Interacting effects of yak dung deposition and litter quality on litter mass loss and nitrogen dynamics in Tibetan alpine grassland

The effects of grazing‐induced dung deposition on plant growth and soil attributes are well established, but little is known about dung effects on litter decomposition. Here, we tested effects of yak dung on litter decomposition and nutrient content in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We incubated litter of four common alpine meadow species using litter bags in the field. Two low‐quality species (Kobresia capillifolia and Elymus nutans) with low nitrogen (N), high C/N and Lignin/N, and two high‐quality species, (Saussurea nigrescens and Thermopsis lanceolata) were incubated in monoculture with and without dung addition. Mass loss of leaf litter, fibre fraction (cellulose, hemi‐cellulose and lignin), N and phosphorus (P) were measured after 6, 12 and 18 months of incubation in the field. Dung addition significantly increased decomposition constants for low‐quality litter species, but not for high‐quality litter species. Dung addition promoted cellulose and hemi‐cellulose loss, but lignin loss was not affected by dung addition, except after 12 months for high‐quality litter species. Dung reduced N immobilization after 6 months and did not affect subsequent release in low‐quality litter species, and promoted N release after 6 and 12 months in high‐quality litter species. Regardless of litter quality, dung increased P release after 6 and 12 months. Our results suggest grazing‐induced dung deposition may accelerate C and nutrient turnover, primarily through increasing the mass loss of low‐quality litter, P release from litter and N release from high‐quality litter. The mechanisms underlying the effects of dung deposition need to be clarified in future studies.     

贵州山区生态茶园不同凋落物木质素、纤维素分解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法,以贵州久安生态茶园内云南樟（Cinnamomum glanduliferum）、光皮桦（Betula luminifera）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）和马尾松（Pinus massoniana）叶凋落物以及茶树（Camellia sinensis）修剪物为研究对象,分析5种单一凋落物类型,以及9种混合凋落物类型（茶树-云南樟、茶树-马尾松、茶树-杉木、茶树-光皮桦、杉木-光皮桦、云南樟-光皮桦、云南樟-马尾松、云南樟-杉木、光皮桦-马尾松）分解速率和木质素、纤维素释放特征及差异性。结果表明,单一凋落物类型中,阔叶树种凋落物分解速率大于针叶树种;阔叶树种凋落物木质素含量总体上呈现增加趋势,而针叶树种总体上则呈现下降趋势;凋落物纤维素含量总体上呈现下降趋势。单一凋落物纤维素释放规律与混合凋落物纤维素释放一致,均为直接释放;单一凋落物木质素释放存在3种规律;混合凋落物木质素释放规律有5种。分析9种混合凋落物分解特征,44.4%的混合凋落物混合分解表现为加和效应,11.2%的混合分解表现为拮抗效应,44.4%的混合分解表现为协同效应;22.2%的混合凋落物木质素的释放表现为促进释放,55.6%的混合凋落物木质素释放表现为促进富集;22.2%的混合凋落物纤维素释放表现为促进释放;11.1%的混合凋落物纤维素释放表现为促进富集。研究结果可为维持茶园肥力提供理论依据。     

海南岛东南沿海地区不同森林类型林地凋落物现存量和养分特征

为揭示热带沿海地区不同森林类型凋落物现存量及其养分元素储存能力的差异,选取林地相邻、生境条件基本一致的青皮林和木麻黄林为研究对象,设置随机样地,采集未分解层、半分解层、已分解层凋落物样品,测定凋落物层现存量和主要养分元素含量、储量及其释放率。结果表明：（1）木麻黄林凋落物层现存量为29.49 t/hm²,是青皮林的2倍,2种林型不同分解层表现为：已分解层>半分解层>未分解层;（2）2种林型不同分解层养分元素含量基本遵循C>N>Mg>K>P的变化模式,随着凋落物分解,青皮林各养分元素含量逐级降低,木麻黄林则因养分元素不同而异,可能因凋落物C含量流失过多出现损失速率大于分解释放养分速率而造成半分解层N、P、Mg的含量相对增加,但均在已分解层含量最低;（3）木麻黄林凋落物层养分储量值为8448.23 kg/hm²,是青皮林的2倍,各分解层凋落物养分元素的储量依次为C>N>Mg>K>P,与养分元素含量变化规律一致,而养分释放率从未分解层（-1.79%、-0.97%）到半分解层（0.65%、1.23%）呈现增加趋势。总之,同一立地条件下,不同林型的凋落物现存量、养分含量及其储量的差异可能与植物叶片生物学特征、微环境条件、微生物种群及活性不同有关。     

