豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及基因多态性分析

为了解豫北地区规模化养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性及基因多态性,对分离的21株猪源大肠杆菌进行药物敏感实验,采用PCR技术对其耐药基因进行检测,RAPD技术进行基因多态性分析。结果表明:豫北地区规模化养殖场分离的猪源性大肠杆菌菌株对常见16种抗生素存在不同情况的耐药性。其中对四环素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、阿莫西林、磺胺异恶唑、环丙沙星、新生霉素、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、甲氧苄啶的耐药率均为100%,对庆大霉素、洛美沙星的耐药率为85%以上,对其他药物的耐药率相对较低;PCR检测得到8种耐药基因的条带;对菌株进行RAPD分析得到7种不同的基因型。大肠杆菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌感染多重耐药十分严重,严重影响了该地区猪源大肠杆菌病的诊治和预防。     

猪源艰难梭菌的分离鉴定与生物学特性分析

为了了解我国猪源艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile,CD)的病原学及分子生物学特征,本研究收集湖北和广东地区疑似患有肠炎的病猪粪便样品,提取基因组DNA,利用已经报道的5重PCR方法对艰难梭菌的16S rDNA基因、毒素A的编码基因tcdA、毒素B的编码基因tcdB以及二元毒素编码基因cdtA和...     

河南省部分地区猪和鸡源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了掌握河南省猪、鸡源粪肠球菌的耐药情况,从4个不同地区的规模化养殖场猪、鸡抽取样品480份,通过对细菌的分离培养和纯化,采用PCR和BD Phoenix~(TM)-100全自动微生物鉴定系统对分离的粪肠球菌进行鉴定,并通过微量肉汤稀释法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性分析。结果显示,共分离菌株254株,分离率为52.9%。分离菌株对头孢西丁、泰妙菌素、克林霉素、磺胺异恶唑、红霉素、替米考星等耐药严重,耐药率均在90%以上,90%以上的菌株对7类及7类以上的抗菌药物耐药。表明河南省猪、鸡源粪肠球菌耐药情况严重,食用动物的环境卫生有待进一步改善,防止耐药菌的扩散和蔓延。     

河南省猪源粪肠球菌的分离、鉴定与耐药性分析

旨在掌握河南省猪源粪肠球菌的耐药情况。从规模化猪场抽取样品300批,采用常规方法进行粪肠球菌分离、培养、纯化,应用全自动细菌鉴定/药敏系统和PCR技术对分离菌株进行种水平鉴定,利用微量肉汤稀释法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性分析。结果表明,有154株分离菌被鉴定为粪肠球菌,总体分离率为51.33%;分离菌株对头孢西丁、克林霉素、泰妙菌素、头孢噻呋、磺胺异噁唑、红霉素、替米考星等抗菌药物耐药严重,耐药率均在90%以上,对强力霉素(多西环素)、氟苯尼考、青霉素、复方新诺明耐药性相对较强,耐药率在60%~90%。综上提示,河南省猪源粪肠球菌耐药情况严重。     

猪源结肠弯曲菌分离鉴定及细胞致死性膨胀毒素三重PCR分子检测

为了探明河南省及周边地区猪源结肠弯曲菌病(campylobacteriosis)的流行情况,本研究对从省内外的猪场和屠宰场采集的猪结肠及粪便样品,进行了病原菌的初步分离培养鉴定。对结肠弯曲菌细胞致死性膨胀毒素(cytolethal distending toxin,CDT)A、B、C型毒素基因进行了单一PCR检测与扩增,在此基础上建立了结肠弯曲菌细胞致死性膨胀毒素A、B、C型三重PCR检测方法。该三重PCR方法可同时扩增出结肠弯曲菌A、B、C毒素型基因,具有较好的特异性。从97份猪结肠样品中分离128株细菌,经16SrRNA基因扩增和结肠弯曲菌特异性引物PCR扩增,确定12株为结肠弯曲菌。本研究为猪源结肠弯曲菌的分离鉴定及结肠弯曲菌细胞致死性膨胀毒素A、B、C型毒素基因扩增提供基础,可用于猪源结肠弯曲菌的鉴定及毒素鉴定、食品安全检测与监测等。     

