趋势.且随水分胁迫的加强,合成酶活性呈上升趋势,这与水分胁迫愈重,愈有利于蔗糖积累相一致.亏缺灌溉提高了果实中己糖积累,改善了果实品质,但严重亏缺会降低果实产量.     

诱抗剂复合处理对甜瓜光合特性及果实品质的影响

诱导抗性是发掘植物内在抗性机制的一种新对策,诱抗剂的研发是未来提高作物内在抗逆性的必然途径。本试验以甜瓜银帝和卡拉克塞为试材,用苯丙塞二唑(BTH)、水杨酸(SA)、纳米硅(SiO2)作诱导剂,在甘肃民勤大田不同时期对甜瓜进行全株喷雾复合处理,研究诱抗剂对甜瓜叶片光合能力以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:经诱导剂处理后植株叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度显著大于对照,初花期BTH+SA的处理效果最好,两品种的叶片净光合速率分别比对照提高了39.6%和32.0%,说明经诱导处理后叶片的光合能力增强。采前对甜瓜植株进行处理,能明显提高果实单产、可溶性固形物含量,初花期BTH+SA效果最好,银帝分别比对照提高了22.6%、9.0%,卡拉克塞分别提高了24.1%、27.6%。各处理对卡拉克赛可溶性固形物含量的影响较银帝明显。处理两次的与一次的、复合诱导剂与单一诱导剂之间无显著差异。     

生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖及对根际微生态的影响

采用植物MS平板定殖研究法、盆栽试验和土壤酶活性检测技术研究了生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖规律,并评估了B1619对番茄根围土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果显示,生防菌株B1619在番茄根部定殖能力较强,在MS平板中,定殖量可达10⁸ CFU/g根以上。在盆栽试验中,常规土壤中或在接种青枯菌后,番茄根部生防菌的数量都呈现先下降后上升趋势,最后趋于稳定;在第15天时,定殖量达到10⁶ CFU/g根。番茄定植后,B1619对根围土壤中真菌和放线菌具有促进作用,而对细菌则表现为先促进后抑制作用。此外,B1619能够提高土壤蔗糖酶活性而抑制土壤脲酶的活性,B1619施用后第15天,蔗糖酶活性达226.3 mg/g土,比对照高88 mg/g土;土壤脲酶活性则与对照组截然相反,呈下降趋势。     

伦晚脐橙病虫害综合防治技术

<正>伦晚脐橙原产澳大利亚,20世纪90年代引入我国,湖北秭归伦晚脐橙基地盛产。果皮橙黄光滑,果肉细嫩化渣,果味香甜,含糖量高,含酸量低,口感特好,单果重达250g,第二年3月~4月成熟,4月下旬采收风味最佳,属于晚熟品种。秭归县位于湖北省西部,长江西陵峡畔。气候温和,冬暖夏凉,为湖北著名的冬暖区和脐橙生产的优势产区,同时也是晚熟脐橙发展的最适宜地区之一。在生产实践中,伦晚脐橙果实生长期长,     

4种果品市场看好

1营养保健型果品如平均单果重200～300g,含糖量为20 % ,营养丰富的合柿、方柿 ;平均单果重50～80g,口感酥、脆、甜、香 ,富含蛋白质、钙、磷、铁等微量元素和维生素A ,B ,C的大雪枣等。2反季节型果品如9月下旬成熟 ,果质松脆 ,平均单果重81g,含糖量为17 .25% ,可食率高达97.3 %的梨枣 ;含糖量为20% ,平均单果重236～452g,7月成熟的曙光、韩国油桃。3可美化环境型果品如平均单果重200g左右 ,9月中旬成熟 ,株形矮小 ,宜盆栽的早丰王桃 ;株形似垂柳 ,可盆栽造型 ,也可作为城乡绿化树种的雪枣 ;平均单果重300g,果实橙红色 ,美观、汁多、味甜 ,…     

感病甜瓜果实的呼吸、乙烯及过氧化物酶变化的研究

 甜瓜果实感病后呼吸强度和乙烯释放量均呈增加趋势,果腔内二氧化碳、乙烯、乙醛、乙醇和乙酸乙酯的浓度也随之升高,这些变化因病原物不同而有差异。呼吸强度和乙烯释放量以病斑部位和邻近病斑0.5cm处组织最高;同一病斑部位果皮的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量明显高于果肉。过氧化物酶的活性与甜瓜组织抗病性呈正相关,与各种病原菌对甜瓜果实的致病力呈负相关。在侵染部位过氧化物酶活性显著增加,感病组织中出现了新的过氧化物同工酶带。     

