砂梨不同S基因型异花授粉和蕾期自花授粉试验

绝大多数梨品种自花授粉结实率极低,有的甚至不结实,这种现象叫自交不亲和。当不同品种异花授粉时,自交不亲和基因型相同也会出现结实率低或不结实,这种现象在遗传学上也归属于自交不亲和现象[1-4]。自交不亲和性的本质是成熟雌蕊分泌的一种RNase抑制其相同S基因型花粉在柱头上萌发后的继续生长,造成授粉、受精受阻[1-2]。因此,梨属植物生产上为提高产量、品质和效益,配置授粉品种是常用而有效的栽培措施之一。日本已对梨自交不亲和现象进行了广泛深入的研究[1-2,5-11]。在蕾期这种RNase基因的表达量较少,其雌蕊抑制花粉在柱头上继续生长…     

‘金坠梨’自交亲和性突变机制的初步研究

 自交不亲和性品种鸭梨的芽变品种‘金坠梨’自花授粉能结实, 但其自交亲和性突变机制至今不祥。本研究结果表明, 鸭梨自花授粉结实率仅2% , 自花花粉管在花柱中上部已经停止生长, 而金坠梨自花授粉结实率高达76% , 自花的花粉管能正常生长至花柱基部; 鸭梨花柱能够接受金坠梨花粉并受精结实, 而金坠梨花柱却与鸭梨花粉杂交不亲和; 进一步鉴定出了鸭梨和金坠梨基于S-RNase基因的S基因型, 发现两者S基因型相同, 均为S₂₁S₃₄ ; 通过克隆两品种S-RNase基因cDNA全长序列并进行比较分析发现, 该两品种的1对雌蕊S-RNase基因在核苷酸序列上完全相同, 且S-RNase基因均正常表达, 表达量没有明显差异, 从分子水平上证实了金坠梨在花柱方面和鸭梨并无差异, 可能是花粉S 基因发生突变, 导致了自交不亲和性功能的丧失, 表现出自花授粉能够结实。     

7个西洋梨品种适宜授粉树研究

梨属于配子体型自交不亲和性果树,大多数品种自花授粉不结实,并存在异花授粉不亲和现象,因此在生产上必须合理配置授粉树或在花期人工辅助授粉,才能获得预期的产量和品质。试验选取胶东地区有一定栽培面积的盘克汉姆、三季梨、红茄梨、巴梨、秋洋梨、阿巴特和茄梨共计7个西洋梨品种进行相互授粉试验,以期筛选出各品种适宜的授粉树品种。     

NaCl溶液克服大白菜自交不亲和性的研究

以大白菜自交不亲和系07s20为试材,于蕾期和花期分别喷施不同浓度的NaCl溶液以克服其自交不亲和性。试验结果表明,花期和蕾期喷施1%~5%NaCl均可显著提高07s20亲和性,但花期处理明显高于蕾期。其中花期喷施3%NaCl,亲和指数达到8.54,是人工破蕾的58.1%,可以代替蕾期人工破蕾授粉克服大白菜的自交不亲和性,以降低种子生产成本。     

新疆蔷薇科扁桃类植物自交不亲和性的分子机制

蔷薇科扁桃类植物是具有重要经济、研究价值的园艺果树类植物,该类果树植物家族均为自交不亲和性,自花授粉并不能正常结实,在其生长和生产过程中都需要进行异花授粉。扁桃类果树植物的自交不亲和属于配子型自交不亲和类型,是由花粉配子体核基因决定花粉与雄蕊的不亲和反应,即当花粉中的一个S等位基因与花柱中的一个等位基因相同时即表现不亲和。不亲和反应的细胞学特征是花粉管生长在花柱中受阻。该文对植物自交不亲和性方面的分子机制在蔷薇科扁桃类果树作物上的反映研究进展进行了综述,并着重阐述了新疆分布的独特的栽培扁桃和野生扁桃自交不亲和性S-位点基因的研究进展,以期为今后更深入的研究提供了重要的基础。     

杏品种授粉生物学研究

以红丰、新世纪等11个杏品种及特新一号等4个新品系为试材,对自交与杂交亲和性、花粉管形态及花粉、花柱氨基酸组分进行了研究,旨在为杏生产和进一步研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)按照白花授粉坐果率≥6％为自交亲和这个标准,红丰、新世纪等10个品种为自交不亲和品种(SI),而特新一号等4个新品系是自交亲和的(SC);(2)选自同一杂交组合不同姊妹系的红丰与新世纪杏品种相互授粉坐果率仅为0~0.73％,属于杂交不亲和;(3)不同品种间相互授粉的坐果率差异很大,据此筛选出特早红、红玉杏及凯特等品种是红丰杏适宜的授粉品种;而新世纪用骆驼黄及金太阳等品种授粉的坐果率最高;(4)自交不亲和组合在授粉后72 h花粉管到达花柱3／4处,末端膨大,停止生长,而自交亲和组合的花粉管可以继续生长,并在授粉后96 h进入子房;(5)自交不亲和品种(系)与自交亲和品种(系)花粉的17种氨基酸含量并无显著差异,而花柱氨基酸的组分与花粉氨基酸组分有所不同,其中自交不亲和品种(系)酪氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸含量明显高于自交亲和品种(系),差异显著或极显著。     

