Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in river sediments by soxhlet extraction with hexane-acetone

Soxhlet extraction with hexane + acetone (1 + 1 by volume) was used for the extraction of organochlorine pesticide residues from river sediments, followed by Florisil column chromatography clean-up and determination by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. Average recoveries exceeding 90 % were obtained using this technique. Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in sediment samples from two major rivers flowing through predominantly rice-growing areas were determined by this method. Relatively high residue levels of organochlorine pesticides such as HCH, heptachlor and endosulfan were found in the sediments.     

A modified extraction and clean-up procedure for the detection and determination of parathion-methyl and chlorpyrifos residues in tea

Recent advances in methodology and instrumentation have made possible the detection and determination of pesticides at microgram kg-1 (ppb) levels. The sensitivity of a method of analysis depends greatly on the efficient extraction of the pesticide and the subsequent clean-up of the extract. The extract from green tea leaves is a mixture of aroma components, polyphenols and caffeine. The preparation of made tea from green tea leaves adds to this complexity by concentrating these coextractives. Conventional clean-up techniques provide poor recoveries for parathion-methyl and chlorpyrifos from both green tea leaves and made tea. This arises from interference by caffeine during gas chromatography, as it has a similar retention time to the two pesticides and peaks overlap. A modification to the protocol based on a solvent partitioning process using dichloromethane and subsequent washing of the extracts with warm water removed the caffeine, and pigments were removed by column chromatography. Recoveries ranging from 80 to 90% were then obtained for both pesticides.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水体中29种农药的残留量

建立了水体中29种农药的固相萃取-气相色谱检测方法。以Envi-18固相萃取小柱提取水样中的各种农药,上样体积为200 mL,洗脱溶剂为正己烷-丙酮(1∶1,体积比)。在添加水平为0.1、1.0和10 μg/L时,水样中29种农药的添加回收率为60%~111%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~6.4%,方法的检出限(LOD)为5~50 ng/L。所建立方法准确、灵敏、快速,符合水体中多种农药残留检测分析的要求,且对水体中低浓度残留农药的检测效果较好。     

Effectiveness of cold solvent extraction systems for the determination of fumigant residues in cereal grains

Two alternative cold solvent extraction mixtures, (a) light petroleum distillate (40–60°C boiling range) + 0.1-M hydrochloric acid (2+3 by volume) and (b) acetone + water (5+1 by volume), were examined for their effectiveness in extraction of residues of bromochloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,2-trichloroethylene from cereal grains and rape seed. Apparent recoveries of fumigants from spiked solutions or spiked commodity extracts were generally in the range 90-105%, acetone + water giving the higher results. For most fumigated samples extracted shortly after treatment, comparative results obtained for the two extraction mixtures were similar to those obtained for spiked extracts and this, together with rapid rates of extraction, suggested that almost complete extraction from the commodities had been obtained. However, the rate of extraction of residues from aged samples using either solvent mixture was often slow, with extraction continuing well beyond the recommended standing periods. Agreement in results obtained was significantly improved by standing for longer periods, in order that equilibrium of residual compounds between commodity and solvent could be reached. However, low results were obtained using light petroleum distillate + hydrochloric acid to extract all four fumigants from rape seed and bromochloromethane from oats. It is recommended that the effectiveness of the solvent mixture selected for extraction of this type of volatile residue from cereal grains is carefully checked, especially when determining residues in aged samples or samples of unknown history.     

漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱法测定液态奶中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取（DLLME-SFO）-气相色谱配电子捕获检测器（GCECD）,同时测定液态奶中甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法。样品经预处理后,加入25 μL十六烷（萃取剂）、600 μL丙酮（分散剂）及质量分数为6%的氯化钠,涡旋3 min,于–5℃、10 000 r/min下离心3 min后,去除水相,融化后经气相色谱测定。结果表明:在5.0～250.0 μg/kg范围内,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的峰面积与相应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0;在5～20 μg/kg添加水平下,平均回收率为90%～104%,日内相对标准偏差均低于5.9%（n=6）,日间相对标准偏差均低于7.8%（n=3）; 5种农药在液态奶中的检出限为0.75～2.17 μg/kg,定量限为2.52～7.22 μg/kg。该方法操作简便、溶剂用量少、定量准确、重现性好,适用于液态奶样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析。     

