长江流域坡耕地“坡式梯田+坡面水系”治理模式及综合效益探讨

以三峡库区、川中丘陵区、云贵高原区、横断山区、秦巴山区为重点区域,通过对坡改梯工程的结构、功能、造价等指标进行对比分析,评估各小流域"坡式梯田+坡面水系"治理模式的水土保持效益,结果显示:坡式梯田具有截短坡长、减缓坡度、动土量少、提高治理速度、节约工程投资等特点,能有效控制坡面水土流失,并且增产作用明显;坡式梯田离不开池、渠、凼配套和蓄、排、灌结合的坡面水系措施,合理布设坡面水系是发挥梯田蓄水保土效益的重要保证。因此,"坡式梯田+水系配套"治理模式是适合长江上游陡坡耕地治理的有效模式。     

天水市水土保持生态建设成效显著

正"十二五"以来,甘肃省天水市先后启动实施了中央预算内小流域综合治理、坡耕地水土流失综合整治、国家农业综合开发等水土保持重点项目,总投资26 613.81万元,治理水土流失面积1 428.01 km2,兴修水平梯田101 233.33 hm2。在全市水土保持生态建设中,以治理促开发,以开发保治理,形成了以小流域为单元,以梯田建设为重     

堡子沟流域综合治理

正堡子沟流域位于甘肃省庄浪县北部,总面积18 km2,涉及南湖、赵墩两乡(镇)的5个村。1988年,该流域被列为黄河流域水土保持生态环境建设第二批试点流域,经过多年治理,累计治理水土流失面积15.4 km2,治理程度达到85.6%。堡子沟小流域水土保持综合治理规划科学,布局合理,探索形成了"梁峁沙棘戴帽,山坡梯田缠腰,埂坎牧草锁边,沟台果树围裙,沟底坝库穿靴"的治理模式,呈现出了以"田"展现秀美,以"坝"涵养水源,以"绿"提升品位,     

王家沟流域低产田的改造与培肥

王家沟流域在综合治理的同时,从改造坡耕地入手,坚持30年梯田建设,把一片瘠薄、干旱、低产农田,建设和培肥成为旱涝保收,高产稳产农田,为黄土高原坡耕地治理树立了典范,积累了丰富经验。本文通过多年观测、调查资料,全面分析总结了王家沟流域梯田建设培肥的经验与效益,为坡地修梯田、低产变高产提供科学依据。     

甘肃梯田建设有力推进全省脱贫攻坚

改革开放40年来,甘肃始终把梯田建设作为治理水土流失、改善农业生产条件、促进群众脱贫致富的重要措施常抓不懈,截至2017年底全省累计兴修梯田211.67万hm2。在梯田建设中,甘肃大力弘扬"领导苦抓、部门苦帮、群众苦干"的三苦精神和"实事求是、崇尚科学、自强不息、艰苦创业"的庄浪精神,充分利用规模化的梯田资源,发展旱作农业,调整产业结构,发展特色产业,成功走出了一条"修梯田、调结构、兴产业、促增收"的发展路子。梯田建设有力地促进了粮食增产、农业增效和农民增收,为全省脱贫攻坚工作发挥了重要作用。     

紫色砂页岩区“土石混合梯坎+黄花菜梯埂”梯田技术应用及效益分析

紫色砂页岩区坡耕地水土流失严重,梯田是治理坡耕地水土流失的有效措施。"土石混合梯坎+黄花菜梯埂"梯田技术就是下部毛条石梯坎、上部土质梯坎,梯埂种黄花菜,组成较为稳定的梯田埂坎。该技术比毛条石坎梯田投资少,比土坎梯田稳定性强、埂坎占地少,具有较好的生态、经济和社会效益,可为紫色砂页岩区坡耕地综合治理提供有效途径,值得大力推广应用。     

静宁县贾马项目区综合治理思路和可持续发展管理机制探析

通过采取"政府主导、群众参与"的方法,静宁县贾马项目区坡耕地水土流失综合治理走出了一条"修梯田、调结构、兴科技、促增收"的路子,取得了良好的经济、生态、社会效益。介绍了静宁县贾马项目区的治理模式与思路,包括创新机制、强化责任抓落实,创新思路、统筹安排抓规划,综合治理、整合资源求效益,创新模式、规模治理促发展,创新理念、培肥地力抓技术,强化管理、规范运作抓报账,以及关于梯田、经果林,村社道路与道路绿化、田间道路及配套设施的可持续发展机制。     

庄浪县创建水土保持生态文明县的成效

从1964年开始,经过34年的不懈努力,庄浪县建成了近百万亩水平梯田,1998年被水利部命名为"中国梯田化模范县"。实现梯田化县后,庄浪县又把创建全国水土保持生态文明县作为促进县域经济发展的重要举措,全县累计完成水土流失治理面积1 008 km2,治理程度达77%,各项水土保持措施年可拦截泥沙761万t,土壤侵蚀模数由治理前的9 100 t/(km2·a)下降到现在的4 200 t/(km2·a),水土保持措施在控制水土流失、改善生态环境、提高农业生产和促进社会发展方面取得了很大成效。庄浪县2012年通过水利部验收成为国家水土保持生态文明县,介绍了庄浪县水土保持生态建设的成效和具体做法。     

长治市“十二五”水土保持成效和发展对策

"十二五"期间,长治市的水土保持生态建设,坚持"大水保、大生态、大战略"发展理念,以坡改梯、小流域治理和预防监督为重点,取得了显著成效。五年间,共计治理水土流失面积17.48万hm~2,新修梯田4.82万hm~2,造林绿化1.81万hm~2,封禁自然修复10.3万hm~2,治理度达到62.5%。介绍了治理成效,分析了目前存在的问题,提出了"十三五"应采取的对策。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区梯田附属建筑物规划

梯田是半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面治理的主要工程措施,在梯田规划建设过程中往往容易忽视梯田附属建筑物的规划,影响梯田的安全运行和经济效益的发挥。在调查的基础上分析了梯田附属建筑物规划被忽视的原因,明确了梯田附属建筑物规划的内容,提出了规划中应注意的有关问题。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

防治水土流失 建设巴渝秀美山川

重庆地处长江上游、三峡库区,由于三峡库区水土流失严重、生态环境脆弱、自然灾害频繁,且三峡库区的水土保持和生态建设事关全市经济社会发展全局、事关三峡工程建成后的安全运行和库区的长治久安,因此是我市水土保持生态建设的重点。虽然,“长治”工程的有效实施,使我市的水土保持生态建设取得了较大的成绩,但离全面建设小康社会的要求尚有不少的差距,因此,我们要紧紧抓住国家实施可持续发展战略和西部大开发战略的历史机遇,进一步增强紧迫感、责任感和使命感,调动全社会各界力量,防治水土流失,改善生态环境,建设巴渝秀美山川。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

水土保持监督管理程序与时效图文解析

水土保持法律规范和相关行政法律规范,共同构成了水土保持监督管理法律体系,其内容庞杂,相互交叉、融合,程序复杂。通过一组网络图及其简要注释,直观地表述了水土保持监督管理工作的相关程序、时效、逻辑关系和法律依据;通过对网络图呈现的逻辑问题所反映出的法律缺陷进行分析,提出应当按照立法法的有关规定,对现行法律特别是水土保持法律法规进行必要的修改,以适应不断发展的水土保持监督管理工作需要的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.