提高营养液镁浓度可缓解黄瓜幼苗亚低温胁迫

【目的】我国北方地区冬春季栽培黄瓜经常遭受亚低温 (15℃/8℃) 胁迫,用标准营养液育苗常会造成黄瓜植株矮小、叶片发黄等问题。研究调整营养液中镁和钾离子浓度,以便达到缓解亚低温对黄瓜幼苗伤害作用的目的。【方法】选用‘博耐 3000'黄瓜幼苗为试材,利用人工气候箱,以常温 (25℃/18℃) 下黄瓜山崎标准营养液配方 (K+ 6 mmol/L、Mg2+ 2 mmol/L) 为对照,在标准营养液其他元素保持不变的基础上,设置两个钾离子水平 (K+ 6、12 mmol/L),4 个镁离子水平 (Mg2+ 2、4、6、8 mmol/L),在亚低温 (15℃/8℃) 下栽培黄瓜幼苗,于处理后幼苗生长的 0、7、14、21 d 调查了不同镁钾水平营养液栽培的黄瓜幼苗的根系形态、干物质积累和分配以及对钾和镁元素吸收。【结果】1) 亚低温下适当增加营养液中的 Mg2+ 浓度,能显著提高黄瓜幼苗的壮苗指数,当营养液中 Mg2+ 和 K+ 均为 6 mmol/L 时,壮苗指数达到最大值 0.17;2) 镁和钾对根系形态影响不同,K+ 浓度与根长和根系总表面积成正相关,且主要影响直径范围为 0～0.5 mm 的根系,Mg2+ 与根系平均直径正相关且主要影响 > 1.0 mm 的根系;较高的 K/Mg 比例有利于黄瓜 0～0.5 mm 根系的生长,根系总长和总体积的增加,但显著抑制了 0.5～1.0 mm 和 > 1.0 mm 根系的生长。3) 亚低温下,茎叶中干物质量降低而根中升高,在 K1 (6 mmol/L) 水平时,随 Mg2+ 浓度升高,根和茎中干物质量升高,叶中干物质表现为先升高后下降,且营养液中高浓度的 Mg2+ 有利于干物质向叶中分配。4) 营养液中镁离子浓度小于 6 mmol/L 时,一定程度地提高 Mg2+ 浓度能促进对 K 的吸收,营养液中的 Mg2+ 和 K+ 在镁钾吸收上表现为协同作用,当 Mg2+ 大于 6 mmol/L 时,镁和钾表现为显著的拮抗作用;亚低温下,根茎叶的镁吸收量相比 CK 分别下降 25%、72% 和 58%,而营养液中 K+ 和 Mg2+ 均为 6 mmol/L 时,有利于缓解这一阻碍效果。【结论】冬春季黄瓜育苗时,山崎黄瓜配方营养液中的 Mg2+ 和 K+ 均为 6 mmol/L 而其他元素浓度保持不变时,黄瓜幼苗的壮苗指数、根系形态、干物质积累和钾镁元素综合效应表现较好,能有效地抵御亚低温对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。     

Differential responses of red clover germplasms to aluminum stress

Toxic levels of aluminum can cause severe yield reduction in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), especially in the presence of drought stress. Aluminum tolerances of 17 red clover cultivars and germplasms representing a broad genetic base were evaluated in a Monmouth soil [26.2% Al saturation (pH 4.8) vs. 2.8% Al saturation (pH 5.7)] and in nutrient solutions (0 vs 111 μM Al; pH 4.5). The soil and nutrient culture studies were harvested 29 and 27 d after seeding, respectively.

Aluminum stress reduced shoot and root growth significantly in soil but not in nutrient culture. Entries differed significantly in shoot vigor in both media and in root vigor in nutrient culture; responses to the two media were positively correlated. Relative weights (dry weight stressed/dry weight unstressed) in soil and nutrient culture were not correlated.

In soil, Al stress significantly reduced shoot growth of all entries except ‘Tristan’, whereas root growth was not affected significantly in ‘Atlas’, ‘Lakeland’, ‘Persist’, ‘Reddy’, ‘Redman’, or Tristan. Reddy, ‘Redland II’, Redman, and Tristan had the highest relative shoot and root weights whereas ‘Kenstar’ had the lowest. In nutrient culture, only the shoot growth of Atlas, Lakeland, Redman and ‘YKYC’ and the root growth of Redman were significantly reduced under Al stress. Atlas, ‘Kenland’, and Redman had among the lowest relative shoot and root weights and Kenstar among the highest. Some entries exhibited a positive growth response to Al.     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染，世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变。封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加，因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速。该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果，重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术－慢砂过滤。     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染,世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变.封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加,因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速.该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果,重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术-慢砂过滤.     