Leaf litter decomposition and diversity of arthropod decomposers in tropical <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muyong</Emphasis> forest in Banaue,Philippines

The Muyong forest, an indigenous secondary forest in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, plays a crucial role in the Muyong–Payoh system, a continuum of secondary forest and rice terrace, of the Banaue rice terraces by providing water and nutrients to the rice plants in the Payoh terraces. In recent decades, the planting of introduced tree species in the Muyong forest has threatened the sustainable provision of ecosystem services such as water balance and nutrient cycling. To further understand nutrient cycling in the Muyong–Payoh systems, this study was conducted in Poitan, Banaue, Ifugao to gather preliminary baseline data on floral diversity, leaf litterfall rate, leaf litter decomposition rate, and diversity and succession of arthropods in decomposing leaf litter in a Muyong forest. Vegetation analysis was done by identifying and describing the trees growing inside the five 10 m × 10 m quadrat sampling plots. Monthly leaf litter fall was collected in 1 m × 1 m litter traps, and the dry weight was determined after oven-drying at 65 °C for 48 h. Leaf litter decomposition experiment was established by laying out 12 nylon mesh bags containing fresh leaf litter in each of the four sites on the forest floor and one bag was retrieved every month to determine the change in dry weight of the leaf litter. Six bulk soil samples were collected from the Muyong forest floor and analyzed for organic matter, pH, available P and exchangeable K. Fresh leaf litter samples were analyzed for total N, P and K contents. Arthropods in the collected decomposing leaf litter were extracted using Berlese funnel and later identified up to families level using arthropod taxonomic key. The diversity of plants in the Muyong forest includes thirty-eight tree species belonging to 19 families dominated by indigenous tree species. Results showed that the monthly leaf litter fall was higher during the dry months of March to May and lower during the wet months. The estimated total leaf litter fall in Muyong forest was comparable to published litter fall from tropical secondary forests. The N, P and K contents of fresh leaf litter range from 1.0 to 1.2, 0.11 and 0.40%, respectively. The first month of decomposition has the fastest rate while the decomposition rate during the next 4 months ranged from 0.125 to 0.251. Complete decomposition or mass lost in the leaf litter in the Muyong forest took place within 5 months. The soil arthropods identified in the decomposing leaf litter were composed of 13 orders and 28 families. Majority of the collected arthropods were insects while other species including mites, spiders, millipedes and sowbugs were also present. Detrivore and fungivore Families were found to be dominant in the decomposing leaf litter. Moreover, the composition and succession of arthropod decomposer community varied in the three sampling methods and with the changing quality of the litter material as decomposition progressed. The wide diversity and succession of leaf litter decomposers consisting of detritivores, predators, fungivore and herbivore coupled with abundant rainfall and warm temperature are the two main factors that contribute to the fast rate of leaf litter decomposition and nutrient turn over in the Muyong forest. Thus, the Muyong forest can sustain the productivity of rice planted in the adjoining downstream Payoh terraces. Hence, the conservation and management of the Muyong forest is critical in maintaining the ecological functions of the Muyong–Payoh continuum.     