河南省部分规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎源大肠杆菌耐药性分析与耐药基因检测

为了解规模化奶牛场乳房炎源大肠杆菌耐药现状和耐药基因分布情况,试验对采自河南省部分规模化奶牛场感染乳房炎奶牛的852份乳汁样本进行大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与16S rRNA基因PCR鉴定,对分离的大肠杆菌菌株进行药敏试验及耐药基因检测。结果表明：共分离鉴定224株大肠杆菌,分离率为26.29%。分离菌株对11种抗生素均有不同程度耐药性,其中对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、四环素、阿莫西林、阿米卡星耐药比较严重,耐药率为63.39%～82.14%;对头孢他啶、头孢曲松耐药率相对较低,分别为22.32%、27.67%;对亚胺培南最敏感,耐药率为0。耐3种及以上抗生素菌株有193株,占86.16%。对不同奶牛场的85株大肠杆菌分离株进行耐药基因检测,共检测到11种耐药基因,未检出耐药基因tetM、bla_VIM和bla_NDM。酰胺醇类耐药基因floR携带率最高(为61.18%),喹诺酮类耐药基因oqxB(42.35%)、qnrS(44.71%)携带率和四环素类耐药基因tetA(30.59%)、tetB(38.82%)携带率相对较高,多重耐药基因检出率为51...     

不同地区鸡源产气荚膜梭菌的毒素型鉴定和药敏试验

为探明我国鸡群中产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens,Cp)不同毒素型分布特征及携带主要致病毒素基因和对饲用抗菌素的抗药谱,于2013年7月至2014年5月间从四川等7省17个肉鸡生产较为集中的地区采样692份,分离鉴定获得Cp菌株214株,分离率31%。经多重PCR方法鉴定,其中有206株为A型Cp,8株为C型。利用特异性单一PCR方法检测发现:有87株Cp携带β2毒素基因,阳性率为41%;5株携带Net B毒素基因,阳性率为2.3%。以最小抑菌浓度法(MIC)检测的常见饲用抗菌素敏感性结果显示:那西肽、弗吉尼亚霉素和效霉素有广泛的抑菌作用,四川德阳(2013)、四川眉山(2013)和广东鹤山(2013)的分离菌株对所测试的11种药物均表现敏感,而广西桂林(2014)的菌株仅对那西肽敏感。结果表明我国鸡源Cp具有明显的毒素型、主要致病毒素基因携带状况和抗药谱的地区差异。     

陕西省部分地区鸡源A型产气荚膜梭菌分离株的药敏试验

通过应用纸片法对52株分离自陕西部分地区的A型鸡源产气荚膜梭菌分离菌株进行药物敏感性检测,了解各菌株对常见抗菌药物的耐药状况。结果分离菌株对磺胺异恶唑、复方新诺明、强力霉素耐药率较高,均在70%以上;对万古霉素、氯霉素、杆菌肽的敏感率均在80%以上;大部分菌株为多重耐药。结果表明,陕西部分地区的鸡源性产气荚膜梭菌的耐药性较为严重。     

河南省猪源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了掌握河南省猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性情况,从规模化猪场抽取样品240份,通过细菌的分离、纯化,采用BD PhoenixTM-100全自动微生物鉴定系统对分离的大肠杆菌进行鉴定,并通过微量肉汤稀释法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性分析。结果显示:共分离菌株171株,分离率为71.3%;分离菌株对四环素、磺胺异恶唑、复方新诺明、强力霉素、氨苄西林、氟苯尼考耐药严重,耐药率均在80%以上。表明河南省猪源大肠杆菌耐药情况较为严重。     