基于SRK基因序列分析的甘蓝自交不亲和系单倍型鉴定及验证

根据甘蓝自交不亲和性雌蕊决定因子SRK基因保守序列设计简并引物,克隆23份甘蓝自交不亲和系SRK基因并测序。利用NCBI数据库进行克隆序列的Blast比较以及序列之间的相似性分析,初步确定23份甘蓝自交不亲和系分属于SRK3、SRK7、SRK8、SRK16、SRK28、SRK36、SRK45、SRK46、SRK58、SRK68等10种S单倍型。其中有5份甘蓝自交不亲和系属于SRK36单倍型,占参试自交不亲和系的22%;SRK7、SRK16和SRK58单倍型均只有1份甘蓝自交不亲和系。进一步对不同自交不亲和系之间花期杂交后花粉萌发及花粉管伸长情况进行荧光显微观察,并对20个杂交组合的花期杂交亲和指数进行调查分析,结果表明根据SRK基因序列所确定的相同S单倍型自交不亲和系之间花期授粉表现为不亲和,花粉在柱头上萌发受阻,花期亲和指数低;而不同S单倍型自交不亲和系之间花期授粉表现高度亲和,花粉管伸入雌蕊正常,花期亲和指数高。表明基于SRK基因序列分析确定甘蓝自交不亲和系所属单倍型是一种简单而可靠的快速鉴定方法,有利于育种时有针对性地设计甘蓝自交不亲和系杂交组合配制,从而提高育种效率。     

杏的自交不亲和机制研究进展

被子植物的自交不亲和有孢子体型不亲和与配子体型不亲和两种类型,杏的自交不亲和属于配子体型不亲和。从生物学、细胞学和分子学角度综述杏的自交不亲和机制,对比分析研究自交亲和品种和自交不亲和品种不同的受精过程及杏的开花生物学和授粉生物学特性,为生产上花期管理、合理选配授粉树提供依据,为杏种质资源、遗传育种及生物技术等方面研究提供参考。     

西番莲自交和异交的花粉管荧光显微观察及授粉亲和性分析

【目的】通过比较不同西番莲品种（系）自交和异交授粉后花粉萌发及花粉管生长差异和授粉亲和性的强弱，阐明不同亲和性类型的花粉管生长行为，为西番莲授粉及杂交育种提供参考。【方法】以主栽品种台农1号（TN）和编号为H2、MB、H6、ZS的西番莲品系为试验材料，试验共设置4个自交授粉组合，分别为TN、H2、MB、H6自交，以及6个异交授粉组合，分别为H6×MB、H6×TN、MB×H6、MB×TN、ZS×MB、ZS×H6，分别对授粉后0.5～24 h的花粉管进行荧光显微观察并计算授粉亲和性指数，同时对雌蕊进行解剖观察，并统计H6×MB等4个组合的坐果率。【结果】（1）西番莲雌蕊柱头上密布乳突，花粉管穿过柱头乳突细胞间隙进入柱头引导组织，引导组织呈漏斗形，从柱头延伸至花柱基部。（2）具有亲和性的西番莲自交和异交组合的花粉粒附着在柱头后，萌发出花粉管进入柱头乳突，之后经过柱头和花柱引导组织，于授粉后18～24 h进入胚珠；而具有不亲和性的西番莲自交和异交组合的花粉粒可以附着在柱头上并萌发出花粉管，但花粉管出现末端膨大变粗的畸形形态，不能正常伸长，最终只能停留在柱头乳突中，表现出孢子体不亲和类型的特征。...     

十字花科蔬菜的自交不亲和性

十字花科蔬菜的杂种优势十分明显，利用自交不亲和系制种是简化制种的主要途径。研究自交不亲和性的文献非常丰富，本文试图对十字花科蔬菜自交不亲和性的遗传规律、生理机制及其克服途径作一综述。 遗传规律 所谓自交不亲和就是植株开花时用同株或同一纯合自交系的花粉授粉不易结籽或结籽很少的现象。Ｋａｋｉｚａｋｉ（１９３０）认为十字花科植物自交不亲和性属于配子体型体系，即亲和与否取决于花粉本身所带的Ｓ基因是否和雌蕊所带的Ｓ基因相同。但Ｂａｔｅｍａｎ（１９５４）等多数学者认为属于孢子体型体系，即亲和与否不取决于花粉本…     

Study on Fruitset and Pollen-Compatibility Status in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avuim L.) Cultivars

Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits.