Soil Microarthropods and Their Relationship to Higher Trophic Levels in the Pedregal de San Angel Ecological Reserve,Mexico

Soil fauna is essential for ecosystem dynamics as it is involved in biogeochemical processes, promotes nutrient availability, and affects the animal communities associated with plants. In this study, we examine the possible relationship between the soil microarthropod community on foliage production and quality of the shrub Pittocaulon praecox. We also examine the arthropods associated to its foliage, particularly the size of the main herbivores and of their natural enemies, at two sites with contrasting vegetation cover and productivity. The diversity of soil microarthropods was assessed from soil samples collected monthly under P. praecox individuals over 13 mo. Specimens collected were identified to species or morphospecies. Shrub foliage productivity was evaluated through the amount of litter produced. Resource quality was assessed by the mean content (percentage by weight) of N, C, S, and P of 30 leaves from each shrub. The mean size of herbivores and their natural enemies were determined by measuring 20 adult specimens of each of the most abundant species. We found a higher species richness of soil microarthropods and foliar arthropods in the open site, although the diversity of foliage arthropods was lower in the closed site. Shrubs growing in the closed site tend to produce more, larger, and nutritionally poorer (lower nitrogen content) leaves than open site. Herbivores and their natural enemies were also larger in the closed site. We found a significant positive relationship between the diversity and species richness of foliar arthropods and the nitrogen content of leaves. In general, species richness and diversity of both the foliar and soil fauna, as well as the size of organisms belonging to higher trophic levels, were affected by vegetation cover and primary productivity at each site. These findings highlight the need to simultaneously consider at least four trophic levels (soil organisms, plants, herbivores, and natural enemies) to better understand the functioning of these systems and their responses to environmental changes.     

Impact of tree species on nutrient stocks in the forest floors of a temperate forest ecosystem

To investigate the effect of silvicultural methods on forest floor C, N and elements stocks an experiment was carried out by sampling the forest floors of a 100-120-years-old species including beech, Norway spruce and mixed beech-spruce at the Solling forest, Germany. While the stocks of carbon and nitrogen in the forest floors of pure beech and spruce were significantly influenced by species specific differences of litter quality (p < 0.001), no significant differences were detected between pure and mixed species stands. Forest floor mass, some elements concentrations and C/nutrient ratios were significantly affected by tree species differences, while no clear dependency between pH and site specific effects was found among pure stands. Acid element concentrations in the forest floors of pure spruce were remarkably higher than the values obtained at beech stand, while the stocks were to some extent modified in mixed silviculture. The base-pump effect of beech significantly controlled variation between mono cultures on calcium stocks, while the acidifying effect of spruce in mixtures resulted in modification of Ca stocks of forest floors. The status of other nutrient elements at mixed species cultures due to variation in nutritional properties and composition of litter compared to pure species were between the range of values observed in mono cultures.     

海南橡胶林落叶特征研究

以海南幼龄和成龄橡胶林为对象,采用野外凋落框收集和关联分析等方法,研究2019年5月至2020年4月海南儋州区域橡胶林落叶特征和影响橡胶落叶的主要气候因子。研究结果表明:(1)海南橡胶林落叶产量呈"双峰"型动态变化,当年7月出现小峰,翌年3月出现最高峰;翌年2—4月为集中落叶期,该时期幼龄和成龄林分别占全年落叶总产量的73.04%和70.61%;成龄林落叶产量显著高于幼龄,增幅为14.77%。冗余分析表明,月均温度与月落叶产量呈极显著负相关关系,解释度为49.9%,贡献率为58.6%;(2)幼龄和成龄林间落叶C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量月动态变化趋势相似,各元素含量在秋冬季呈下降趋势,而冬春季出现养分富集的现象,年均含量在成龄和幼龄林间差异不显著;(3)落叶养分归还量月动态与落叶产量动态变化相似,受落叶月产量影响较大,而归还量受落叶产量和养分含量共同影响,落叶归还量表现为C>N>K、Ca>Mg>P,成龄显著高于幼龄,各元素增幅分别为16.3%、17.1%、16.7%、27.4%、15.3%和17.7%;(4)幼龄林各元素养分利用效率总体高于成龄林,其中幼龄钾素养分利用效率显著高于成龄(P<0.05);(5)月均温度是影响2019—2020年海南儋州橡胶林落叶格局的主要气候因子。该研究成果可为海南橡胶割胶制度以及养分管理提供技术支撑。     