高效液相色谱法测定芦笋中多菌灵和吡虫啉残留

建立了一种同时测定芦笋中多菌灵和吡虫啉农药残留的高效液相色谱法。以丙酮超声波提取,石油醚去除脂类杂质,再用二氯甲烷萃取分离,浓缩后测定。用甲醇-水(40∶60,体积比)为流动相,配备Discovery ODS-C18柱、紫外检测器的高效液相色谱(HPLC)仪对待测组份进行了分离和测定。实验证明,芦笋样品中多菌灵和吡虫啉添加回收率分别在81.0%~99.6%和79.3%~100.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n＝3)分别小于13.4%和8.0%,多菌灵和吡虫啉在样品中的最低检出浓度为0.05 mg/kg。     

GC-NCI-MS快速检测食用菌中菊酯类农药

建立了气相色谱-负化学离子化质谱法（GC-NCI-MS）快速检测食用菌中6种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。前处理对QuECHERS方法进行优化,样品用含0.5%乙酸的乙腈溶液提取,PSA吸附剂净化,GC-NCI-MS选择离子监测（SIM）方式对6种菊酯类农药进行检测。结果表明：6种拟除虫菊酯农药在0.007～5.0mg/L的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 2～0.999 9;最低检测浓度为1～3mg/kg;添加浓度为0.05mg/kg时,平均回收率为87.0～103.6%,变异系数为3.2～17.3%;添加浓度为0.1mg/kg时,平均回收率为82～99%,变异系数为2.1～14.5%。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定茶叶中45种有机磷农药残留

采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了茶叶中45种有机磷农药残留的检测方法。茶叶样品加水浸泡后采用乙腈提取,经TPT固相萃取柱净化,用V (乙腈) : V (甲苯) ＝ 3 : 1混合溶液洗脱,采用GC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量;分析了加水对茶叶中有机磷类农药提取效率的影响。结果表明:45种有机磷类农药在各自质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.993。方法检出限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg,定量限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg。在0.05、0.5和5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,45种农药平均回收率在71%~102%之间,相对标准偏差均小于9.4%。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜中10种农药残留

建立了黄瓜中氟啶虫酰胺、丁苯吗啉、氟吡菌酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、环酰菌胺、氟吡菌胺、唑嘧菌胺、氟吗啉、烯肟菌酯和烯肟菌胺10种农药残留的QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品采用QuEChERS方法,经乙腈涡旋振荡提取,无水硫酸镁和氯化钠盐析后,取5 mL提取液,加入含125 mg PSA、900 mg无水MgSO₄和25 mg GCB的组合净化剂进行净化,采用Agilent HP-5 MS Ultra Inert色谱柱分离,气相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测 (MRM) 模式测定,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在检测浓度范围内,10种农药的质量浓度与其对应的峰面积间呈良好线性关系,决定系数均大于0.99;10种农药的平均回收率在76%~105%之间,相对标准偏差在4.0%~12%之间,定量限在0.001~0.05 mg/kg之间。该方法简便、快速、可靠,适用于黄瓜中10种农药残留的快速检测和分析确证。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测大米中15种常用农药的残留

建立一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测大米中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等15种常用农药残留的方法,考察了基质效应、提取溶剂种类、提取方法以及不同净化方法对15种农药回收率的影响。样品经V (乙腈) : V (丙酮) : V (水) = 16 : 2 : 2混合溶液匀浆提取,分散固相萃取法净化,电喷雾正离子 (ESI+) 模式电离,多反应监测 (MRM) 模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.005~1 mg/L范围内,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等15种农药的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好,相关系数 (r) ≥ 0.99;在0.01、0.1、1和4 mg/kg 4个添加水平下,15种农药在大米中的平均回收率在82%~116%之间,相对标准偏差在1.2%~12%之间 (n = 5)。方法检出限为0.000 5~0.005 mg/kg,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。用该方法对上海市郊20个批次的大米样品进行测定,均未检出农药残留超标。该方法操作简单、快速、准确,适用于大米中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等15种常用农药残留的同时检测。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定茶叶中八氯二丙醚残留量及其不确定度评估