猪支气管败血波氏杆菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

从2006年-2009年河南省发生的猪高热综合征的168家规模化猪场456份病料中分离出革兰阴性小杆菌,通过培养特性、生化试验和PCR检测,结果鉴定出25株猪支气管败血波氏杆菌。结果显示,所分离的猪支气管败血波氏杆菌对小鼠均有毒力,对阿齐霉素、环丙沙星、阿米卡星敏感。     

Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals

Clostridium perfringens type C is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. Clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. While infections by C. perfringens type C or C. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. We present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with C. difficile and C. perfringens type C infection. Five foals between one and seven days of age were submitted for necropsy examination to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory. The five animals had a clinical history of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea followed by death and none had received antimicrobials or been hospitalized. Postmortem examination revealed hemorrhagic and necrotizing entero-typhlo-colitis. Histologically, the mucosa of the small intestine and colon presented diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage and it was often covered by a pseudomembrane. Thrombosis was observed in submucosal and/or mucosal vessels. Immunohistochemistry of intestinal sections of all foals showed that many large bacilli in the sections were C. perfringens. C. perfringens beta toxin was detected by ELISA in intestinal content of all animals and C. difficile toxin A/B was detected in intestinal content of three animals. C. perfringens (identified as type C by PCR) was isolated from the intestinal content of three foals. C. difficile (typed as A(+)/B(+) by PCR) was isolated from the intestinal content in 3 out of the 5 cases. This report suggests a possible synergism of C. perfringens type C and C. difficile in foal enterocolitis. Because none of the foals had received antibiotic therapy, the predisposing factor, if any, for the C. difficile infection remains undetermined; it is possible that the C. perfringens infection acted as a predisposing factor for C. difficile and/or vice versa. This report also stresses the need to perform a complete diagnostic workup in all cases of foal digestive disease.     

Real-time PCR and typing of Clostridium difficile isolates colonizing mare-foal pairs

Clostridium difficile infection can occur in the dams of sick foals, but it is unknown if mares and foals share the same isolates. In this study, C. difficile isolates from fecal samples of 11 mares paired with 11 foals were genotyped by arbitrarily primed PCR; two mares and three foals in five mare-foal pairs had diarrhea. Fecal immunoassays were utilized to detect C. difficile common antigen and toxin A. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) systems were developed to detect genes for toxins A and B, as well as for binary toxin B. Sequences of all toxins were present in all isolates, although only one horse was positive for toxin A on fecal immunoassay. Identical strains of C. difficile were present in 4/11 (36.4%) mare-foal pairs. Mare-foal pairs can harbor C. difficile subclinically and are potential reservoirs for colonization of each other.     

Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile

Two cases of fatal enteritis caused by Clostridium difficile in captive Asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. Post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. C. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. Four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin A and B by PCR. All isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was demonstrated in the intestinal content from one of the fatal cases and in a surviving but severely affected elephant. PCR ribotyping demonstrated that the C. difficile isolates shared an identical profile, which was different from an epidemiologically unrelated strain, indicating that the outbreak was caused by the same C. difficile clone. It is speculated that the feeding of large quantities of broccoli, a rich source of sulforaphane, which has been shown to inhibit the growth of many intestinal microorganisms may have triggered a subsequent overgrowth by C. difficile. This is the first report of C. difficile as the main cause of fatal enterocolitis in elephants. The findings emphasize the need to regard this organism as potentially dangerous for elephants and caution is recommended concerning antibiotic treatment and feeding with diets containing antimicrobials, which may trigger an expansion of a C. difficile population in the gut.     

Evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs.

Clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (CDAD) is a nosocomial infection in dogs. Diagnosis of this infection is dependent on clinical signs of disease supported by laboratory detection of C. difficile toxins A or B, or both, in fecal specimens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unfortunately, to the authors' knowledge, commercially available ELISAs have not been validated in dogs to date. We evaluated 5 ELISAs done on 143 canine fecal specimens (100 diarrheic and 43 nondiarrheic dogs) and on 29 C. difficile isolates. The results of each ELISA were compared with the cytotoxin B tissue culture assay (CTA). Clostridium difficile was isolated from 23% of the fecal specimens. Eighteen of the 143 fecal specimens were toxin positive (15 diarrheic and 3 nondiarrheic dogs). On the basis of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for toxin-A and -B genes, 72% of the isolates were toxigenic. The carriage rate of toxigenic isolates in diarrheic dogs was higher than that in the nondiarrheic dogs; however, these differences were not statistically significant. A good correlation was found between CTA, PCR, and culture results. The ELISAs done on fecal specimens collected from diarrheic dogs had low sensitivity (7-33%). In contrast, ELISA for toxin A or B, or both, performed on toxigenic isolates had high sensitivity (93%). These results suggest that commercially available human ELISAs are inadequate for the diagnosis of canine C. difficile-associated diarrhea when tested on fecal specimens. In contrast, the Premier ToxinA/B and Techlab ToxinA/B ELISAs may be useful for the diagnosis of canine CDAD when used on toxigenic isolates.     

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs

The objectives of this study were to examine the potential roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in diarrhea in dogs by comparison of isolation, determination of toxin status via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These techniques were used to evaluate fecal specimens in 132 healthy and diarrheic dogs. These dogs were prospectively evaluated by grouping them into the following 3 categories: hospitalized dogs with diarrhea (n = 32), hospitalized dogs without diarrhea (n = 42), and apparently healthy outpatient dogs without diarrhea (n = 58). All fecal specimens were cultured using selective media for C difficile, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. and selective media after heat shock for C perfringens. No significant difference was found in the isolation of C perfringens or C difficile among the 3 groups. A significant association was found between the presence of diarrhea and detection of C perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) or toxin A via ELISA for both C perfringens and C difficile, respectively. PCR performed on C difficile isolates for toxin A and toxin B genes revealed no significant differences among the 3 groups, but diarrheic dogs were significantly more likely to be positive for the enterotoxin gene of C perfringens. Based on the results of this study, the use of ELISA for detection of CPE in feces combined with the detection of enterotoxigenic fecal isolates obtained via heat shock provides the strongest evidence for the presence of C perfringens-associated diarrhea.     

携带非典型cpb2基因牛源A型产气荚膜梭菌重组α毒素的免疫保护性研究

为验证重组α毒素对携带非典型cpb2基因的A型产气荚膜梭菌的免疫保护性,本研究应用PCR技术,从某牛场牛源A型产气荚膜梭菌G1分离株中扩增出1 194 bp的α毒素编码基因(cpa)和795 bp的β2毒素编码基因(cpb2)。经BLAST分析显示,G1分离株携带的cpb2基因与14个菌株的非典型cpb2基因的氨基酸序列同源性为95.1%～98.9%,与典型cpb2基因(L77695)的氨基酸序列同源性为61.7%。这表明,G1的cpb2基因为非典型cpb2基因。同时分别将cpa和cpb2基因扩增产物克隆于原核表达载体中,构建重组表达质粒pET-a和pET-b2,重组菌经IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白,将其纯化后单独及联合免疫小鼠进行免疫保护试验。结果显示,单独免疫重组α毒素蛋白组以及联合免疫重组β2毒素蛋白组的小鼠,均可以抵抗至少6倍最小致死量(MLD)的G1外毒素(包含α毒素和非典型β2毒素)的攻击,也可以完全抵抗至少6 MLD的G2外毒素(不包含β2毒素)的攻击。表明,重组α毒素蛋白对含有及不含有非典型β2毒素的A型产气荚膜梭菌均具有良好的免疫保护作用。     

Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by piglets

Clostridium difficile is recognized as an important cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in humans especially in association with administration of antibiotics. In pigs, C. difficile can cause neonatal enteritis and can be isolated from faeces from both diseased and healthy animals. The presented prospective study describes how soon C. difficile can be isolated from newborn piglets after normal parturition and how C. difficile spreads within a pig farm. Six sows, their farrowing crates and their litters at one farm were sampled until C. difficile was found in all piglets. Within 48 h after birth, all 71 piglets became positive for C. difficile (two piglets were already positive within 1h post partum), all sows became positive within 113 h after parturition and the farrowing crates were found intermittently positive. C. difficile could also be detected in air samples and in samples of teats of the sows. All isolates belonged to PCR ribotype 078. Twenty-one C. difficile ribotype 078 isolates, found at the farm, were further analyzed by MLVA (multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis) and belonged to one clonal complex, except one isolate. To be sure that piglets were not born already infected with C. difficile ribotype 078, 38 caesarean derived piglets were sampled immediately after surgery. All piglets tested negative at delivery and stayed negative for C. difficile ribotype 078 during the 21 days in which they were kept in sterile incubators. This study shows that C. difficile ribotype 078 spreads easily between sows, piglets and the environment. Vertical transmission of C. difficile ribotype 078 was not found and is very unlikely to occur.     

Natural and experimental infection of neonatal calves with Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile toxins were associated with calf diarrhea in a recent retrospective study; however, no causal relationship has been prospectively investigated. This infection study tested whether the oral inoculation of neonatal calves with a toxigenic strain of C. difficile (PCR-ribotype 077) results in enteric disease. Fourteen 6-24 h old male colostrums-fed Holstein calves, received either three doses of C. difficile (1.4 x 10(8) +/- 3.5 x 10(8) cfu) (n = 8) or sterile culture broth (n = 6). Calves were euthanized on day 6 or after the onset of diarrhea, whichever came first. Fecal and intestinal samples were blindly cultured for C. difficile, and tested for its toxin A/B (C. difficile TOX A/B II ELISA, Techlab). PCR-ribotyping was used to compare inoculated and recovered isolates. Diarrhea was observed in all control calves and 3/8 of inoculated calves (p = 0.03), but it did not occur in calves that tested positive for C. difficile toxins. Fecal toxins were identified only from two controls. PCR-ribotyping confirmed the presence of C. difficile PCR-ribotype 077 in samples of all inoculated calves, but not from controls. The identification of five other PCR-ribotypes in 3/8 (37.5%) and 2/6 (33.3%) of inoculated and control calves, respectively, indicated early natural infection (< or = 24h of age). Five of 14 cecal samples had C. difficile (p = 0.01). In conclusion, the oral administration of C. difficile PCR-ribotype 077 to neonatal calves resulted in fecal/intestinal colonization but not in detection of toxins, or signs of enteric disease. Further studies are required to investigate the clinical relevance of C. difficile in calves.     

Corynebacterium ulcerans infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

This is the first report of a Corynebacterium (C) ulcerans-infection in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The bacterium was isolated from a grapefruit sized abscess of an animal that had been shot. In addition to biochemical tests, the isolate was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and partial sequencing of the rpoB gene. The isolated bacteria showed phospholipase D activity that could be demonstrated by reverse CAMP-test. A tox-gene could be detected by PCR but the Elek-test specific for diphtheria toxin failed.The isolate was compared to two C. ulcerans-strains isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg described recently.     

艰难梭菌毒素致病机理的研究进展

艰难梭菌是一种革兰氏阳性厌氧芽胞梭菌,是人类肠道感染的主要致病菌,其主要致病因素为毒素A(肠毒素)和毒素B(细胞毒素).毒素A引发细胞损伤后,毒素B即可侵入肠黏膜,引起细胞病变,导致一系列与感染相关的临床表现.同时,艰难梭菌毒素也是引起猪、鸡等畜禽发生腹泻的重要因素,因此探讨艰难梭菌毒素对机体的损伤作用,有利于揭示艰难梭菌的致病机理,为其防控提供理论依据.