海南橡胶林落叶特征研究

以海南幼龄和成龄橡胶林为对象,采用野外凋落框收集和关联分析等方法,研究2019年5月至2020年4月海南儋州区域橡胶林落叶特征和影响橡胶落叶的主要气候因子。研究结果表明:(1)海南橡胶林落叶产量呈"双峰"型动态变化,当年7月出现小峰,翌年3月出现最高峰;翌年2—4月为集中落叶期,该时期幼龄和成龄林分别占全年落叶总产量的73.04%和70.61%;成龄林落叶产量显著高于幼龄,增幅为14.77%。冗余分析表明,月均温度与月落叶产量呈极显著负相关关系,解释度为49.9%,贡献率为58.6%;(2)幼龄和成龄林间落叶C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量月动态变化趋势相似,各元素含量在秋冬季呈下降趋势,而冬春季出现养分富集的现象,年均含量在成龄和幼龄林间差异不显著;(3)落叶养分归还量月动态与落叶产量动态变化相似,受落叶月产量影响较大,而归还量受落叶产量和养分含量共同影响,落叶归还量表现为C>N>K、Ca>Mg>P,成龄显著高于幼龄,各元素增幅分别为16.3%、17.1%、16.7%、27.4%、15.3%和17.7%;(4)幼龄林各元素养分利用效率总体高于成龄林,其中幼龄钾素养分利用效率显著高于成龄(P<0.05);(5)月均温度是影响2019—2020年海南儋州橡胶林落叶格局的主要气候因子。该研究成果可为海南橡胶割胶制度以及养分管理提供技术支撑。     

The invertebrate fauna of grassland and its influence on productivity. III. Effects on soil fertility and plant growth

The effects of grassland invertebrates on organic matter decomposition, soil fertility and plant growth are reviewed. Their role as primary decomposers is limited because of relatively low rates of metabolic and enzymatic activity compared with microorganisms. However, they greatly facilitate decomposition by fragmenting and incorporating litter into the soil and by stimulating microbial activity. Earthworms are the main litter consumers in productive temperate grasslands and termites in the tropics, while the activities of dung beetles, dipterous larvae and earthworms are essential for efficient dung decomposition. Earthworms and microbial-feeding invertebrates facilitate mineralization and release into the soil solution of plant nutrients. Earthworms have a major influence on soil structure through burrowing, soil ingestion and mixing and they significantly increase plant growth.
Herbivorous invertebrates at non-outbreak densities normally consume less than 10% of net primary production in grassland, but consumption bears little relationship to overall effects on productivity. These depend on factors such as the nature of the damage caused and regrowth potential, tolerance for damage and effects on animal production at the time of attack. Sap feeding insects may cause wilting and reduced growth and selective feeding on preferred species can alter botanical composition, while aphid-transmitted virus disease can depress yield. On the positive side, low levels of herbivory can stimulate growth, weed feeding insects may limit the distribution of pasture weeds, while the role of flower-visiting insects can be important in the pollination of legume seed crops. Pest management approaches incorporating biological control, alteration of botanical composition, adjustment of stocking densities and accurately timed insecticidal applications offer prospects for the control of recurring pests such as grass grub and porina in New Zealand.     

石灰对红壤稻田油菜秸秆腐解、养分释放及早稻产量的短期效应

2018年早稻季在典型的酸性红壤双季稻田开展小区试验,探究石灰对红壤稻田油菜秸秆腐解、养分释放及早稻产量的影响。结果表明,施用石灰或油菜秸秆还田均显著提高早稻产量,且二者具有显著的互作效应。施用石灰显著促进了油菜秸秆还田后前中期的腐解和氮素释放,而对磷和钾元素的释放无显著影响。油菜秸秆还田并配施石灰能促进早稻分蘖成穗、地上部养分（氮、磷、钾）吸收及干物质积累,提高总颖花量,从而扩大有效穗数和每穗粒数。可见,在酸性红壤稻田,油菜秸秆还田并配施石灰可加速自身腐解与氮素释放,实现水稻增产。     