Low-P solution culture can be used for screening root growth vigor in soil for high nutrient uptake of spring wheat varieties

Purpose: Root and root hairs of plants have been intensively studied in solution culture; however, correlation of such measurements in solution culture with development in soil is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study whether root and root hairs grown in solution culture can predict their behavior in soil and their correlation with macro- and micronutrients uptake of wheat genotypes.

Materials and methods: The growth of roots and root hairs as well as uptake of macro- and micronutrients of six spring wheat varieties was compared in solution culture under P stress and P abundance and in a low fertility soil.

Results and conclusions: Root length and surface area under P stress were significantly positively correlated with that in the low fertility soil, while no such correlation was apparent for root hair length and density. In absolute terms, the root length, surface area, root hair length and density of spring wheat varieties were substantially higher in soil than in solution culture, while the concentration and uptake of macro- and micronutrients in soil differed from solution culture in a complex way. The early uptake of macro- and micronutrients was intimately associated with root length and surface area as well as root hair length and density in soil but not in solution culture. Therefore, root length rather than root hair traits in low-P solution may be used to screen early root growth vigor in soil and thereby high nutrient uptake of wheat in low fertility soil.     

Relationship between water and nitrogen uptake in nitrate‐ and ammonium‐supplied Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants

Sole ammonium supply provokes negative effects on dry‐mass formation, leaf growth, and water uptake of ammonium‐sensitive plants. To study the effects of N form on nutrient and water uptake and aquaporin expression, French bean plants were grown in a split‐root system. Five treatments were compared: homogeneous nitrate (NN) and ammonium (AA) supply; spatially separated supply of nitrate and ammonium (NA); and half of the root system supplied with N‐free nutrient solution, the other half with either nitrate (N0) or ammonium (A0). Ten days after onset of treatments, root dry mass (DM) and water‐uptake rate (WUR) were significantly reduced under ammonium compared to nitrate supply. WUR from nitrate‐supplied vessels was 80% higher than that from N‐free nutrient solution, while WUR from N‐free nutrient solution was 130% higher than that from ammonium‐supplied vessels. Potassium uptake was lower under ammonium supply and the ratio of N : K uptake of treatment AA was significantly higher compared to others. High K uptake from N‐free nutrient solution of A0 plants resulted in a ratio of N : K uptake comparable to nitrate‐supplied plants, but shoot growth resembled that to plants under sole ammonium supply. Within 24 h after onset of treatments, expression of aquaporin was lower under ammonium compared to nitrate supply. From these data, it can be concluded that reduced root water transport under ammonium supply is directly related to aquaporin activity.     

局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。     

Growth and cadmium accumulation in two durum wheat cultivars

Abstract

A solution culture study was conducted to determine the effects of cadmium (Cd) application on Cd accumulation and growth of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) cultivars. Arcola and DT618 were grown in nutrient solution for 13 days. Cadmium application to nutrient solution significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased root and shoot biomass, leaf area, leaf mass, total root length, and chlorophyll a and b concentration of the first leaf. The deleterious effects of Cd on plant growth were explained by a modified version of Weibull distribution function of the form, y = a.exp(b.√Cd), where ‘y’ is the growth parameter, ‘a’ is plant growth in the absence of Cd, and ‘b’ is reduction in growth with per unit increase in solution Cd. Total root length was decreased the most (80%) and chlorophyll b concentration of the first leaf decreased the least (9%) with per unit increase in solution Cd. Although the two cultivars were significantly different in some growth characteristics, both responded similarly to increase of Cd concentration in solution. Cadmium concentration in roots and shoots increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with Cd application, but due to concomitant decrease in growth the Cd content of plants remained constant at solution Cd concentrations of 5 μm or above. We concluded that seedlings of durum cultivars with different growth potential responded similarly to Cd application in nutrient solution.     

二轴旋转式植物湿润栽培装置的研制

为了满足在地面进行空间植物生长试验和研究的需要,该文研制了能模拟空间微重力效应的二轴旋转式植物湿润栽培装置,介绍了该装置的总体设计、结构特点和工作原理。植物三维旋转栽培盘同时绕着2根相互垂直的旋转轴进行旋转,转速可独立在线无级调节。通过盘内植物湿润栽培介质材料筛选与优化组合,结合渗水管路和旋转水接口等关键部件的结构设计,介质始终保持整体湿润而外层表面无明水出现,且易于植物根部的固定,为植物生长提供良好的水、气、肥等生态环境。建立具备严格气密性的受控密闭舱,并配置植物生长监控和综合环境监测系统。应用试验分析表明,湿润栽培方法可以满足植物悬空低速三维旋转栽培的要求,装置各项性能指标均达到设计要求。     

