猪瘟兔化弱毒犊牛睾丸细胞苗保护剂的研究

自１９８８年我厂对干疫苗保护剂和冻干产品生产工艺进行了研究，以猪瘟兔化弱毒犊牛睾丸细胞苗为主进行了保护剂的筛选试验，找出一种保护剂配制方法，冻干曲线和时间及营养血清的配制新工艺。用这种方法生产的猪瘟细胞的毒冻干苗在３７℃环境中可保存１０天，在２２－２５℃条伯下可保存３５天，０－４℃条件下可保护２２个月，达到了国外同类苗的水平。     

羊传染性脓疱病毒耐热冻干保护剂筛选及冻干曲线优化

采用冻干试验筛选出保护剂基础配方,再通过Plackett-Burman设计法筛选主要保护剂基质,然后通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法对羊传染性脓疱病毒(ORFV)耐热保护剂配方进一步优化,用冻干试验进一步验证筛选出1种针对ORFV保护效果最好的耐热冻干保护剂作为疫苗用候选配方。同时,依据前期试验获得的活疫苗冻干曲线,通过进一步优化,获得疫苗最佳冻干曲线。利用该冻干工艺冻干的疫苗,保护剂的保护率可达95.3%,且疫苗各项指标均达到《中华人民共和国兽用生物制品规程》要求。经37℃保存7,15,30d病毒滴度分别下降0.46,0.70,1.00;2~8℃保存3,6,12,24个月病毒滴度分别下降0.10,0.10,0.40,0.60,证明此配方制备的疫苗具有良好的热稳定性。本试验解决了ORFV细胞弱毒疫苗仅能在低温条件下保存和运输的瓶颈技术问题,使疫苗的储存、运输更为方便。     

猪瘟冻干活疫苗保护剂的研究（续报Ⅱ）

５批含有如前文［１］所说的冷冻保护剂的实验猪瘟疫苗，在２～８℃保存２年后，接种实验家兔，所有实验兔热型反应均达到标准，同时以常规用５％蔗糖脱脂奶为保护剂的猪瘟细胞冻干疫苗，在２～８℃保存仅１５个月后接种家兔，却未出现热型反应。在２～８℃保存１８个月的３批试验疫苗接种猪，皆能抵抗猪瘟石门系强毒的攻击。     

兎化猪瘟与猪丹毒弱毒混合冻干疫苗研究

1.在我院研究猪丹毒弱毒冻干菌苗的基础上,試制成功一种猪瘟、猪丹毒弱毒混合冻干疫苗,經用小动物和猪进行試驗,証明安全有效。 2.一次肌肉注射混合冻干疫苗2毫升,已知免疫期可达9个月,免疫猪对猪瘟或猪丹毒均有良好的抵抗力。 3.混合冻干疫苗性质稳定,在—8°—35℃的不同溫度条件下,保存6个月后对猪安全并仍有坚强的效力。 4.疫苗在江苏省鎮江等地大面积推广应用16,374剂,反应率仅占0.22%,7个月后調查沒有猪再感染猪瘟或猪丹毒病例。 5.报告内对混合冻干疫苗的制造方法,保护剂的选择等亦作了介紹。     

猪瘟冻干活疫苗保护剂的研究（续报）

应用耐温保护剂Ａ１或无硫脲Ａ１制成兔化猪瘟病毒冻干疫苗若干批。所有应用Ａ１作保护剂的产品都出现干缩现象，而应用无硫脲Ａ１的未出现。５批无硫脲Ａ１的疫苗经在３７℃中保存１５天或在２５℃保存１００天后，都能保护疫苗接种动物抵抗强毒攻击，此种保护力与规定标准一致，而应用Ａ１的对照疫苗达不到此项标准。     

鸡新城疫La Sota 系冻干苗新型保护剂的研究 Ⅰ.鸡新城疫 La Sota 系新型保护剂冻干苗室温保存期试验

为保证鸡新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ系冻干疫苗的质量、便于疫苗的运输和保存，根据冻干疫苗保护剂的作用原理［１，２］，将几种必要的保护剂进行不同组合作为保护剂，冻干出鸡新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ系疫苗。经试验，初步选择出一种保护剂配方。冻干的鸡新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ系疫苗，经室温（２５～３０℃）保存试验，该疫苗耐稳定性明显优于蔗糖脱脂乳保护剂冻干苗。室温保存３０天，效价仍合格，而蔗糖脱脂乳疫苗室温保存有效期仅为１０天     

猪瘟无明胶无蛋白耐热活疫苗的研制及冻干工艺

为提高猪瘟(CSF)活疫苗的耐热性能,同时避免明胶和蛋白对猪只产生的免疫副反应,用葡聚糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乳糖、氨基酸等成分设计无明胶无蛋白耐热保护剂,根据配方的共晶点、塌陷温度科学设计冻干程序,并比较了不同预冻方式对猪瘟活疫苗效价的影响。结果表明,猪瘟病毒采用无明胶无蛋白耐热保护剂配方A冻干后具有较好的耐热性能,37℃保存10,15d,病毒的耐热损失分别为0.6lg和0.9lg;对快冻、慢冻以及退火3种不同的冻干方式进行比较,发现对猪瘟病毒冻干损失由大到小依次为:退火慢冻快冻,而耐热损失则相反;与传统的含明胶含蛋白耐热疫苗相比,猪瘟无明胶无蛋白耐热疫苗耐热效果更好,可在2~8℃长期保存30个月,动物试验表明该疫苗对猪只安全、无副反应。     

鸡新城疫La Sota系新型保护剂冻干苗的保存期试验

鸡新城疫Ｌａ Ｓｏｔａ新型保护剂冻干苗、经１０￣１５℃保存试验,该疫苗效价的稳定性明显优于蔗糖脱脂乳冻干苗,１０￣１５℃保存４个月疫苗效价１００％合格,保存５个月２／３批效价仍合格;而蔗糖脱脂乳冻干苗,保存４个月,２／３批效价合格,保存５个月,疫苗全部失效。     

鸡新城疫LaSota系新型保护剂冻干苗的保存期试验

鸡新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ新型保护剂冻干苗、经１０～１５℃保存试验，该疫苗效价的稳定性明显优于蔗糖脱脂乳冻干苗，１０～１５℃保存４个月疫苗效价１００％合格，保存５个月２／３批效价仍合格；而蔗糖脱脂乳冻干苗，保存４个月，２／３批效价合格，保存５个月，疫苗全部失效。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗耐热冻干保护剂的试验

目前,弱毒活疫苗是预防畜禽传染病的主要疫苗之一,在我国动物用疫苗中,活疫苗占相当大的比例.国内疫苗企业常用的保护剂主要是蔗糖、牛奶、明胶等,组方简单,保护性能差.如果在2℃～8℃条件下,保存期只有3～6个月,多需要在-15℃以下保存[1-2].而国内传统的动物用疫苗保护剂的研制相对滞后,使疫苗的长期保存和长途运输受到很大限制,加上基层防疫部门缺乏必要的冷冻和冷藏设施,容易因免疫失效而造成疫病流行[3].所以,耐热保护剂的研究非常急需,发达国家在20世纪80年代就已开始进行耐热保护剂的研究,目前已经基本采用耐热冻干保护剂生产冻干疫苗,但由于保护剂的研究和应用属于专利资料,处于保密状况中.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.