建立了加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱(ASE-GC)法测定茶叶中八氯二丙醚残留量的方法。茶叶样品经加速溶剂萃取仪用正己烷-丙酮(1∶1,体积比)提取,经硅藻土-浓硫酸(10 g∶4.0 mL )净化,以正己烷洗脱并定容,GC-ECD检测,外标法定量。此外,对测定过程中可能引入的不确定度进行了分析和评定。结果表明:在质量浓度为0.010~0.40 mg/L范围内,峰面积与八氯二丙醚的质量浓度成良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 1;八氯二丙醚的添加水平在5~30 ng/g范围内,平均回收率为90.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.7%,方法的检出限(LOD)为0.005 mg/kg;当茶叶中八氯二丙醚含量为0.053 1 mg/kg时,取置信概率为95%,包含因子k=2,则其扩展不确定度U=0.003 6 mg/kg。通过对不确定度的分析,发现影响测定结果不确定度的主要来源有回收率、测量重复性和标准溶液的配制过程。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测土壤中4种咪唑啉酮类除草剂残留

建立了一种以SAX固相小柱萃取和高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时检测土壤中咪唑烟酸、甲基咪草烟、咪草酸甲酯和咪唑乙烟酸4种咪唑啉酮类除草剂残留的方法。考察了不同提取剂、pH、固相萃取(SPE)小柱和淋洗液体积等因素对回收率的影响。结果表明:采用SAX固相萃取小柱,以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=5∶3混合溶液为提取剂,6 mL甲醇为淋洗液时,在pH=3条件下,样品的提取及净化效果较好。淋出液浓缩后用甲醇定容,过滤膜后经HPLC检测。添加回收试验结果表明:在0.02~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,4种除草剂的平均回收率在86%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤3.3%(n=5)。咪唑烟酸、甲基咪草烟和咪唑乙烟酸在土壤中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg,咪草酸甲酯的LOQ为0.02 mg/kg。     

全自动在线顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用检测水样中24种常见农药

为提高环境水体中微量农药检测方法的效率和灵敏度，建立了全自动在线顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用 (HS-SPME-GC/MS) 检测水中24种常见农药的方法，考察了萃取针涂层材料、最佳萃取温度、萃取时间和解吸时间对萃取效果的影响，优化了固相微萃取基质中离子浓度等条件。结果显示:24种目标农药的浓度-响应线性关系良好，决定系数 (R2) 均大于0.9950，方法检出限 (LOD) 为0.25~5.0 μg/L，定量限 (LOQ) 为0.5~10 μg/L，回收率为86%~117%，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于18%。本方法适用于水样中微量有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、有机氯及菊酯等类型常见农药的快速定性定量检测，具有便捷高效、灵敏度高等优点，可用于环境水体中农药投毒案件物证的检验鉴定。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了水-沉积物系统中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留分析方法。样品采用固相萃取和加压流体萃取法分别作为水和沉积物的前处理方法,利用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS)在选择离子扫描模式下进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明,13种拟除虫菊酯类农药在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好 (R2 ≥ 0.995);水中添加水平在0.50~50 μg/L范围内时回收率为83%~104%,RSD (n = 6) 为0.73%~6.8%;沉积物中添加水平在5.0~50 μg/kg范围内时回收率为73%~92%,RSD (n = 6) 为0.63%~5.3%。方法的检出限为1.0~7.0 μg/L,13种拟除虫菊酯类农药在水中的检出限 (LOD) 为0.50 μg/L,在沉积物中的定量限（LOQ）为5.0 μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高、操作简便、重现性好,适用于水-沉积物系统中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测和确证。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定大蒜中19种有机磷农药残留量

建立了采用固相萃取(SPE)结合气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定大蒜中19种有机磷农药残留量的方法。采用V(乙酸)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=1∶99混合溶液提取,Carbon/NH2固相萃取小柱净化,在GC-MS/MS的多反应(MRM)模式下进行外标法定量。结果表明:在0.04~0.8 mg/L范围内,19种农药的色谱峰面积与其相应的质量浓度间均呈良好的线性关系;所有供试农药检测方法的定量限(LOQ)均低于0.01 mg/kg;在0.01~0.2 mg/kg添加水平下,19种农药的平均回收率在68.0%~130%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤15.6%。该方法背景干扰少,灵敏度高,适合基质复杂的大蒜样品中有机磷农药残留量的检测。     

