杏品种授粉生物学研究

以红丰、新世纪等11个杏品种及特新一号等4个新品系为试材,对自交与杂交亲和性、花粉管形态及花粉、花柱氨基酸组分进行了研究,旨在为杏生产和进一步研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)按照白花授粉坐果率≥6％为自交亲和这个标准,红丰、新世纪等10个品种为自交不亲和品种(SI),而特新一号等4个新品系是自交亲和的(SC);(2)选自同一杂交组合不同姊妹系的红丰与新世纪杏品种相互授粉坐果率仅为0~0.73％,属于杂交不亲和;(3)不同品种间相互授粉的坐果率差异很大,据此筛选出特早红、红玉杏及凯特等品种是红丰杏适宜的授粉品种;而新世纪用骆驼黄及金太阳等品种授粉的坐果率最高;(4)自交不亲和组合在授粉后72 h花粉管到达花柱3／4处,末端膨大,停止生长,而自交亲和组合的花粉管可以继续生长,并在授粉后96 h进入子房;(5)自交不亲和品种(系)与自交亲和品种(系)花粉的17种氨基酸含量并无显著差异,而花柱氨基酸的组分与花粉氨基酸组分有所不同,其中自交不亲和品种(系)酪氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸含量明显高于自交亲和品种(系),差异显著或极显著。     

沙田柚自交和异交亲和性观察

用荧光显微镜和扫描电镜对沙田柚（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓｖａｒ．ｓｈａｔｉｎｙｕＨｏｒｔ．）自交和异交亲和性进行了观察。沙田柚自、异交授粉后，花粉管通过柱头乳突细胞间隙进入柱头，先是在柱头区沿细胞间隙生长，长到花柱区后，一直沿花柱道内缘通道细胞长入子房。当花粉管伸长到花柱１／４～１／２时，自异交的花粉管生长速度和管壁胼胝质积累出现差异，自交花粉管在花柱１／２左右处停止生长，异交花粉管正常进入胚囊受精。花柱切面自交授粉管能萌发，但不能进入花柱道。花柱切面异交授粉和胎座授粉，花粉管均能进入胚囊，进行受精。柱头分泌液和柱头匀浆提取液进行花粉离体萌发，花粉能正常萌发和生长。实验结果表明，沙田柚自交不亲和识别和阻抑部位在花柱，属配子体不亲和型。     

杏杂种一代群体S基因的遗传研究

 以4～5年生的凯特(自交亲和) 、新世纪(自交不亲和) 以及凯特×新世纪、凯特×红丰(自交不亲和) 、凯特×泰安水杏(自交不亲和) 等杏群体为试材, 采用田间授粉试验及S-allele-specificPCR扩增等方法对杏S基因的遗传进行了研究。结果表明: 如果按照自交坐果率≥6%为自交亲和的标准,上述3个杂交组合的F₁ 群体自交亲和与自交不亲和的比例分别为27∶25, 9∶12和15∶19, 经X² 检验, 均符合1∶1的分离比例, 证明凯特的自交亲和性是可遗传的, 并且其S 基因型是杂合的, 自交亲和对自交不亲和为显性; 对凯特( S_cS₈ ) ×新世纪( S₉ S₁₀ ) F₁ 群体38 个株系进行S-allele specific PCR, 共扩增出21(S_cS₈、S₈S₉ ) ∶9 (S_cS₁₀ ) ∶8 (S₈S₁₀ ) 4种基因型, 经X² 检验, 符合1∶1∶1∶1的理论比例; 但自交亲和性表现数量性状变异的特点, 并且相同S基因型的F₁ 自交亲和性强度存在明显差异, 如杂种8、14、16、20、22、27、33、34、38号的S基因型都为S_cS₁₀ , 但自交坐果率从1.1%到22.9%不等, 表明杏的自交亲和性是一个复杂的问题, 不仅与S基因及其基因型有关, 还可能受修饰基因等其它遗传因素的调控。     

甜樱桃花粉原位萌发荧光显微镜观察

以"美早""早大果"和"斯坦拉"甜樱桃为试材,分别于自花、异花授粉后不同时间(27、51、75、99h)切取花柱,通过荧光压片法观察各授粉组合的花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长情况,以期为研究甜樱桃授粉机理提供依据。结果表明:3个甜樱桃品种的花粉均能在自花或异花柱头上萌发,且于授粉27h后趋于稳定,不同授粉组合间花粉萌发量只在数量上表现出差异,其结果并不会影响坐果率。在花粉管生长情况上,不同授粉组合表现出显著差异。授粉后51~99h,亲和花粉管不断向花柱基部延伸,进入子房;而不亲和花粉管在花柱中上部受到抑制,停止生长。同为自花授粉,"斯坦拉"自交的花粉管能够到达花柱基部,表现为自交亲和;而"美早"和"早大果"自交则表现为极强的不亲和性。异花授粉中,"斯坦拉"与"美早"和"早大果"均表现为亲和性较好。综上所述,"斯坦拉"无论是自花还是异花授粉,花粉管均能到达花柱基部,完成受精,是较为理想的授粉树。而"美早"和"早大果"只有在异花授粉时花粉管才能到达花柱基部,而自花授粉的花粉管在花柱中上部已停止生长,故在实际生产中需配置授粉树。     

