9个新疆杏品种间杂交亲和性研究

【目的】了解新疆杏品种间杂交亲和性,为授粉树的配置提供理论依据。【方法】以9个新疆杏品种为试材,测定各品种的花粉量、花粉活力,设置不同品种间72个授粉组合,测定杂交组合的花粉管生长状况及坐果率等指标,以判定不同杂交组合的亲和性。【结果】9个品种平均花粉量为每花药1 474.4粒,品种间差异极大。各品种平均花粉萌发率为44.0%,其中,‘库曼提’花粉萌发率较高,为80.0%,‘树上干’较小,仅17.5%。不同授粉组合的平均坐果率为25.9%,较自然授粉平均高2.7倍,以‘阿克阿依’为母本,‘轮台白杏’为父本的授粉组合坐果率最高,达64.2%。荧光显微观察结果表明,所有杂交组合花粉多在授粉后24 h萌发并伸长,授粉96 h后到达花柱基部进入子房,但各组合花粉在花柱原位萌发的速度及花粉管生长速度存在差异,以‘佳娜丽’为母本,‘库尔勒托永’为父本等9个组合,花粉管生长延长到花柱中下部后,停止向下生长,只有个别能正常生长到达子房。【结论】各品种间花粉量、花粉活力差异极大。在72个授粉组合中,坐果率小于6%的授粉组合,花粉管未到达花柱基部或到达基部的速度慢,比率小,表现为杂交不亲和;坐果率较高的授粉组合,花粉管到达花柱基部的速度快,比率大,亲和性强,适宜搭配建园。     

北寨红杏自交不亲和生物学研究

研究了北寨红杏花粉萌发率、有效花率、自交坐果率、自交授粉花粉管在花柱内的生长及分布。结果表明,北寨红杏自花授粉坐果率为0.89%,属自交不亲和品种;花粉萌发率78.63%,有效花率70.91%;自交不亲和使自花授粉的花粉在花柱中生长受到抑制,受抑制时间为授粉后48～72 h(小时),受抑制位置为花柱3/4处。     

甜樱桃花粉原位萌发荧光显微镜观察

以"美早""早大果"和"斯坦拉"甜樱桃为试材,分别于自花、异花授粉后不同时间(27、51、75、99h)切取花柱,通过荧光压片法观察各授粉组合的花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长情况,以期为研究甜樱桃授粉机理提供依据。结果表明:3个甜樱桃品种的花粉均能在自花或异花柱头上萌发,且于授粉27h后趋于稳定,不同授粉组合间花粉萌发量只在数量上表现出差异,其结果并不会影响坐果率。在花粉管生长情况上,不同授粉组合表现出显著差异。授粉后51~99h,亲和花粉管不断向花柱基部延伸,进入子房;而不亲和花粉管在花柱中上部受到抑制,停止生长。同为自花授粉,"斯坦拉"自交的花粉管能够到达花柱基部,表现为自交亲和;而"美早"和"早大果"自交则表现为极强的不亲和性。异花授粉中,"斯坦拉"与"美早"和"早大果"均表现为亲和性较好。综上所述,"斯坦拉"无论是自花还是异花授粉,花粉管均能到达花柱基部,完成受精,是较为理想的授粉树。而"美早"和"早大果"只有在异花授粉时花粉管才能到达花柱基部,而自花授粉的花粉管在花柱中上部已停止生长,故在实际生产中需配置授粉树。     

西番莲自交和异交的花粉管荧光显微观察及授粉亲和性分析

【目的】通过比较不同西番莲品种（系）自交和异交授粉后花粉萌发及花粉管生长差异和授粉亲和性的强弱，阐明不同亲和性类型的花粉管生长行为，为西番莲授粉及杂交育种提供参考。【方法】以主栽品种台农1号（TN）和编号为H2、MB、H6、ZS的西番莲品系为试验材料，试验共设置4个自交授粉组合，分别为TN、H2、MB、H6自交，以及6个异交授粉组合，分别为H6×MB、H6×TN、MB×H6、MB×TN、ZS×MB、ZS×H6，分别对授粉后0.5～24 h的花粉管进行荧光显微观察并计算授粉亲和性指数，同时对雌蕊进行解剖观察，并统计H6×MB等4个组合的坐果率。【结果】（1）西番莲雌蕊柱头上密布乳突，花粉管穿过柱头乳突细胞间隙进入柱头引导组织，引导组织呈漏斗形，从柱头延伸至花柱基部。（2）具有亲和性的西番莲自交和异交组合的花粉粒附着在柱头后，萌发出花粉管进入柱头乳突，之后经过柱头和花柱引导组织，于授粉后18～24 h进入胚珠；而具有不亲和性的西番莲自交和异交组合的花粉粒可以附着在柱头上并萌发出花粉管，但花粉管出现末端膨大变粗的畸形形态，不能正常伸长，最终只能停留在柱头乳突中，表现出孢子体不亲和类型的特征。...     