东北地区主要土壤类型及其肥力指标与气象因子的相关性

应用SPSS及Excel软件,统计分析东北地区主要土壤类型的分布、利用及其养分指标与气象因子的相关性。结果表明,东北地区的主要土壤类型涵盖暗棕壤、草甸土、黑土、棕壤、白浆土、黑钙土、沼泽土、栗钙土、栗褐土等9个土壤类型。耕地利用率达到60%以上的土壤类型主要有黑土、褐土和黑钙土;草甸土、栗褐土、风沙土、棕壤、栗钙土和白浆土的耕地利用率在30%以上。土壤养分指标与气象因子表现出不同程度的相关性,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷等土壤养分与热量因子表现出极显著的负相关,与降水量呈显著或极显著的正相关。从宏观上分析,黑龙江省土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷等养分指标高于吉林省和辽宁省,年平均温度、≥10℃有效积温和无霜期等热量指标辽宁省高于吉林省和黑龙江省。结合成土过程与气象因子的关系,可以说明在平均气温较高的条件下,土壤有机质分解加快,不利于养分指标的积累,土壤肥力下降。     

Earthworms as ecosystem engineers and the most important detritivors in forest soils

Earthworms are considered as soil engineers because of their effects on soil properties and their influence on the availability of resources for other organisms, including microorganisms and plants. However, the links between their impacts on the soil environment and the resulting modification of natural selection pressures on engineer as well as on other organisms have received little attention. Earthworms are known to have a positive influence on the soil fabric and on the decomposition and mineralization of litter by breaking down organic matter and producing large amounts of fasces, thereby mixing litter with the mineral soil. Therefore, they play an important part in changes from one humus from to another according to forest succession patterns. Consequently, they are also expected to be good bio-indicators for forest site quality and are thus useful when planning forest production improvement. Earthworm's populations are as indicator that in exploited regions is destruction indicator and reclamation plans is nature return indicator. In this study we summarized the current knowledge in relation to earthworm's ecology in forest soils as ecosystem engineers.     

转基因玉米Bt蛋白降解规律及其与土壤动物互作研究

以转Cry11Ac基因玉米及其非转基因对照为试验材料,利用大、中、小不同孔径的凋落物分解袋,研究黑土区转基因玉米外源基因表达Bt蛋白的降解规律及其与土壤动物的互作关系。结果表明,第二年春天大孔径凋落物分解袋内转基因玉米残体Bt蛋白含量为初始含量的25.98%,至8月份Bt蛋白只剩下初始含量的0.35%。分解袋孔径对转基因玉米及其对照玉米凋落物分解率和Bt蛋白降解率均有显著影响,表现为大孔径中孔径小孔径,说明大型和中型土壤动物都可以促进凋落物分解和Bt蛋白的降解。与对照玉米相比,转基因玉米凋落物分解率和凋落物内土壤动物群落结构参数都没有显著差异(P0.05,t-test),说明导入Bt基因对玉米残体分解速率和土壤动物均无显著影响。     

Metal uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as affected by poultry litter application

Poultry litter is commonly applied to pastures as an organic fertilizer. However, poultry litter also typically contains numerous heavy metals that may accumulate in soil and can pose an environmental threat when it is applied to pastures. The objective was to ascertain uptake characteristics of heavy metals by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) from soil with a history of poultry litter additions as affected by subsequent applications of poultry litter. Poultry litter was applied to small plots at rates of 0, 2·2 and 4·5 t dry litter ha^?1. In the 7·5 months following application of litter, cumulative dry‐matter (DM) production of herbage was higher (P < 0·05) in the plots that received poultry litter compared with the control plots where no litter was applied. However, concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se and Zn in herbage were unaffected by the rate of application of poultry litter. All metal tissue concentrations, except for Fe, were affected by sampling date. While tall fescue responds to poultry litter with increased DM production, it does not appear to accumulate excessive quantities of micronutrients associated with the application of poultry litter.     

阳江农场胶园土壤pH值与养分含量相关性分析

研究橡胶园土壤pH的分布状况,掌握pH变化对养分含量的影响,为橡胶园土壤养分高效利用及合理施肥提供理论指导。结果表明阳江农场胶园pH值范围是3.86～5.54,属强酸性土壤,pH值偏低对养分含量产生重要影响。pH值与速效钾呈极显著正相关性、与有机质呈极显著负相关性,与速效磷、全氮相关性不显著。另外,试验区养分含量普遍偏低,速效磷含量和速效钾含量主要在四级和五级水平,属缺乏。全氮和有机质含量主要在三级和四级水平,属中等水平。因此,建议在试验区施用适量的石灰来提高阳江农场胶园土壤的酸碱度,以利于土壤养分的释放。另外,还要重视有机肥的施用,提高土壤肥力,使土壤中各养分间达到动态平衡,以备橡胶树吸收利用。     