自花和异花授粉对蓝莓花粉管动力学的影响

以‘园蓝’和‘蓝金’为试材,以‘灿烂’为异花授粉品种,开展自花和异花授粉,授粉后不同时间取样观察花粉原位萌发和花粉管生长情况,分析自花和异花授粉对参试品种花粉管动力学的影响。结果表明:自花和异花授粉对‘园蓝’的花粉管动力学有显著影响,其自花授粉花粉管生长速度显著低于异花授粉,胚珠的退化速度显著加快,至授粉后120h,异花授粉处理被花粉管生长穿过的花柱比率显著高于自花授粉,表现出自交不亲和性;自花和异花授粉对‘蓝金’的花粉管动力学有一定影响,但至授粉后120h,其异花授粉处理被花粉管生长穿过的花柱比率与自花授粉无差异,表现为自交亲和。综合分析表明,参试材料自花授粉受精生物学特性具有明显的种群特异性,‘园蓝’自交不亲和反应发生在花柱基部,属于配子体自交不亲和中的合子前不亲和类型。     

枣自交与异交花粉管生长行为及早期胚胎发育研究

【目的】比较不同枣品种自交与异交授粉后花粉管在花柱组织中生长行为及早期胚胎发育的差异,明确枣自交不亲和性的特征及类型,完善枣生殖生物学,进而从自交不亲和性方面探明枣低含仁率问题,为枣果实生殖学和枣树杂交育种提供理论基础。【方法】设计自交授粉组合‘冬枣’和‘灰枣’以及异交授粉组合‘蜂蜜罐’ב襄汾圆枣’‘、蜂蜜罐’ב延川老牙酸枣’‘、灰枣’ב晋枣’‘、襄汾圆枣’ב永济蛤蟆枣’。根据枣雌蕊特点,经改良软化法处理后,综合运用花粉管荧光显微及石蜡切片观察授粉后自交与异交授粉组合花粉管在雌蕊中的生长及早期胚胎发育情况,从解剖学角度研究枣自交不亲和性。【结果】枣(品种)自交与异交授粉后3 h和6 h均观察到花粉粒在柱头上的萌发,花粉管顺利穿透乳突细胞侵入柱头,向花柱通道内生长。自交授粉组合‘冬枣’和‘灰枣’的花粉管授粉后24 h,生长至花柱三分之一处;授粉后48 h,花粉管生长至花柱二分之一处;授粉后72 h、96 h花粉管处于停滞状态,保持在花柱组织二分之一处。异交授粉组合‘蜂蜜罐’ב襄汾圆枣’‘、蜂蜜罐’ב延川老牙酸枣’‘、灰枣’ב晋枣’‘、襄汾圆枣’ב永济蛤蟆枣’授粉后24 h,花粉管生长至花柱二分之一处;授粉后48 h,花粉管生长至花柱的基部;授粉后72 h,花粉管穿透花柱基部,到达胚珠。授粉后13 d‘,蜂蜜罐’ב襄汾圆枣’的胚胎发育正常,胚胎发育处于合子横向分裂后向小球形胚发育阶段,胚乳的发育则处胚乳游离核时期。但‘灰枣’自交授粉组合表现出由于传粉受精不良导致的胚败育现象。【结论】解剖研究发现枣自交不亲和反应发生在花柱组织内,其类型属配子体自交不亲和中的合子前不亲和类型;枣自交不亲和性与胚败育共同导致枣果实的低含仁率和低坐果率问题,严重制约枣树的杂交育种工作。     

树莓种间杂交亲和性研究

用荧光显微镜观察树莓种间品种授粉后不同时间花粉在母本花柱萌发及花粉管生长情况,研究树莓种间杂交亲和性。结果表明:花粉管萌发情况与杂交结实率一致,杂交组合胜利×牛叠肚、秋福×茅莓和对照(秋福自交)亲和性好,花粉管大都在授粉后16~24 h到达花柱基部并进入子房与胚珠结合,结实率分别为63.7%、97.9%、92.0%;茅莓×秋福杂交亲和性差,花粉管在授粉后16~48 h停止生长,花粉管最终到达花柱总长的2/5处,并伴有回长和胼胝质现象,结实率为21.8%。     