梨不同花龄自花与异花授粉的花柱内花粉管生长及坐果率的比较

对自交不亲和强度不同的梨品种丰水和菊水的不同花龄花进行自花授粉和丰水×菊水异花授粉后,用荧光显微镜观察花粉萌发及生长特性。结果表明,开花当天及以后的自花和异花授粉花粉在柱头上均有较高的萌发率;自花和异花花粉管在花柱内的生长速度及停止生长的位置不同,丰水自花授粉后花粉管生长的短且慢,菊水自花花粉管生长的长且快,而异花授粉的花粉管生长最快。自花授粉后,不同花龄对花粉管生长影响表现为:开花4d前的蕾期授粉以及开花4d后的延迟授粉,花粉管生长长度显著的长。开花6d前的各种授粉组合,花粉管生长均较差。这与田间授粉坐果率的高低基本一致,即整体表现为各个花龄的授粉都以异花授粉坐果率最高,其次为菊水自花授粉,丰水自花授粉坐果率最低。另外,自花授粉中,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉(开花2d后除外)坐果率都有提高,而异花授粉中蕾期授粉和延迟授粉的坐果率却有所下降。     

杏(Prunus armeniaca)自交不亲和强度及其授粉受精相关特性

为了解杏自交不亲和性强度与授粉受精相关特性的关系,以自交亲和(Self-compatibility:SC)品种凯特(Prunus armeniaca L．cv．Katy)和自交不亲和(Self-incompatibility:SI)品种新世纪(P.armeniaca L.cv．Xinshiji)及凯特×新世纪杂种群体为试材,荧光显微镜观察自交亲和与自交不亲和杏花粉管生长动态。结果表明,授粉后初期,自交亲和性与自交不亲和性的杏花粉都能正常萌发、生长,但是在花粉管生长延伸到花柱1／2以后,自交亲和性的花粉管能顺利进入子房,而自交不亲和性的花粉管多数顶端膨大呈球形,停止向下生长,只有极个别能正常生长到达子房;杂种后代的可溶性蛋白含量和RNA酶比活力,与亲本相比无明显的趋中变异表现,而且在自交亲和与自交不亲和杏之间无显著性差异。     

菊花品种自交亲和性鉴定及其授粉后花柱内3种保护酶活性的变化

通过单管状花和单花序自交,结合苯胺蓝染色法,对菊花品种rm1-3和rm1-4的自交亲和性进行了鉴定,同时对授粉后花柱内SOD、POD和CAT的活性进行了测定.结果发现,在单管状花自交时,rm1-3每柱头上约有15粒花粉粒附着与萌发,而rm1-4柱头上没有花粉粒附着;在单花序自交时,rm1-3在授粉后0.5-2 h时平均每柱头有31粒花粉粒附着与萌发,4-6 h时花粉粒达54粒,而rm1-4在整个时间段内平均每柱头仅有0-3粒花粉粒附着,很少萌发,但当授予rm1-3的花粉时,0.5 h后平均每柱头便有26粒花粉粒附着,并开始萌发,4～6 h时花粉粒附着量达最大,平均为121粒,大量花粉管进入花柱,说明rm1-3为自交亲和品种(SC),而邢1-4为自交不亲和品种(SI).自交亲和品种rm1-3和自交不亲和品种rm1-4自交后花柱内SOD、POD和CAT 3种保护酶活性最高值分别是未授粉时的3.65、3.04和2.01倍与3.46、2.60和1.65倍,自交亲和品种的酶活性明显高于自交不亲和品种,但自交不亲和品种授予自交亲和品种花粉后,酶活性明显高于自交亲和品种自交后的酶活性,杂交后3种酶的最高值分别是未授粉时的5.23、3.12和2.52倍,说明3种酶活性的变化可能与花粉、柱头上亲和基因的调控有关.     