Influence of mineral nutrition on denitrification on plants in nutrient solution culture

In solution culture experiments with spring wheat the effect of nitrogen sources, single nutrient deficiency and oxygen supply of the nutrient solution on denitrification was studied by means of the acetylene inhibition method. No denitrification was observed with ammonium nutrition, while denitrification was almost equally high with nitrate and a mixture of nitrate and ammonium nutrition. Discontinuing potassium for 7 and 14 days increased denitrification. Discontinuation of P for 14 days also increased total denitrification, whereas no difference from the complete nutrient solution was observed in Fe deficiency. Denitrification remained at a very low level, when Mg supply was discontinued. Denitrification potential of excised roots was high in K deficiency. It was also high at the beginning of Fe deficiency, whereas P and Mg deficiency had no effect on denitrification potential as compared to roots in complete nutrient solution. The differences in total denitrification are due to the effects of individual nutrient deficiency on root growth, root respiration and denitrification potential.     

Solution pH influences on growth and mineral element concentrations of ‘Waimanalo’ papaya seedlings

Two sand culture experiments were conducted to determine the influence of substrate pH on ‘Waimanalo’ papaya seedling growth, morphology, and mineral element nutrition. The seedlings were grown in clear, plastic tubes 7 cm in diameter and 21 cm in height with the rooting substrate being silica sand. The substrate was drenched daily with a complete nutrient solution. The solution was adjusted to target the pH at 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0. Direct seeded plants were used in the first study and plants were harvested after 9.5 weeks of growth. Transplants were used in the second study, and plants were harvested after four weeks of growth. Dry mass of plants was relatively unaffected by substrate pH within the range of 4.0 to 9.0. In both studies, however, dry mass of plants receiving a target pH of 3.0 was reduced compared to those plants receiving the other pH level nutrient solutions. This response pattern was similar for other characteristics such as canopy/root ratio, total root length, root extension rate, lateral root thickness, and root density. Various root characteristics were decreased more by pH of 3.0 than other canopy characteristics. Unit leaf area per unit root length was greatly increased for plants receiving the pH 3.0 nutrient solution, indicating increased susceptibility to drought stress. Root accumulation of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) was markedly greater than the canopy accumulation. The influence of pH on mineral element concentrations was similar for roots and canopy for all elements except magnesium (Mg). Canopy tissue, but not root tissue, accumulated more Mg at lower pH than higher pHs. The greatest influence of pH on mineral element concentration was for iron (Fe). The concentration of Fe at pH of 3.0 was almost three times the concentration at the other pHs. No visual symptoms of mineral deficiency and/or toxicity were evident. These results indicate that the growth and morphology of papaya seedlings provided with complete nutrient solution are relatively unaffected by pH within the range of 4.0 to 9.0.     

植物生长环境与根系分泌物的关系

植物所处环境条件会影响植物根系分泌物的数量和组成,同时,植物根系分泌物也会影响根际环境条件。本文综述了植物种类(品种、生长发育阶段)和光温水、养分胁迫、重金属胁迫、微生物活动等环境条件对植物根系分泌物的影响;植物根系分泌物对根际微区土壤结构性、pH、CEC、养分活化和微生物区系等方面的影响,并提出了今后植物根系分泌物与环境条件研究中在研究方法、不同环境条件等方面值得关注的问题。     

Effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake of water and mineral nutrients by tomato plants in soilless culture

The consequences of oxygen deficiency on the root system of tomato plants in soilless culture at the beginning of the flowering stage were assessed over a 72‐hour period. The study of water uptake and oxygen depletion in the medium was conducted using a process of continuous computerized data processing. Fluctuations in composition of the nutrient solution were monitored every two hours through an analysis of samples. Oxygen deficiency of the nutrient solution had immediate effects on the water and nutrient uptake of the whole plant. The root asphyxia of a tomato plant caused a 20 to 30% decrease of water uptake after 48 hours. After 10 hours it also leads to the end of the uptake process of the nutrients except nitrates. Potassium (K) was the nutrient most sensitive to oxygen deprivation since an efflux into the culture medium was observed after only 4 hours of deprivation. Nitrate uptake was the least affected by oxygen deficiency. The persistent appearance of nitrite in the culture medium 12 hours after the beginning of the asphyxia process could be caused by the reduction of nitrates by the root system of the tomato plant. The plant would use the oxygen from the reduction reaction to ensure the water and nitrate uptake processes which are the two most important limiting factors of plant nutrition. Thus it seems that under root asphyxia conditions the plant would adapt to the new condition by relying on a metabolism of the “nitrate respiration”; type.     