套袋对红富士苹果果实糖分积累及相关酶活性影响的研究

从苹果果实套袋止采收期,每隔20 d在树冠中外部不同方位采样,以不套袋果为对照,研究测定了红富士苹果套纸袋对果实各种可溶性糖和淀粉含量及其相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,套袋红富士苹果果实在发育过程中总糖、还原糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉的含量均不同程度地降低,但糖含量的变化趋势与对照相同。套袋后果实中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸型转化酶(AI)和淀粉酶的活性在果实发育过程中低于对照,但是变化动态相一致。其中,对照果实SPS和SS活性波动幅度大,SPS活性随果实成熟呈上升趋势,SS活性上升不大,而套袋果实SPS和SS活性在发育期变化较缓和;随着果实成熟,对照和处理果实NI、AI和淀粉酶活性均呈降低趋势,且NI和AI酶活性变化动态相一致,AI活性略高于NI的活性。     

枣种质资源果实糖组分及其含量特征分析

本试验以新疆南疆阿拉尔地区塔里木大学枣种质资源为试材,采用高效液相色谱法对脆熟期枣果实中糖组分和含量进行定性和定量分析,以比较不同品种间糖含量和组成的特点与差异。结果表明:供试的124个枣品种果实中糖的主要组分为蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖,其分布范围分别为7.88～43.23%、2.14～13.15%,、1.92～12.93%。根据本研究结果,可将124个枣品种果实积累类型分为三种:蔗糖积累型94个品种,还原糖积累型16个品种,中间类型14个品种。基于果实中糖组分含量的相关性分析结果显示,总糖与各糖组分之间也表现极显著的正相关,还原糖与蔗糖呈极显著的负相关。根据枣果实中糖组分含量的聚类分析结果显示,可将124个枣品种分为3类,第一类89个枣品种,包括80个蔗糖积累型枣品种和9个中间类型,第二类有21个枣品种,包括16个还原糖积累型和5个中间类型枣品种,第三类有14个枣品种,均为蔗糖积累型枣品种。     

Identification of some Fruit Characteristics in Wild Bilberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaccinium myrtillus</Emphasis> L.) Accessions from Eastern Anatolia

Some important physicochemical and bioactive characteristics of disease free 10 wild grown bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) accessions were evaluated. External and internal fruit quality was assessed by standard parameters (fruit weight, fruit color, fruit firmness, soluble solids, pH and total acidity) and bioactive contents (total phenolics, total anthocyanins, total antioxidant capacity and, vitamin C) in fruit were also determined. The commercial grown northern higbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluecrop also included in the study to make comparision with bilberry samples. The highbush blueberry cv. Bluecrop had distinctive external fruit characteristics, such as bigger and more attractive fruits. However, the wild grown bilberry accessions showed interesting characters in mesocarp, such as high total phenolic content, total anthocyanin and total antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic and total anthocyanin content was 327?mg gallic acid equivalent and 142?mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100?g fresh fruit in cv. Bluecrop while it was between 576–624?mg gallic acid equaivalent and 296–324?mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100?g fresh fruits of bilberry accessions. Moreover, wild accessions approximately had 2 folds higher antioxidant capacity than cv. Bluecrop. Results suggested that bilberry accessions may serve as a source of desirable genes to develop improved varieties that respond to the new needs of the market.     

Multiple preharvest treatments with harpin reduce postharvest disease and maintain quality in muskmelon fruit (cv. Huanghemi)

Decay caused by fungal pathogens is responsible for significant economic loss of muskmelon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) in China. However, postharvest treatment is not effective in controlling all of these pathogens, owing to the ability of some of them for latent infection. Therefore, preharvest treatment has been considered as a promising method to control postharvest decay in muskmelon fruit. The effect of multiple preharvest treatments with harpin on postharvest disease and quality of cv. ‘Huanghemi’ muskmelon fruit was investigated in this study. Results showed that harpin treatment significantly decreased the incidence of latent infection caused by Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. in harvested fruit. Meanwhile, the postharvest pink rot in treated fruit inoculated with Trichothecium roseum was suppressed noticeably. Moreover, preharvest treatment increased the activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase and β-1,3-glucanase compared with control fruit. Harpin treatment also contributed to the accumulation of total phenolic compounds and lignin. In addition, harpin treatments were able to maintain the quality of harvested fruit. These results suggest that multiple treatments with harpin before harvest may be a promising technology to control postharvest disease and delay quality losses in Huanghemi muskmelon fruits.     

