2种核桃砧木苗的光合及叶绿素荧光特性研究

为了比较不同核桃砧木品种叶绿素荧光特性,以便选择健壮砧木,以核桃砧木品种V和W的组培苗为试材,分别对其生长情况、光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿素含量进行测定,结果表明:2个砧木品种组培苗生长情况具有显著差异,同期栽植的砧木V的苗高、地径、每复叶小叶数均极显著小于砧木W,分别为3.54cm、4.86mm、9片,而叶面积整体上大于砧木W;砧木V的叶绿素b含量极显著小于砧木W,为0.28mg/g;砧木V的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)日均值均极显著小于砧木W,分别为8.78μmol/(m~2·s)、0.03mol/(m~2·s)、0.50mmol/(m~2·s);砧木V的PSⅡ电子传递量子产量(φPSⅡ)和电子传递速率均极显著小于砧木W,分别为0.80和1.79。综合分析,砧木品种W在叶绿素荧光特性等方面优于砧木品种V。     

7种彩叶树种光合特性分析

为了更好地了解北方常见彩叶树种的生态特性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了自然生长状态下7种彩叶树种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合特征,结果表明,7种彩叶树种最大净光合速率从大到小依次为彩叶豆梨、秋紫白蜡、金叶接骨木、全红杨、紫叶稠李、金叶风箱果、紫叶风箱果,其中,彩叶豆梨的最大净光合速率最高,为14.93μmol/(m~2·s),紫叶风箱果的最大净光合速率最低,为8.65μmol/(m~2·s);紫叶风箱果、彩叶豆梨的净光合速率与气孔导度之间呈现显著正相关的关系,相关系数分别为0.910、0.893;紫叶风箱果、金叶风箱果、紫叶稠李、彩叶豆梨的净光和速率与有效辐射呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.887、0.920、0.946和0.959;其中彩叶豆梨、紫叶稠李、全红杨、秋紫白蜡、金叶接骨木的光饱和点分别为1 166μmol/(m~2·s)、1 010μmol/(m~2·s)、836μmol/(m~2·s)、1 136μmol/(m~2·s)、1 456μmol/(m~2·s),紫叶风箱果、金叶风箱果的光饱和点均较低,分别为508μmol/(m~2·s)和424μmol/(m~2·s),较高的光饱和点使植物更好地适应当地中午高光条件,较低的光饱和点与光补偿点使植物表现出耐阴的特点。     

西南石漠化地区两种经济林木光合日动态特征

为给我国石漠化地区经济林的栽培和生产提供科学依据,以‘香玲’核桃和‘贵农5号’刺梨为材料,利用光合测定仪对西南石漠化治理区的核桃和刺梨的光合日变化特征进行了测定和分析。结果表明:‘香玲’核桃的日均净光合速率5.57μmol/(m2·s)、蒸腾速率3.70mmol/(m2·s)、水分利用效率1.94μmol/mmol;‘贵农5号’刺梨的日均净光合速率7.65μmol/(m2·s)、蒸腾速率4.48mmol/(m2·s)、水分利用效率1.84μmol/mmol。核桃表现出低光合效率、低蒸腾效率;刺梨表现出高光合效率、高蒸腾效率的特点。石漠化地区由于特殊地质环境,在栽植经济林时要充分考虑树种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率,较高的净光合速率和较低的蒸腾速率可以充分利用喀斯特稀缺的水分资源,同时产生更多的物质累积,提高潜在的生态经济效益。利用核桃与刺梨的光合效率特性差异,进行乔(核桃)-灌(刺梨)结合,可以增加地表覆盖度,提高光能利用率,减少土壤侵蚀。     

两个银杏品种光合与叶绿素荧光特性的比较研究

研究了园铃和佛手两个银杏品种的新梢生长量、光合和叶绿素荧光参数的差异。圆铃叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素a/b比值明显高于佛手。二者的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,但在9:00~11:00时,园铃叶片的(Pn)显著高于佛手。二者的光饱和点分别为1 200μmol/(m2.s)、1 000μmol/(m2.s),光补偿点分别为75.23μmol/(m2.s)、62.43μmol/(m2.s)。园铃叶片的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qP均大于佛手;而qN小于佛手。     

白云岩石漠区2种落叶树种秋季光合特性比较

为了解西南喀斯特白云岩石漠化地区的适生造林树种盐肤木、栾树秋季的光合生理特性,使用LI-6400便携式光合测试仪于9月下旬对盐肤木、栾树叶片的光合参数进行测定分析。结果表明,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线仅有1个峰值,光补偿点(LCP)为5μmol/(m~2·s),光饱和点(LSP)为818μmol/(m~2·s)。栾树的净光合速率日变化曲线出现一大一小2个峰值,光饱和点(LSP)为475μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)为30μmol/(m~2·s)。气孔导度(Gs)在实验过程中是对栾树和盐肤木净光合速率(Pn)影响最大的环境因子。在相同的光照条件下,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)大于栾树的净光合速率,光饱和点(LSP)大于栾树,光补偿点(LCP)低于栾树,2种树木均有明显"午休"现象。在9月,盐肤木光合情况优于栾树。     

