我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化的微卫星分析

为进一步了解我国绵(山)羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化,本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化进行了分析。采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点,并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析。研究表明:7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性,各座位等位基因均较丰富。根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析,湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类,乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后与滩羊聚为一类,5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚。     

长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构研究

应用结构基因座和微卫星DNA两种遗传标记探讨长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构。结果表明,检测的9个结构基因座位上7个存在多态性,座位的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0.1767、0.1457和1.2837;7个微卫星位点上共检测到110个等位基因,位点的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0.8867、0.8774和11.2907。群体内的遗传变异程度相对较高,反映出丰富的遗传多样性,而且微卫星DNA标记揭示的遗传变异高于结构基因座。     

长江中下游以及东南沿海的7个山羊群体的遗传多样性分析

利用23个微卫星标记对宜昌白山羊、马头山羊、湘东黑山羊、福清山羊、戴云山羊、黄淮山羊、长江三角洲白山羊等7个山羊群体进行了遗传多样性检测,结果显示:23个基因座中21个座位在所有群体中都具有多态性,基因座BM0203在各个群体中分别为纯合基因座,但存在群体间变异,基因座BM6444在湘东黑山羊、宜昌白山羊群体中为单态,但在其他群体都存在多个等位基因。总群体基因杂合度为0.819 0,7个群体PIC平均值在0.630 5~0.691 9之间。根据Nei氏遗传距离用UPGMA方法对7个群体进行亲缘关系聚类,马头山羊和湘东黑山羊首先聚为一类,福清山羊、戴云山羊、长江三角洲白山羊、黄淮山羊再和前者依次聚类,最后,宜昌白山羊和它们整个聚为一类。     

长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构研究

应用结构基因座和微卫星DNA两种遗传标记探讨长江三角洲白山羊群体遗传结构。结果表明，检测的9个结构基因座位上7个存在多态性，座位的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0．1767、0．1457和1．2837；7个微卫星位点上共检测到110个等位基因，位点的基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数分别为0．8867、0．8774和11．2907。群体内的遗传变异程度相对较高，反映出丰富的遗传多样性，而且微卫星DNA标记揭示的遗传变异高于结构基因座。     

利用微卫星标记对六个羊群体性的研究

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法采集了67只洼地绵羊样品,并用PCR-PAGE电泳技术检测了其7个微卫星位点(oarFCB11,oarFCB128,oarFCB48,oarFCB304,MAF33,MAF70和oarAE101)的遗传多态性,同时引用了小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)相同资料进行群体遗传关系分析。研究结果表明:7个微卫星标记在洼地绵羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊6个品种中均存在多态性,可以用于绵羊群体遗传多样性的评估;7个微卫星标记在6个群体中的多态信息含量、平均有效等位基因数和平均杂合度分别为0.9182、13.9839、0.9511、0.9250、14.5013、0.9579、0.9157、12.9416、0.9446、0.9249、15.1723、0.9639、0.8835、10.0377、0.9333、0.8880、12.5156、0.9550、0.9078、12.1543、0.9389,其中oarFCB304遗传变异最大,oarAE101最小;6个绵(山)羊群体中小尾寒羊和洼地羊的遗传变异较大,对照群体(山羊)最小。通过计算DA距离和DS标准遗传距离,采用非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)绘制聚类图,得出洼地羊先和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后和滩羊合并为一类;同时湖羊和同羊聚为一类;绵羊五个品种为一类后与山羊合并为一类。     

用5个微卫星标记分析四川7个地方山羊品种的遗传关系

选用5个微卫星标记对四川7个地方山羊品种(类群)进行了遗传关系分析。结果表明:5个微卫星标记检测到的等位基因数从1～7个不等,平均多态信息含量为0.537～0.716,其中ILSTS004、ILSTS030、McM038和OarFCB011这4个基因座位为高度多态性基因座,CSSM004为中度多态基因座,都能较好地用于山羊群体间的遗传多样性分析。7个山羊群体的平均多态信息含量为0.601～0.696,群体平均杂合度为0.530～0.655,群体间的遗传分化系数为0.1167,表明7个地方山羊群体的遗传多样性较为丰富。群体间的Nei氏遗传距离为0.0822～0.7240,以Nei氏遗传距离为基础构建的系统聚类树表明,藏山羊、建昌黑山羊、成都麻羊和北川白山羊聚为一大类,第2类为乐至黑山羊和金堂黑山羊,最后简阳大耳羊单独成一类。     