室温及低温制备生菜样本过程的不确定度和25种农药残留的稳定性

以毒死蜱为内标,对农药残留分析中生菜样本的两种制备方法——室温处理和低温加干冰处理结果的不确定度进行了比较研究;进一步采用统计学t-检验,对25种农药在两种制备方法中的稳定性进行了评价。采用QuEChERS(quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,safe)方法对处理后样本进行提取、净化,以乙腈为提取剂,N-丙基乙二胺键合固相吸附材料PSA(primary secondary amine)为分散净化剂,采用GC-MS方法分析。结果显示,两种制备方法结果的不确定度接近(室温5.2%,低温5.4%);低温处理过程会提高某些农药的稳定性,降低分解率,如甲萘威和残杀威在低温处理时稳定性明显提高,而敌敌畏和百菌清则在两种处理条件下都会分解。表明农药的稳定性既与农药本身的理化性质有关,也受处理过程中的操作条件等影响。     

漩涡辅助液液微萃取和气相色谱法分析水样中甲草胺、乙草胺和丁草胺残留

采用漩涡辅助液液微萃取技术作为前处理方法,气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器作为色谱分析仪器,建立了水样中甲草胺、乙草胺和丁草胺3种酰胺类除草剂的残留分析方法。对影响微萃取效率的各种条件进行了优化,建立的微萃取条件为:在25 mL容量瓶中,依次加入20 mL水样和50 μL甲苯,在2 800 r/min下漩涡1 min。该方法线性范围在0.02 ~5 μg/L之间,相关系数(R2)大于0.997。方法的富集倍数大于500倍。按照信噪比为3时估算的检出限在3.0~4.5 ng/L之间(纯水),方法的报告限为0.05 μg/L(自来水)和0.5 μ/L(雪水)。使用该方法进行了自来水和雪水中的添加回收试验,在0.5,0.05 μg/L添加水平,方法的添加回收率在74.2% ~96.3%之间,相对标准偏差在4.9% ~ 12.1%之间。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱法测定茶鲜叶中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了超声波提取、分散固相萃取净化、气相色谱-电子捕获法(GC-ECD)同时测定茶鲜叶中甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品采用V(乙酸)∶V(乙腈)=1∶99的混合溶剂超声提取,适量乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)吸附剂净化,GC-ECD测定,基质外标法定量。结果表明:在0.004~2 mg/L范围内,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的峰面积与相应质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;在0.01~0.5 mg/kg的添加水平下,平均回收率为80%~101%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于8.4%(n=6),日间RSD均小于9.3%(n=3);7种农药在茶鲜叶中的检出限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg,定量限为0.01~0.05 mg/kg。该方法操作简单、定量准确、溶剂用量少,对检测条件要求低,可同时测定茶鲜叶中7种拟除虫菊酯农药的残留量。     

两种蔬菜中甲胺磷、氧乐果和克百威的残留量分析

分别选取一种瓜菜 (黄瓜 )和一种叶菜 (生菜 ) ,选择了两种有机磷 (甲胺磷、氧乐果 )和一种氨基甲酸酯类 (克百威 )农药 ,对这 3种农药在两种蔬菜中的残留测定方法进行了研究。采用弗罗里硅土柱提取的方法进行前处理 ,淋洗液浓缩后用 GC- NPD测定 ,建立了一种简便快速的检测方法 ,并采用该方法对实际处理样本进行了测定。从方法添加回收率和实测数据可以看出 ,该方法净化提取效果好 ,结果平行性好 ,灵敏度较高 ,是一次快速准确测定蔬菜中农药残留的成功尝试。     

Determination of aldicarb, carbofuran and some of their main metabolites in groundwater by application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with diode-array detection and solid-phase extraction

This paper describes a UV detection method for the pesticides aldicarb and carbofuran, and some of their main metabolites, aldicarb-sulfoxide, aldicarb-sulfone and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, in ground waters. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with diode-array detection was developed for their determination at 210 nm. The experimental study was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration level of 140 mM, and a buffer of borax/HCl 20 mM at pH 8 which gives the best resolution with an analysis time of less than 20 min. Different instrumental parameters such as voltage (23 kV), injection time (12 s) and temperature (25 degrees C) were optimized. The detection limits were in the range 2-7.4 microg glitre(-1) by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a subsequent evaporation step. Groundwater spiked samples were pre-concentrated off-line with graphite carbon and subsequently analyzed by MEKC with diode-array detection yielding average recoveries between 77 and 97% (n = 4) with RSD between 2-7%.