秋子梨野生种和部分栽培品种交配亲和性研究

以秋子梨(Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.)为试材,进行了花粉育性和交配亲和性研究。结果表明,参试的32份资源中有53%为雄性不育类型,可育品种间的花粉生活力存在明显差异,人工催花的花粉生活力低于自然开花,但对授粉结实无显著影响。南果梨、苹香梨、寒香梨等大部分栽培品种及山梨5个株系(野生秋子梨)都表现为自交不亲和。红花盖梨花期自交能够结实,但所结果实的种子不正常,为假亲和。龙香梨有一定自交结实力,花期人工自交花序坐果率达23.3%。部分具有自交不亲和性的梨品种蕾期自交授粉可提高结实率,但盛花后期授粉无显著影响。梨子代品种与亲代间互交,大部分组合表现亲和。南果梨×寒红梨组合交配亲和,但反交不亲和。梨同一类型不同品种间杂交结实正常,但亲本与其芽变品种间交配不亲和。     

树莓种间杂交亲和性研究

用荧光显微镜观察树莓种间品种授粉后不同时间花粉在母本花柱萌发及花粉管生长情况,研究树莓种间杂交亲和性。结果表明:花粉管萌发情况与杂交结实率一致,杂交组合胜利×牛叠肚、秋福×茅莓和对照(秋福自交)亲和性好,花粉管大都在授粉后16~24 h到达花柱基部并进入子房与胚珠结合,结实率分别为63.7%、97.9%、92.0%;茅莓×秋福杂交亲和性差,花粉管在授粉后16~48 h停止生长,花粉管最终到达花柱总长的2/5处,并伴有回长和胼胝质现象,结实率为21.8%。     

百合种间杂交花粉管生长观察

通过对百合杂交授粉后不同时间的母本花柱进行采样,观察花粉管的生长情况,分析百合种间杂交、自交中亲和及不亲和的原因,对于杂交组合布鲁拉诺×兰州百合,无论是否进行切割花柱处理,均可观察到大量的花粉萌发现象和成束向子房方向生长的花粉管,授粉后48 h花粉管大约生长1.5cm;卷丹自交后,花粉粒的萌发较晚,且数量较少,在授粉后48 h观察到花粉管生长停滞的现象.     

Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlantica should be avoided.     

两个杏品种果实香气成分的气相色谱—质谱分析

 对两个杏品种‘新世纪’、‘红丰’成熟期果实采用蒸汽蒸馏—萃取法提取香气成分, 进行气相色谱—质谱分析鉴定。新世纪检测出74 种成分, 占总峰面积的73.604 %; 红丰检测出72 种成分, 占总峰面积的44.677 %。主要成分为醇类、醛类、内酯类、酮类化合物。相同成分有紫罗酮、己醛、己醇、己烯醛、己烯醇、内酯类、萜烯醇类等, 这些成分共同构成杏果实的香味, 但其含量在两个品种间存在差异。     

Cross-(in)compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

Eight apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and selections were self- and cross-pollinated in order to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Overall, 40 pollination combinations were examined. Pollen-tube growth in pistils pollinated in the laboratory was analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Three inter-incompatiblity groups of cultivars were found, of which two had not been described previously, while an existing group was expanded with one additional cultivar. The first group consisted of three Hungarian cultivars (‘Ligeti Orias’, ‘Cegledi Orias’, and ‘Szegedi Mammut’) and a Moldavian cultivar (‘Kostjuzhenskyi’). The second group consisted of two American cultivars (‘Stark Early Orange’ and ‘Nugget’). The third group consisted of two Serbian selections (‘Novi Sad Early’ and ‘Frushka Gora Early’). In the incompatible cultivar combinations, pollen-tube growth stopped in the style with the formation of the characteristic swelling. In the compatible combinations, the pollen tubes reached the ovary in the majority of the pistils examined.     

寒富苹果授粉花柱的荧光显微观察与自交亲和性分析

以寒富苹果为试材,进行自花和异花授粉后花朵和花序坐果率、平均种子数调查试验和荧光显微观察,结果表明,寒富苹果自花授粉的花朵坐果率高达92.8%,花序坐果率为98.3%,平均种子数为7.9粒;略低于异花授粉的96.6%、100%和9.5粒。自花授粉8 h后花粉开始萌发,花粉管能够正常生长,48 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,并在72 h后通过花柱基部,进入子房室。而异花授粉后8 h花粉管开始进入花柱,24 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,48 h花粉管穿过花柱的基部并进入子房室。     