我国香蕉园土壤肥力现状的整合分析

了解我国蕉园土壤肥力现状对明确土壤障碍因子,制定有效的消障措施和合理的养分管理方案具有重要指导意义。收集已公开发表有关蕉园土壤肥力的文献数据及结合实地调研测定的数据,建立土壤养分数据库,包括土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌和有效硼含量。参考第二次全国土壤普查养分分级指标,明确我国蕉园土壤养分现状,并分析海南、广东、广西、云南和福建香蕉种植区域土壤养分分布特征。我国蕉园土壤pH平均为5.3、有机质含量平均为14.9 g/kg、碱解氮含量平均为77.3 mg/kg、有效磷含量平均为96.0 mg/kg、速效钾含量平均为227 mg/kg、交换性钙含量平均为1039 mg/kg、交换性镁含量平均为102 mg/kg、有效铁含量平均为169 mg/kg、有效锰含量平均为41.8 mg/kg、有效铜含量平均为2.84 mg/kg、有效锌含量平均为4.82 mg/kg、有效硼含量平均为1.16 mg/kg。86.3%的蕉园土壤有机质处于潜在缺乏及以下水平,97.1%的蕉园土壤碱解氮处于中等以下水平,60.8%的蕉园土壤交换性镁处于潜在缺乏及以下水平,50%以上的蕉园土壤速效磷、有效钾和微量元素含量处于极高水平。不同省份蕉园土壤养分含量及有机质、大中量元素、有效锰和硼处于中等以下水平的蕉园存在差异。我国蕉园土壤综合肥力指数平均为0.71,福建蕉园土壤肥力综合指数为0.78,显著高于其他省份;广东（0.71）和云南（0.69）蕉园土壤综合肥力指数显著高于海南（0.62）和广西（0.61）,不同省份13.3%~37.1%蕉园土壤综合肥力指数在中等以下水平。我国蕉园土壤有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、微量元素（除有效硼外）处于中等偏上水平,土壤pH偏低,有机质、交换性镁和有效硼处于中等或缺乏水平,成为蕉园土壤肥力潜在限制因子。因此,我国香蕉生产中,应重视有机肥、镁肥和硼肥的施用,不同香蕉种植省份要因地制宜,制定有效障碍因子消减措施,提升蕉园土壤肥力,促进香蕉提质增效和产业绿色发展。     

酸橘砧和枳砧沙糖橘果园土壤、叶片、果实养分比较与相关性分析

为了解广东省清远市沙糖橘园土壤养分丰缺状况,分析结果树不同砧穗组合叶片、果实养分丰缺状况,为沙糖橘营养科学管理、果园合理施肥及产业提质增效提供科学依据。采集清远市27个10~15年生枳砧和酸橘砧沙糖橘果园的土壤、叶片及果实,分析土壤、叶片及果实矿质养分含量,分析土壤、叶片及果实养分含量间的相关性。结果表明,清远沙糖橘果园土壤pH整体偏酸性,土壤有机质较丰富,有机质含量适量及以上果园占比70.4%。速效N含量缺乏果园为51.8%,81.5%的果园土壤速效P超量,有效K超量的占比48.1%,多数果园土壤有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Mo含量较适宜,但有效Ca、有效Mg、有效B缺乏占比分别达到81.5%、88.9%、77.8%。枳砧、酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片矿质养分丰缺程度存在差异,枳砧沙糖橘叶片N、B、Ca含量较少缺乏,而酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片3种元素含量存在严重缺乏的现象,2种砧木沙糖橘叶片中Cu、Mg均相对缺乏,Mo含量均严重缺乏。枳砧和酸橘砧沙糖橘果实矿质养分的大量元素中N、K含量高于P,中量元素Mg含量低于Ca含量,微量元素中Fe含量最高。枳砧沙糖橘果实单果重、果形指数、可食率、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、Vc含量等指标均低于酸橘砧。2种砧木的沙糖橘果园土壤矿质养分与叶片矿质养分间,枳砧Mg、Fe分别呈极显著、显著正相关,酸橘砧B、Fe均呈显著负相关,枳砧沙糖橘叶片与果实中Mo含量显著正相关,酸橘砧沙糖橘叶片、果实、土壤三者间Mo含量均为极显著正相关。清远市沙糖橘果园管理应注重改良土壤酸碱度,施用适当配比的N、P、K肥,深施有机肥的同时适量添加或叶面喷施Zn、Mg、B、Ca、Mo,合理控制含Mn农药的使用次数。     