利用微卫星标记对六个羊群体性的研究

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法采集了67只洼地绵羊样品，并用PCR—PAGE电泳技术检测了其7个微卫星位点（oarFCB11，oarFCB128，oarFCB48，oarFCB304，MAF33，MAF70和oarAEl01）的遗传多态性，同时引用了小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊（参照群体）相同资料进行群体遗传关系分析。研究结果表明：7个微卫星标记在洼地绵羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊6个品种中均存在多态性，可以用于绵羊群体遗传多样性的评估；7个微卫星标记在6个群体中的多态信息含量、平均有效等位基因数和平均杂合度分别为0．9182、13．9839、0．9511、0．9250、14．5013、0．9579、0．9157、12．9416、0．9446，0．9249，15．1723，0．9639，0．8835，10.0377，0.9333，0.8880，12.5156，0.9550，0.9078、12．1543、0．9389，其中oarFCB304遗传变异最大，oarAEl01最小；6个绵（山）羊群体中小尾寒羊和洼地羊的遗传变异较大，对照群体（山羊）最小。通过计算DA距离和DS标准遗传距离，采用非加权配对算术平均法（UPGMA）绘制聚类图，得出洼地羊先和小尾寒羊聚为一类，然后和滩羊合并为一类；同时湖羊和同羊聚为一类；绵羊五个品种为一类后与山羊合并为一类。     

利用微卫星标记分析云南省10个山羊品种的遗传多样性

本研究应用微卫星标记技术,选取15个微卫星位点分析云南省10个地方山羊品种(弥勒红骨山羊、圭山山羊、马关无角山羊、师宗黑山羊、威信白山羊、龙陵黄山羊、罗平黄山羊、云岭山羊、宁蒗黑头山羊、昭通山羊)以及参照群波尔山羊的遗传多样性及遗传关系。结果表明:除MCM200外,其他14个微卫星位点均属于高度多态位点;11个群体观测杂合度值(0.573～0.692)、期望杂合度值(0.608～0.696)、平均多态信息含量(0.562～0.655)均大于0.5,表明群体遗传多样性丰富;群体间遗传变异系数为0.112,处于中等以下分化程度,群体近交系数均为正值(除马关无角山羊),表明云南省地方山羊品种内都存在不同程度的近交;群体间的基因流大于1,说明品种间存在着一定程度的基因交流;基于Nei氏遗传距离计算和UPGMA聚类分析,波尔山羊与10个云南地方山羊品种亲缘关系较远,单独为一支;10个云南地方山羊品种分为2个类群,弥勒红骨山羊、圭山山羊和马关无角山羊聚为一支,师宗黑山羊、威信白山羊、龙陵黄山羊、罗平黄山羊、云岭山羊、宁蒗黑头山羊、昭通山羊聚为一支。     

波尔山羊和山西省地方山羊品种微卫星DNA多态性分析及群体间杂种优势预测

（方法）利用5个微卫星标记对山西省5个山羊品种遗传多态性进行分析,（目的）以预测波尔山羊与地方山羊品种的杂种优势,为山西省肉用山羊新品种培育及波尔山羊在山西省合理杂交利用提供理论依据。（结果）5个山羊品种共检测到70．0个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数在9．0～21．0之间;经群体遗传统计分析,5个山羊品种平均有效等位基因数4．94～6．05个,平均多态信息含量0．7053～0．7982,平均基因杂合度0．7592～0．8316。5个山羊品种间遗传分化系数0．0607;波尔山羊与吕梁黑山羊的标准遗传距离最大（0．5083）,其余依次为阳城白山羊（0．4474）、洪洞奶山羊（0．4332）、黎城大青羊（0．3301）。（结论）5个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点,可用于5个山羊品种遗传多样性评估;5个山羊品种在5个微卫星位点多态性丰富,遗传变异大,品种间遗传分化小。据品种间遗传距离推测,波尔山羊与吕梁黑山羊的杂种优势最大,与阳城白山羊和洪洞奶山羊的杂种优势次之,与黎城大青羊的杂种优势最小。     

贵州地方山羊品种遗传背景的微卫星分析

用15个牛微卫星位点,以波尔山羊为对照,研究了4个贵州地方山羊品种(贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊、黔北麻羊、榕江小香羊)的遗传背景。结果:可分析的多态位点6个(BM1258、D1S104、ILSTS030、INRA063、INRABERN192、RM088),占40%(6/15),反应了牛微卫星位点与山羊有较高同源性;贵州地方山羊品种比波尔山羊具有较高的遗传多样性,高低顺序是贵州白山羊>贵州黑山羊>黔北麻羊>榕江小香羊>波尔山羊;群体遗传分化大,群体变异主要存在于品种内,而品种间的变异较小;贵州白山羊与贵州黑山羊遗传距离最近,其次是榕江小香羊、黔北麻羊,与波尔山羊遗传距离最远,这与它们的地理分布及品种形成相符。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.