黄腐酸添加量对低氮胁迫下小麦生长和根系形态的影响

【目的】黄腐酸(FA)是腐植酸中分子量较小、活性最大的组分,作为一种生物刺激素,FA可以促进植物生长,提高植株的抗逆性。研究黄腐酸不同添加量对低氮胁迫下小麦生长及根系形态的影响,为小麦减氮增效提供实践和理论参考。【方法】以小麦品种‘鑫华麦818’为材料进行了水培试验。将营养液氮浓度调节为硝态氮0.1 mmol/L模拟低氮胁迫(LN),并分别设置FA添加量0、30、60、90、120 mg/L,即LN-FA0、LN-FA30、LN-FA60、LN-FA90、LN-FA120,共5个处理;以正常供氮营养液(硝态氮4 mmol/L)为对照(NN)。分析了小麦根系形态、植株生物量、植株氮浓度、氮累积量、叶片氮代谢关键酶活性等指标。【结果】与LN-FA0相比,LN-FA30、LN-FA60、LN-FA90和LN-FA120处理的地上部生物量分别提高了16.31%、23.18%、26.75%和35.16%,LN-FA120的地上部生物量与正常氮处理已无显著差异;LN-FA30、LN-FA60和LNFA90总根长增加了35.00%～44.67%,根表面积增加了39.93%～95.42%,根体积增加了...     

The influence of NH4 +‐N vs. NO3 ‐‐n nutrition on root reductant release by fe‐stressed sorghum 1

The effect of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N on root reduction capacity developed during Fe stress was investigated in plants grown in a CaCO₃ buffered nutrient solution. After a 3‐day period of Fe stress, reduction capacity was not increased by the presence of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N in the growth medium or in the extracting solution. Since reductant degradation over time was pH dependent, experiments measuring root reductant release into nutrient solution would be confounded by treatments with different solution pH values. In an unbuffered nutrient solution a differential NH₄ ⁺ uptake due to the cultivar would affect solution pH and interfere with a reliable interpretation of reductant measurements.     

土壤栽培条件下根系生长非扰动观测根箱及其应用

原位观察土壤中根系的生长情况是一个难题。该文提出了一种土壤栽培条件下根系生长非扰动观测根箱,并以栽种烟草为例说明其应用。该装置由生长室、水肥供应系统、图像捕获与分析系统构成。烟草根系在生长室中生长,水肥供应系统独立调节各分室的水肥供应。利用数码相机定期捕获观察面的根系图像,再用ImageJ软件分析数据,即可实现根系的定量观测。结果表明,烟草根系伸长速率在移栽后第35天和第46天出现2个增长高峰,其峰值分别为54.58和185.69cm/d。根系深度与宽度的比值随生长时间呈现"V"形曲线。根系的快速生长区域具有下移的趋势。比较生长室观察面所得数据和挖掘根箱获得的数据,结果表明,>20～40cm土层根系最多,2种方法所得到的根长在各土层的分布趋势基本一致、相关性显著,表明本装置可应用于土壤栽培条件下根系生长的非扰动观测。     

烤烟根系分泌物对烤烟幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

连作是烟草栽培中的普遍现象,已引起生长抑制、产量下降和品质恶化等问题。本试验采用溶液培养的方法,在培养液中分别加入未分组和分组后的烤烟根系分泌物,研究根系分泌物对烤烟幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,加入未分组的烤烟根系分泌物显著抑制幼苗的生长,降低根系活力,并随加入量的增加抑制作用增强;加入酸溶性、碱溶性、中性组分的根系分泌物,均降低幼苗根系活力,以中性组分的抑制作用较强。三种不同组分的根系分泌物均显著降低根系对NO3-、PO43-、K+离子的吸收,其中中性组分对NO3-吸收的影响最大,而酸溶性组分对K+的吸收抑制作用较强。推测在烤烟根系分泌物中,可能存在多种抑制烤烟生长和养分吸收的化学物质。     