     

Physiological Breakdown in Stored Monarch Plums

Summary

Several pollination studies carried out on different, self-incompatible almond cultivars and seedlings have shown the presence of variable levels of fruit set following self-pollination that could be attributed to partial self-incompatibility (PSI). PSI is an intermediate reproductive behaviour, described in some angiosperm species, which indicates that self-incompatibility is a quantitative and plastic trait. The present study was performed to substantiate the occurrence of PSI in almond by studying ten cultivars that are traditionally considered to be self-incompatible (four of which had previously shown fruit set after self-pollination). These cultivars were analysed by microscopic observations of the progression of pollen tubes through the pistil following controlled self-pollination, determinations of fruit set after bagging flower buds, and molecular identification of the parentage of the fruits obtained using consensus PCR-primers for Prunus S-RNase alleles. The results showed that, in nearly all cases, the pollen tubes did not enter the ovary and, from a total of 5,349 bagged flower buds, only 17 fruits were obtained. In all cases, PCR analysis of the plants obtained after germination of these seeds showed a band corresponding to an S-RNase allele not present in the maternal progenitor, clearly indicating that they could only have arisen from cross-pollination.Therefore, the low fruit set values observed in some of the cultivars studied were not due to a breakdown in the self-incompatibility response that confers PSI, but to very low rates of contamination with foreign pollen. These results corroborate the self-incompatibility phenotype of the cultivars studied here, and highlight the importance of ascertaining the identity of the parentage in any progeny obtained after bagging.     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.     

苹果部分品种的授粉结实性研究

 苹果授粉结实性研究结果表明, 除‘惠’以外, 多数品种的自花授粉结实率较低, 表现自交不亲和。而绝大多数品种异花授粉结实率较高, 表现异花授粉结实性; 个别异花授粉品种组合之间授粉结实率较低的主要原因是由于授粉双方具有相同的S 基因型所致。花粉发芽率除三倍体品种花粉败育及二倍体品种‘王林’以外, 发芽均表现良好。     

中华猕猴桃品种间亲和性研究

采用离体培养法观察中华猕猴桃株系花粉活力,利用荧光显微镜进行了常见品种杂交亲和性的研究,并统计坐果率。雄株花粉活力大小依次为楚源M4、湘平83-3、金魁、魁密。不同品种雌、雄株间授粉,柱头的识别反应快,花粉在柱头粘附多,生长快且萌发率高,亲和性较强且坐果率较高。24个组合中亲和指数最高的是金魁 × 楚源M4,亲和指数为924.61,坐果率为94.44%;最低的是早鲜 × 金魁,亲和指数417.44,坐果率71.11%。同种间的不同品种的亲和性和坐果率存在差异,亲和指数与坐果率密切相关,因此进行猕猴桃最佳授粉树的选择在实际生产中具有重要意义。     

Full compatibility is superior to semi-compatibility for fruit set in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars

Japanese plum belongs to the Rosaceae, which carry the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility system. Therefore, these plum cultivars depend on cross-pollination for setting fruit. However, cultivar combinations may be genetically semi- or fully compatible. In apples and pears cultivated in Israel, where conditions for pollination are usually unfavorable, it was demonstrated that yields may be correlated with compatibility levels of pollinators. In the present study fruit-set of semi- and fully compatible plum couples was determined for a wide range of cultivars, in unfavorable and favorable conditions. Full compatibility was found superior to semi-compatibility, in both unfavorable and favorable conditions for pollination. These findings should be taken into consideration in determining the orchard designs of cultivars.     

梨抗寒新品种——寒红梨

 ‘寒红梨’系由‘南果梨’ב晋酥’梨种间杂交选育而成。抗寒、抗病性强，质优。果实圆形，平均单果质量200 g，最大450 g，果皮底色黄，盖红色，肉质细脆多汁，石细胞少，酸甜，有香气，维生素C含量较高。     

寒富苹果授粉花柱的荧光显微观察与自交亲和性分析

以寒富苹果为试材,进行自花和异花授粉后花朵和花序坐果率、平均种子数调查试验和荧光显微观察,结果表明,寒富苹果自花授粉的花朵坐果率高达92.8%,花序坐果率为98.3%,平均种子数为7.9粒;略低于异花授粉的96.6%、100%和9.5粒。自花授粉8 h后花粉开始萌发,花粉管能够正常生长,48 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,并在72 h后通过花柱基部,进入子房室。而异花授粉后8 h花粉管开始进入花柱,24 h花粉管伸入花柱中部,48 h花粉管穿过花柱的基部并进入子房室。     

果树自交不亲和性基因型及其鉴定方法

系统介绍了应用田间授粉试验、花柱离体培养、花柱S糖蛋白电泳及自交不亲和(S)基因特异性PCR分析等来鉴定果树品种S基因型的方法及其特点与应用前景;全面地列出了迄今国际上应用这些方法鉴定出的苹果、梨、甜樱桃、杏4个树种近300个品种的S基因型,探讨了品种来源与S基因型的联系,为果树合理配置授粉品种及在自交不亲和性机理研究中合理选择试材等提供了科学依据。