橘小实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵偏好及其与寄主果实理化性质的相关性

为明确橘小实蝇寄主偏好性机理,2018年于广西番石榴主产区测定橘小实蝇对14种不同寄主果实的产卵选择性、对嗜好寄主不同生育期果实的产卵选择性及嗜好寄主不同生育期的果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量,并对果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量与橘小实蝇产卵率的相关性进行分析。结果表明,广西番石榴主产区不同月份均有多种不同种类的橘小实蝇潜在寄主果实成熟,但橘小实蝇偏好在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴上产卵,产卵率分别为43.98%和39.43%,且对两者产卵无显著偏好性;橘小实蝇偏好在这2个番石榴品种的成熟期果实上产卵,产卵率分别为48.01%和44.84%,膨大期次之,产卵率分别为40.75%和41.75%。台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量均最低,分别为3.18 kg/cm2和0.10 mg/g,均显著低于其他2个生育期;台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实可溶性糖含量为32.72%,显著高于其他2个生育期。西瓜红番石榴3个生育期果实硬度、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与台湾珍珠番石榴一致。橘小实蝇在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴果实上的产卵率与果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量呈负相关,...     

毒死蜱在梨果实不同部位的残留及消解动态

为探明毒死蜱在梨果实不同部位的残留及消解规律,以20 a生鸭梨（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.cv.Yali）为试材,于果实生长期在套袋后向整株喷施48%毒死蜱乳油500倍液（有效成分960 mg/L）,分析毒死蜱向果实中的运输及分配规律;于果实成熟期在采收前向果面喷施48%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液（有效成分480 mg/L）,分析采后毒死蜱在梨果实不同组织中的分布特征。采用乙腈萃取和GC-NPD检测方法,测定不同处理试材中的毒死蜱含量。结果表明,在果实套袋情况下,整株喷施毒死蜱后72 h内果实不同部位（果心除外）毒死蜱含量均呈现先逐渐上升而后下降趋势,其中果柄、果皮和果梗洼中毒死蜱最高含量值及其出现的时间分别为6.66 mg/kg（12 h）、2.42 mg/kg（24 h）和0.09 mg/kg（12 h）,表明套袋果实毒死蜱来源于枝叶运输,经果柄进入果实后易向果皮累积;而未套袋果施药后24和72 h果皮中毒死蜱含量分别为套袋果的12.56和7.29倍,表明套袋可有效降低果实中毒死蜱的残留量。于果实成熟期向果面喷施毒死蜱后7、14和25 d,果皮中毒死蜱残留量分别为15.54、13.70和12.81 mg/kg,占全果含量的100%,而果肉中毒死蜱残留量低于本检测方法的最低检出浓度（0.05 mg/kg）,因此果皮为果实中毒死蜱主要残留部位,且贮藏期果皮中毒死蜱不易向果肉扩散。     

多巴胺和糖类物质对香蕉采后炭疽病发生的抑制和诱导作用

 香蕉果皮组织可溶性糖随着香蕉采后后熟过程中,含量逐渐增加;但当果实出现明显病症时含量略有下降。多巴胺在香蕉采收时含量较高,但随着炭疽病发生明显下降。外源多巴胺在抑制芭蕉炭疽菌的同时也抑制了果实采后炭疽病的发生。对"黑油身"和"63-1"两个抗性不同的品种分析表明,前者多巴胺含量较高、可溶性糖较低,与其较强的抗病性相一致。本文还对香蕉采后炭疽病发生与酚类和糖类物质之间的可能关系进行了讨论。     

Reduction of postharvest losses of Galia melon by a short hot-water rinse

A rapid method for simultaneously rinsing and disinfecting fresh harvested produce using a hot-water rinse and brushes (HWRB) was tested on Galia melon ( Cucumis melo cv. reticulatus ) fruit. The optimal treatment to reduce decay while maintaining fruit quality after prolonged storage and marketing simulation was 59 ± 1°C for 15 s. Trial shipments by sea transport to Europe demonstrated that treating melon with a commercial-scale HWRB machine (3 tonnes fruit h⁻¹) maintained significantly better overall quality of treated fruit compared with untreated fruit. Exposing spores of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani to 60°C for about 15 s in vitro reduced germination by 48% and 42%, respectively. Employing HWRB resulted in a 3-log reduction in total colony-forming units (CFU) of the epiphytic microbial population, compared with untreated fruit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that HWRB removed soil, dust and fungal spores from the fruit surface, and partially or entirely sealed natural openings in the epidermis.     