抑菌剂浇施与不均匀施肥对玉米马铃薯生长和产量的影响

农业生产中,肥料和抑菌性农药施用是两种重要的农业生产技术。在施肥过程中,点状和条状施肥是主要的施肥方式,易导致作物生长期内土壤养分以斑块状分布,因此根系趋肥性对农田中作物获取养分具有重要性。而在施用抑菌性农药时,药剂能够通过淋溶等过程进入土体中,对土壤生态环境和根-土过程产生直接或间接的影响。然而目前有关农药施用是否影响作物根系趋肥性,进而改变产量表现还不清楚。本研究选用旱地主要粮食作物玉米和马铃薯为研究对象,通过等量肥料下隔行施用的方式构建土壤养分斑块,在此基础上进行广谱性杀菌剂浇施土壤,研究抑菌性农药对作物利用异质性养分的影响。两年的大田试验数据表明,一定程度上,抑菌剂浇施和隔行施肥能够显著地影响作物的植株生物量、产量,根系生物量及分布,且对玉米生物量影响具显著交互效应,表现为隔行施肥对生物量的显著提高发生在抑菌剂浇施条件下,而抑菌剂对玉米生物量的提高则主要表现在隔行施肥条件下。同时,抑菌剂浇施能够提高作物的根系觅养精确度,其中在马铃薯上达到显著水平,表明抑菌剂浇施对作物适应土壤养分斑块具有一定的促进作用。当然,抑菌农药和养分斑块在影响作物生长过程中的显著性受作物类型和种植年份的影响,具有复杂性。因此,进一步针对不同作物、生态环境和栽培措施,探讨抑菌剂农药在作物适应养分斑块中的作用以及对作物根系趋肥的影响机制,对于了解农药施用对化肥利用的影响具有潜在的价值。     

植物根际微生物调控根系构型研究

植物根系构型即根系在其生长介质中的生长与分布,包括根系长度、根系分支和根系生物量等,能够将植物固定在土壤中并有效吸收水分和矿质养分,直接影响植物的生长和发育。根系构型受多种因素的影响,包括土壤水分、养分和根际微生物,传统方式主要依靠化学肥料增加土壤养分进而改善根系生长,但是化学肥料会对环境造成危害,根际微生物作为植物的“第二基因组”,能够改善初生根、侧根和根毛的发育,促进植物的生长和根际养分吸收,近年来基因组学−代谢组学、基因组学−转录组学等多组学关联技术的应用揭示了微生物的促生机制,为微生物菌剂的开发提供了新思路。基于该领域的研究现状,本文阐述了根际微生物（AMF、PGPR、根瘤菌）对根构型的调控机制包括激素调控、固氮、溶磷、释放挥发性有机化合物四个方面,并描述它们通过这四种机制增加植物根系长度、根系分支,促进根毛发育的调控效应,基于上述结论,植物根际微生物可以有效改善根系生长,但实际应用效果还有待研究,量化不同机制的相对贡献率以及提高微生物菌剂在实际应用中的稳定性是后续研究的重点。     

不同氮素形态对干旱胁迫杉木幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响

【目的】干旱胁迫是限制植物生长的重要非生物因素之一,而适宜的氮素营养可以提高植物的抗旱性。本文探讨了供应不同形态氮源对干旱条件下杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook]幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响。【方法】采用水培试验,供试杉木材料为2个无性系幼苗(7–14号和8–8号),在营养液中添加10%(w/v)PEG-6000进行干旱胁迫。营养液中的氮源处理包括硝态氮、铵态氮、硝铵混合氮,氮素浓度均为4.571mmol/L,每个品种均设6个处理。培养20天后,测定了杉木幼苗根、茎、叶的养分含量及生物量。【结果】与正常水分供应相比较,干旱胁迫条件下供应铵态氮可促进叶片N、K以及茎叶P、K的吸收,供应混合氮可促进根部K的吸收;供应铵态氮可促进根、茎对Ca的吸收,对叶片Ca无明显作用。干旱胁迫对根部Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn吸收量影响显著,氮素供应不同程度地降低了干旱胁迫下各器官Mg、Fe、Mn和Cu吸收量,表现为抑制吸收,但添加铵态氮比硝态氮的降低幅度小。3个氮源处理均降低了干旱条件下根部Zn吸收量,但没有降低甚至增加了茎、叶中Zn的吸收量,说明氮营养可调节Zn在各器官间的分配,缓解干旱导致的缺锌现象。不同器官之间各养分吸收量差异显著,3个氮源处理中,N和P吸收量表现为叶>根>茎,K和Ca为叶>茎>根,Fe、Cu为根>叶>茎,Mg、Mn和Zn在各器官之间的分配规律不一。铵态氮吸收量均表现为叶>根>茎,且各器官铵态氮吸收量显著高于硝态氮,说明杉木具有明显的喜铵特性。【结论】在干旱胁迫下,氮素供应形态显著影响杉木幼苗对养分的吸收及在各器官中的分配,作用效果因家系品种和元素种类而异。总体来讲,铵态氮提高干旱胁迫下杉木幼苗养分吸收的效果好于硝态氮,杉木可以认为是喜铵植物。