黑榆不同无性系苗期表型性状及光合特征的差异性比较

为了解黑榆不同无性系的遗传变异情况,以河北省深州市栽培的15个黑榆无性系为材料,对黑榆不同无性系的生长、叶片形态和光合生理指标进行对比分析,结果表明:15个黑榆无性系间苗期生长性状及光合生理等性状指标差异显著,在15个黑榆无性系中,D7的地径最大,为2.33cm;B19平均苗高最大,为2.57m;叶长、叶宽、叶面积在不同无性系间存在显著差异,单叶面积最大相差4.1倍,不同无性系间宽长比在0.58~1.21之间变化,说明黑榆不同无性系间在叶片形态上存在着广泛的遗传变异,而且差异显著。无性系B18、D9的净光合速率最高,分别为23.54μmol/(m2·s)和23.82μmol/(m2·s);无性系D2蒸腾速率最高,为11.18mmol/(m2·s),无性系D4的蒸腾速率最低,为6.71mmol/(m2·s)。结合生长性状分析不同无性系的净光合速率,发现具有较高净光合速率的无性系,并不具有较大生长量,蒸腾速率反而和较大生长量存在显著的负相关。     

湘酿1号刺葡萄光合特性的研究

采用LI-6400XT光合仪对湘酿1号刺葡萄进行光合特性研究,结果表明：湘酿1号光饱和点为1264.00μmol/m2·s,光补偿点为28.35μmol/m2·s,暗呼吸速率为1.878μmol/m2·s,CO2饱和点1583.72μmol/m2·s,CO2补偿点为91.22μmol/m2·s,光呼吸速率为-3.224μmol/m2·s,净光合速率为22.98μmol/m2·s。晴朗天气条件下,湘酿1号刺葡萄叶片净光合速率日变化趋势为单峰曲线,且无光合“午休”现象。湘酿1号刺葡萄净光合速率与光合有效辐射呈显著正相关,与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈极显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关,暗呼吸速率与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关,与空气温度呈显著正相关。     

青钱柳光合作用日变化和光合响应特征

以一年生青钱柳(Cyclocarya paliurus)播种苗为试材,对其叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等光合生理指标的日变化及光响应曲线进行测定,分析了光合参数间的相关性。结果表明:青钱柳苗P_n、T_r、G_s的日变化均为"双峰"曲线,两个峰值分别出现在9:30和13:00,Ci的日变化表现为早晚高、中午低,低谷出现在11:30;P_n与G_s呈极显著相关(P0.01),与T_r呈显著相关(P0.05),与其它参数间的相关性不显著;光补偿点为14.63μmol/(m~2·s),光饱和点为1 200μmol/(m~2·s),最大净光合速率为8.32μmol/(m~2·s);影响青钱柳光合生理参数的主要环境因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度(T_a)。     

3种箬竹属植物光合特性的比较

为给湖南园林中运用的箬竹属植物的栽培以及园林应用提供理论依据,以5年生‘箬竹’Indocalamus tessellates(Munro)Keng f.、‘湖南箬竹’I.hunanensis B.M.Yang、‘阔叶箬竹’I.latifolius(Keng)Mc Clure为试材,研究了其光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:3种箬竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈单峰型曲线,峰值均出现在10:00,其中阔叶箬竹的峰值净光合速率最高,达14.79μmol/(m2·s);各个供试种的光合参数差异显著,阔叶箬竹的最大净光合速率、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)较高,分别为15.16、1191.61、20.51μmol/(m2·s),箬竹的暗呼吸速率(Rd)较低,为0.461μmol/(m2·s)。叶绿素荧光参数显示湖南箬竹的电子传递速率(ETR)较高。表明阔叶箬竹的光合性能较强,相对较喜光,箬竹较耐荫,湖南箬竹的光合性能中庸。     

滨海滩涂洋白蜡的光合特性

洋白蜡作为引进种,已在我国广泛种植.以上海南汇滨海森林公园内5年生洋白蜡树种为研究对象,系统研究了其叶片光响应曲线和光合作用日变化.结果发现,洋白蜡光补偿点为32.69 μmoL/(m2·s),光饱和点为948.55 μmoL/(m2·s),暗呼吸速率为1.06 μmoL/(m2·s);净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,最大值为(11.37±2.14)μmol/(m2·s),经相关性分析发现净光合速率与气孔导度、光合有效辐射间存在显著的正相关性;蒸腾速率日变化也呈现双峰曲线,并与气孔导度、温度、大气CO2浓度、光合有效辐射间存在显著的正相关,与相对湿度存在显著的负相关.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。