9个新疆杏品种间杂交亲和性研究

【目的】了解新疆杏品种间杂交亲和性,为授粉树的配置提供理论依据。【方法】以9个新疆杏品种为试材,测定各品种的花粉量、花粉活力,设置不同品种间72个授粉组合,测定杂交组合的花粉管生长状况及坐果率等指标,以判定不同杂交组合的亲和性。【结果】9个品种平均花粉量为每花药1 474.4粒,品种间差异极大。各品种平均花粉萌发率为44.0%,其中,‘库曼提’花粉萌发率较高,为80.0%,‘树上干’较小,仅17.5%。不同授粉组合的平均坐果率为25.9%,较自然授粉平均高2.7倍,以‘阿克阿依’为母本,‘轮台白杏’为父本的授粉组合坐果率最高,达64.2%。荧光显微观察结果表明,所有杂交组合花粉多在授粉后24 h萌发并伸长,授粉96 h后到达花柱基部进入子房,但各组合花粉在花柱原位萌发的速度及花粉管生长速度存在差异,以‘佳娜丽’为母本,‘库尔勒托永’为父本等9个组合,花粉管生长延长到花柱中下部后,停止向下生长,只有个别能正常生长到达子房。【结论】各品种间花粉量、花粉活力差异极大。在72个授粉组合中,坐果率小于6%的授粉组合,花粉管未到达花柱基部或到达基部的速度慢,比率小,表现为杂交不亲和;坐果率较高的授粉组合,花粉管到达花柱基部的速度快,比率大,亲和性强,适宜搭配建园。     

草原樱桃种内和种间授粉亲和性的荧光显微观察

【目的】研究草原樱桃(Prunus fruticosa)与不同樱桃远缘杂交亲和性的关系。【方法】以草原樱桃为母本,采用自交、品种间杂交、远缘杂交(毛樱桃、中国樱桃和欧洲甜樱桃),不同时间进行取样,荧光显微镜观察花粉管萌发生长状况。【结果】1)草原樱桃存在自交不亲和现象,需要品种间杂交授粉结实。2)草原樱桃与毛樱桃远缘杂交表现为配子体不亲和;草原樱桃与中国樱桃远缘杂交亲和,结实率为10%~52%;草原樱桃与欧洲甜樱桃远缘杂交表现为孢子体不亲和。【结论】草原樱桃存在自交不亲和现象,与同属的不同种樱桃远缘杂交亲和性有显著差异。     

百合种间杂交花粉管生长观察

通过对百合杂交授粉后不同时间的母本花柱进行采样,观察花粉管的生长情况,分析百合种间杂交、自交中亲和及不亲和的原因,对于杂交组合布鲁拉诺×兰州百合,无论是否进行切割花柱处理,均可观察到大量的花粉萌发现象和成束向子房方向生长的花粉管,授粉后48 h花粉管大约生长1.5cm;卷丹自交后,花粉粒的萌发较晚,且数量较少,在授粉后48 h观察到花粉管生长停滞的现象.     

Self-fertilization in homozygous and heterozygous self-compatible almonds

In homozygous self-compatible genotypes 100% of the pollen grains are potentially able to grow through their own pistil, and thus the rate of self-fertilization could be higher than in heterozygous self-compatible genotypes. To evaluate the advantages of growing homozygous self-compatible almonds, pollen tube growth along the pistil at different times following self-pollination, and fruit set were studied in four homozygous and four heterozygous self-compatible seedlings. The results showed important differences between homozygous and heterozygous individuals for the percentages of pollen tubes in the third section of the style at 24 and 48 h, the pollen tube growth rate being higher in the homozygous. Twenty-four hours following self-pollination only the homozygous individuals showed pollen tubes in the ovary. However, at 72 and 96 h those values were similar for both genotypes, suggesting that space and availability of nutrients become the main limiting factors, overcoming the genetic interactions between pollen and pistil. In general, fruit set was similar in homozygous and heterozygous individuals. Interestingly, one of the homozygous individuals showed problems of fruit development, which might be explained by its inbred origin.     