基于SRK基因序列分析的甘蓝自交不亲和系单倍型鉴定及验证

根据甘蓝自交不亲和性雌蕊决定因子SRK基因保守序列设计简并引物,克隆23份甘蓝自交不亲和系SRK基因并测序。利用NCBI数据库进行克隆序列的Blast比较以及序列之间的相似性分析,初步确定23份甘蓝自交不亲和系分属于SRK3、SRK7、SRK8、SRK16、SRK28、SRK36、SRK45、SRK46、SRK58、SRK68等10种S单倍型。其中有5份甘蓝自交不亲和系属于SRK36单倍型,占参试自交不亲和系的22%;SRK7、SRK16和SRK58单倍型均只有1份甘蓝自交不亲和系。进一步对不同自交不亲和系之间花期杂交后花粉萌发及花粉管伸长情况进行荧光显微观察,并对20个杂交组合的花期杂交亲和指数进行调查分析,结果表明根据SRK基因序列所确定的相同S单倍型自交不亲和系之间花期授粉表现为不亲和,花粉在柱头上萌发受阻,花期亲和指数低;而不同S单倍型自交不亲和系之间花期授粉表现高度亲和,花粉管伸入雌蕊正常,花期亲和指数高。表明基于SRK基因序列分析确定甘蓝自交不亲和系所属单倍型是一种简单而可靠的快速鉴定方法,有利于育种时有针对性地设计甘蓝自交不亲和系杂交组合配制,从而提高育种效率。     

杏不同品种花粉量及花粉萌发特性的研究

以17个鲜食杏品种、4个仁用杏品种和4个杏李杂交品种为试材,对单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度进行测定,并观察统计了这25个杏品种的完全花比例,为杏主栽品种选择适宜授粉树。结果表明:不同杏品种间单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度和完全花比率差异显著;不同果实类型(鲜食、仁用和杏李杂交)间花粉量和完全花比例差异显著,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度则没有果实类型间的显著差异。花粉量与花粉萌发率和完全花比率之间无显著相关性,而与花粉管长度显著相关(r=0.417,P0.05);花粉萌发率与花粉管长度极显著正相关(r=0.691,P0.01),与完全花比率负相关但不显著。聚类分析发现,花粉量较多且花粉管生长状况较好的杏品种有"串枝红"、"沙金红"、"金太阳"和"胡安娜",适宜作为授粉树;花粉粒较少和花粉管生长状况较弱的有"恐龙蛋"、"味帝"和"苏联4号",而它们的完全花比例都很高,需要配置授粉树。     

不同发育阶段甜樱桃花授粉后花粉萌发和花粉管生长的差异

选用自交不亲和性程度不同的2个甜樱桃品种莫利和拉宾斯为试材,分别在开花前、开花当天和开花后进行莫利自花、拉宾斯自花和莫利×拉宾斯异花授粉,并于授粉后12、24、48、72、96h切取花柱,用FAA固定,荧光染色后压片观察。结果表明,3个组合的花粉萌发率都以开花当天授粉的最佳,拉宾斯自交和莫利×拉宾斯的花粉管生长状况也以开花当天授粉的最佳,但莫利自交的花粉管生长状况却以花前第4天最佳,花后第4天次之,而当天授粉的最差。因此认为,甜樱桃自交不亲和程度与其雌蕊的发育状态密切相关,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉都能够在一定程度上克服甜樱桃的自交不亲和性,但蕾期授粉的作用更加明显。     

Effective pollination period in durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and the factors regulating it

The effective pollination period (EPP) of durian was determined by both delayed and bud pollination, during which reproductive factors affecting the EPP, e.g., stigma receptivity, pollen tube growth in the style, and ovule longevity were studied histologically. This study was conducted in three distinct locations in Thailand, namely, the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center and two private orchards in Chantaburi and Trat provinces. Results from artificial pollination revealed that at anthesis, the durian flower is receptive and has a high fruit set ratio. A mean fruit set of 50% was obtained at anthesis in the private orchard in Chantaburi province. However, the EPP of durian was found to be very short, lasting for only one night; the fruit set from pollination on the morning after anthesis ranged from 0% to 3.4%. No fruit set occurred following pollination 24 or more hours after anthesis. When compared with the flowers of other fruit species, the durian flower has a unique feature in that it blooms overnight; the following morning, there is abscission of all parts of the flower, except the gynoecium. Thus, EPP appears to be synchronized with flower longevity. On the other hand, the durian flower was receptive several hours before anthesis. The results of chemical tests, including the hydrogen peroxide test and Perex-Test^®, for the evaluation of stigma receptivity appeared to be in agreement with the EPP. However, fluorescent microscopy revealed that pollen could germinate even in the stigmas pollinated 48 h after anthesis, but the number of pollen tubes at the top of the style rapidly decreased from 34.6 (at anthesis) to 0.5 (48 h after anthesis). A correlation test demonstrated a higher correlation coefficient between the fruit set and the number of pollen than that between the fruit set and the result of Perex-Test^®. This indicated that pollen tube penetration or elongation in the style was inhibited, probably due to the deterioration of nutritional support from the pistil to the pollen tubes; this can be a limiting factor of the EPP in durian.