盐分胁迫下喷施γ-氨基丁酸对水稻秧苗生长的影响

为探究喷施γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对不同程度盐分胁迫下水稻秧苗生长的影响，以天津主栽粳稻品种天隆优619为研究对象，在秧苗采用穴盘培育到3叶1心时，分别用0、25、50、75、100 mmol/L NaCl溶液水培，并设置叶面喷施4 mmol/L GABA处理，以叶面喷水作为对照组，调查水稻的生长指标和3种抗氧化酶活性。结果表明，随着盐分胁迫程度的增加，水稻的株高增量、叶面积呈下降趋势，死叶率、根系干鲜比、叶片POD和SOD酶活性呈上升趋势，根系活力和叶片APX酶活性呈先升后降趋势。在相同盐分胁迫下，与不喷施GABA对照相比，喷施GABA处理表现为：株高增量增加1.7%~32.4%，死叶率降低1.6%~23.3%，根干质量减少9.3%~22.0%，根系活力增加1.2%~94.4%，叶片POD、SOD和APX酶活性分别增加5.0%~20.8%、9.8%~17.3%和7.2~64.4%。可见，叶面喷施4 mmol/L GABA能够提高供试水稻的耐盐性，促进同化物优先向地上部分配。     

Changes in mass and chemical composition of grass roots during decomposition

The decomposition of dead roots of perennial grasses was examined in nylon litter bags not containing soil at two soil depths, 10 and 20 cm, and also in larger nylon bags containing soil at 020 cm depth. Bags were sampled three times during the growing season to determine weights of organic matter, crude protein, Klason lignin and non-structural and structural carbohydrates.
From 3 July to 5 October (94 days) the litter bags at 10 and 20 cm and the nylon bags lost, respectively, 35,38 and 65% of their organic mass of particle size < 1 mm.
Non-structural carbohydrates constituted 6% of the organic matter in the original sample but only 1% or less during the sampling period. Klason lignin increased from 22 to 29% and crude protein from 8 to 10% of the remaining organic matter, whereas structural carbohydrates changed very little.
The constituents were degraded at different rates. The non-structural carbohydrates had decomposed almost completely by the first sampling and of the other constituents the structural carbohydrates were degraded most rapidly. Before the first sampling unexpected amounts of structural carbohydrates, particularly glucans, had disappeared.
The results help to explain rapid declines in root mass (up to 50%) during summer in perennial grass leys observed in earlier experiments.     

海南胡椒优势区土壤pH值与养分肥力指标的相关性分析

对海南省胡椒优势区胡椒园土壤分0～20 cm和20～40 cm两层取样,用以研究海南胡椒种植区土壤pH值与养分含量之间的关系。结果表明,海南胡椒优势区土壤pH值在3.76～5.26之间,极强酸土壤占样品总数的54％,强酸土壤占样品总数的46％;约98％胡椒园土壤有机质含量在较低含量区间;碱解氮含量有85％在适宜值范围内;有效磷含量有54％低于适宜值范围;约54％胡椒园缺乏速效钾;交换性钙、镁含量均低于适宜值范围。线性相关性分析结果表明,土壤pH值与速效钾、交换性钙、镁含量有显著正相关关系,与有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量相关性不显著;岭回归分析结果表明,土壤pH值与养分因子的相关性由强到弱为：速效钾>交换性钙>有机质>交换性镁>碱解氮>有效磷。因此,应该适当增施草木灰、石灰和有机肥,以提高胡椒园土壤pH值和培肥土壤。