寒富苹果授粉花柱的荧光显微观察与自交亲和性分析

以寒富苹果为试材,进行自花和异花授粉后花朵和花序坐果率、平均种子数调查试验和荧光显微观察,结果表明,寒富苹果自花授粉的花朵坐果率高达92.8%,花序坐果率为98.3%,平均种子数为7.9粒;略低于异花授粉的96.6%、100%和9.5粒。自花授粉8 h后花粉开始萌发,花粉管能够正常生长,48 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,并在72 h后通过花柱基部,进入子房室。而异花授粉后8 h花粉管开始进入花柱,24 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,48 h花粉管穿过花柱的基部并进入子房室。     

日光温室条件下甜樱桃授粉受精期间环境因子对花粉行为的影响

以甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)红灯为试材,采用荧光显微技术研究了日光温室和露地条件下甜樱桃花粉行为的差异,并观察记载了授粉受精期间日光温室和露地环境因子的变化情况。结果表明,环境因子影响了甜樱桃的花粉行为,日光温室内花粉萌发和花粉管伸长速率明显落后于露地。日光温室条件下,授粉后6h花粉萌发,120h花粉管进入子房;而露地条件下,授粉后3h花粉萌发,72h花粉管进入子房。其中,气温是影响日光温室甜樱桃授粉受精进程延缓的主要环境因子。     

Pollen tube growth in macadamia

Pollen tube growth in macadamia was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The cultivars ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’ and ‘Renown’ showed some self-incompatibility, with pollen tube growth arrested in the style. Inhibited tubes had swollen tips and appeared to discharge their contents through a sub-terminal pore. Cross-pollination resulted in a single pollen tube reaching the ovary in from 0 to 48% of the pistils observed. The pollen tube took up to 7 days to reach the ovary. Random samples of open-pollinated flowers were taken from 5 cultivars: ‘Kakea’, ‘Keauhou’, ‘Hinde’, ‘Renown’ and ‘Nutty Glen’. The pistils had fewer ovaries with a pollen tube than those which were hand-pollinated.     

Mentor pollen effect on the in-vivo germination of self-incompatible apple pollen

Investigations were carried out to ascertain to what extent “mentor pollen” can influence the performance of self pollen in apple styles. Self-incompatible ‘Starkrimson’ flowers on branches, placed at room temperature or in a growth chamber, were (1) self-pollinated, (2) cross-pollinated with compatible untreated or (3) irradiated (150 krad) ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen, or (4) pollinated with a mixture (2:1 w/w) of irradiated (mentor) pollen and self pollen. After 18 h, nearly the same proportion (> 90%) of the self-incompatible pollen had germinated on the stigma and penetrated the apical part of the style as compatible pollen. However, subsequent growth of the self-pollen tubes was inhibited. After 48 h, less than 1% had reached the stylar base as compared with 21–24% of the compatible pollen tubes. Irradiation strongly impaired pollen vitality: only 1% of the tubes had reached the base of the style after 48 h. The mixture of the irradiated mentor pollen and self pollen performed better. In this case, 6.4–9.9% of the tubes was observed in the basal part of the style, inferring that tube growth of the self pollen was significantly promoted by the mentor pollen.     

Self- and cross-(in)compatibility between important apricot cultivars in northwest Iran

Summary

Knowledge of the self-(in)compatibility trait in commercial apricot cultivars is of great importance for breeders and growers. Five commercial apricot cultivars, widely grown in Iran, were self- and cross-pollinated to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Fruit-set in the orchard and pollen tube growth in pistils, from flowers pollinated in the laboratory, were evaluated. In addition, specific primers previously designed to amplify fragments of the S alleles responsible for the incompatibility trait, were used to amplify DNA extracted from the five cultivars.All results agreed and confirmed that three out of the five cultivars studied were self-incompatible, two of which were cross-incompatible and therefore had the same genotype. The cultivars, ‘Ghorban-e-Marageh’ and ‘Ghermez-e-Shahroodi’ were self-compatible and, interestingly, shared a PCR band with all Spanish self-compatible apricot cultivars examined to date.     

杏制汁适应性评价指标的探讨

以凯特×新世纪、巴旦×凯特杂交组合的F1代群体111个株系及凯特、金太阳、山农凯新1号、山农凯新2号等9个杏品种果实为试材,探讨了制汁用杏相关性状的分布特点及其评价标准。结果表明:(1)同一杏品种(株系)单果质量不同,出汁率亦有较大差异;(2)在本试验测定的性状中,单果质量和维生素C含量的分布频率接近正态分布,出汁率的分布频率呈偏态分布,而可溶性固形物含量的分布频率呈离散分布;(3)根据各个制汁相关性状的分布特点,初步提出了制汁用杏的评价标准,其中一级标准为单果质量≥50g、出汁率≥64.5%、可溶性固形物≥12%、单宁含量<0.91mg/g、维生素C含量≥0.09mg/g、糖酸比为3.33～3.98且可溶性糖含量为7.09%～7.88%,特级标准为:单果质量≥70g、出汁率≥67%、可溶性固形物≥15%、单宁含量<0.91mg/g、维生素C含量≥0.12mg/g、糖酸比为4.15～4.80且可溶性糖含量为8.12%～11.11%。     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.