Modelling the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on infection of apple fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin and two clones of Gala by Venturia inaequalis

The effects were investigated of fruit maturity and duration of wetness on infection of apple fruits by Venturia inaequalis , and subsequent scab development. Incubation rate (inverse of median incubation period) increased linearly with increasing temperature (5–20°C) on detached 5-week-old fruits of cv. Royal Gala. Fruits were highly susceptible in the early stages of development, but became increasingly resistant as they matured. Inoculation of attached 12-week-old and detached near-mature fruits did not result in any lesions, while inoculation of attached 4-, 5-, 7- and 9-week-old fruits resulted in various levels of infection. Fruits of cv. Mondial Gala were more susceptible than those of cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. On cv. Mondial Gala, a wet period of 9 h resulted in ≈ 90% infection of 4-week-old fruits, but only 9% infection of 9-week-old fruits. Numbers of scab lesions on an apple generally followed a Neyman type A rather than a Poisson distribution, indicating a certain degree of aggregation of lesions on a fruit. A two-parameter generalization of the Poisson model described the observed incidence–density relationship well. A longer duration of wetness was required to result in a similar level of scab infection on old fruits to that on young fruits. On cv. Mondial Gala, wet periods of 9 and 32 h were required for ≈ 90% incidence of fruit scab on 4- and 7-week-old fruits, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to relate the incidence of fruit scab to duration of wetness and fruit maturity. The potential use of these results in practical disease management is discussed.     

基于性诱剂监测的梨小食心虫防治指标

为明确梨小食心虫性诱剂水盆诱捕器诱蛾量与梨果着卵量的关系,建立一种简单实用,基于梨小食心虫成虫发生量的防治指标,于2010和2011年在陕西蒲城梨园调查了梨小食心虫在早酥梨上的着卵情况及其与性诱剂水盆诱捕器诱蛾量之间的关系.结果显示,梨小食心虫在梨果胴部的着卵量显著高于其它部位,占总卵量的92.00％;百果卵数、卵果率随果实的增大而增加,直径70mm以上果实的百果卵数和卵果率均显著高于直径65 mm以下的果实.据此建立了诱蛾量与卵果率、百果卵量的回归方程,分析得出当以卵果率1％和百果卵量1粒为防治指标时,基于性诱剂监测的梨小食心虫的防治指标分别为每天每诱捕器2.27和2.32头;以卵果率2％和百果卵量2粒为防治指标时,则分别为每天每诱捕器2.61和2.58头.     

包膜控释尿素对大棚番茄的增产与品质提高效应

对施用包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的大棚番茄进行了田间生产条件下产量与品质对比分析试验。结果表明:与普通尿素相比施用控释尿素有显著的增产效果。D 60控释处理(控释期60 d)产量最高,为68.85 t/hm2,比对照增产19.39 t/hm2,增产率为39.2%;比尿素增产10.10 t/hm2,增产率为17.2%;D 90(控释期90 d)比对照增产15.37 t/hm2,增产率为31.0%;比尿素增产6.08 t/hm2。增产率为10.3%;D 90与D 60两种控释尿素之间产量差异不显著。控释尿素具有增加单株果数、单果重的效果。D 90与D 60氮素当季利用率比普通尿素分别高65.5%和108.8%。硝酸盐含量,以D 90为最低,仅比对照高4.4%,比普通尿素低56%;D 60比对照高15%,比尿素处理低51.6%;尿素处理比对照高137.3%。V c和氨基酸含量,D 90为最高,分别比对照高1.00倍和2.46倍;比普通尿素处理高22%和100%;D 60与尿素两处理V c含量差异不显著,但氨基酸总量前者却比后者高48%。可溶性糖含量以D 60较高,普通尿素为最低。综合品质指标为:D 90>D 60>U。说明控释尿素具有显著地增产效应和提高蔬菜品质的突出效应,特别在提高蔬菜的安全品质方面贡献最大。综合各项,在番茄生产中以选用控释期为60 d的包膜控释尿素为最好。