Antigenic properties and experimental transmission to several fish species of a marine birnavirus isolated from sole (Solea senegalensis).

A cross-neutralization test was used to study the antigenic relationship of an aquabirnavirus isolated from sole (Solea senegalensis), named solevirus, and several infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) strains. Solevirus was antigenically similar to IPNV strain Sp. Transmission of the solevirus to other fish species has been determined by inoculation to freshwater and marine fish species (two salmonids and gilt-head seabream). A higher pathogenicity was obtained for the marine fish species, although solevirus caused an asymptomatic infection in all species tested, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA and of viral antigens in fish leucocytes, respectively, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry (FC).     

Interferon mediated antiviral activity against salmonid fish viruses in BF-2 and other cell lines

Double-stranded RNA and type I interferon-like activity induce an antiviral state in vertebrate cells and in several fish cell lines by increasing the expression of proteins that inhibit virus replication. We compared the protection induced by the polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or poly I:C plus transfection agents against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in BF-2 cells, with that induced in RTG-2, CHSE-214, or SAF cells. In addition, we examined the reduction in the infective titers of these viruses and the correlation with Mx protein expression as IFN marker. Furthermore, the suitability of BF-2 cells for the evaluation and optimization of immune responses in an IPNV-IHNV co-infection was assessed. The results demonstrated strong anti-IPNV and anti-IHNV activity (around 90% of infected cells surviving) in BF-2 cells transfected with poly I:C, in which a loss of 1log(10) or 3log(10) of the IPNV or IHNV infective titers, respectively, was observed. No antiviral activity was evident in the cells incubated with poly I:C alone. The protection recorded in the co-infection experiments was comparable with those of the single infections. The SAF cell line exhibited the lowest antiviral capacity (45%), which was also increased after transfection with poly I:C. In addition, medium from transfected BF-2 provided protection against IPNV (1log(10) loss of infective titer) and IHNV (2log(10) loss of infective titer) in new monolayers, indicating that these cells secreted the factors that induce antiviral activity. A correlation between antiviral activity and Mx protein expression was observed in all the cells. These results indicate that poly I:C transfection could improve IFN-like production in these cell lines. However, the antiviral effectiveness of poly I:C differed between cell lines. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that the BF-2 cell line is a useful model in which to study the role of IFN-induced cytokines in resistance against single or double infections with salmonid fish viruses.     

Polymorphisms and the antiviral property of porcine Mx1 protein

We determined the cDNA sequences of the type I interferon-inducible proteins, pig Mx1 from PK(15) and LLC-PK1 cells, and compared the antiviral activities of both Mx proteins, including Mx1 polymorphisms against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mx1 cDNA derived from PK(15) cells had an 11 bp-deletion in the 3' end of the coding region, and was estimated to encode 8 amino acid substitutions and a 23 amino acid extension compared to that from LLC-PK1 cells. VSV replication was inhibited in the 3T3 cells expressing Mx1 mRNA after the cDNA was transfected. However, the efficiency of this inhibition was not different between the cells expressing Mx1 mRNA from both PK and LLC. These results indicate that pig Mx1 protein confers resistance to VSV.     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea

In human cells, interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is a component of protein complexes involved in homotypic adhesion and the transduction of antiproliferative signals. Here, we reported the cloning of an IFITM1 homologue from the spleen of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (LycIFITM1). The complete cDNA of LycIFITM1 is 734 nucleotides (nt) encoding a protein of 124 amino acids (aa), with a putative molecular weight of 13.6 kDa. The deduced LycIFITM1 protein is significantly homologous to interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) in mammals and fish, and has the typical structural features of IFITMs, including two transmembrane domains (residues 43-63 and 90-112, respectively) and one intracellular domain between them (residues 64-89), as well as one conserved protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site (residues 65-67, SIK). Phylogenetic analysis showed that LycIFITM1 formed a cluster with fish IFITM, reflecting a relative distant evolutionary relationship from mammals. LycIFITM1 gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues examined, such as gills, intestine, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, muscle and blood. Upon induction with poly(I:C), LycIFITM1 gene expression was obviously up-regulated in gills, kidney, heart and spleen at 24h after stimulation, suggesting that LycIFITM1 may be involved in the immune response induced by poly(I:C). Time course analysis using real-time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of LycIFITM1 in spleen and kidney were quickly up-regulated by poly(I:C) and reached the peak at 24h post-induction (48.7- and 280.4-fold mRNA increases in spleen and kidney, respectively). The results suggest that the IFITM1 homologue from large yellow croaker may represent a novel member of IFITMs family in fish.     

Detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in asymptomatic cultured gilt-head seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) using an immunoblot technique

An immunoblot technique for the detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in naturally infected gilt-head seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) has been developed. A specific antiserum against a 60 kDa viral protein has been proven to be an appropriate tool for LCDV diagnosis either from inoculated cell cultures or from fish tissues using the immunoblot assay. The sensitivity of this technique varied between 10(-1) and 10(2) TCID50. LCDV has also been detected in fish tissues from both, diseased and asymptomatic gilt-head seabream. For the asymptomatic fish detection, a viral amplification step in cell culture and a subsequent viral concentration using polyethylene glycol (PEG) (600 wt) are required. On the contrary, immunoblot allowed the detection of LCDV antigens directly from tissue homogenates of diseased fish. The method described in this study shows higher sensitivity than classical detection techniques based on cell culture inoculation.     

体外TLR3配体增强鸭坦布苏病毒灭活苗效果的免疫机制研究

为了阐明TLR3配体对鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)灭活苗的免疫增强作用,以TLR3配体poly(I:C)和灭活DTMUV作用雏鸭外周血单个核细胞(PMBC),通过体外检测TLR3相关信号蛋白和细胞因子转录及表达水平,明确TLR3配体发挥免疫增强作用的主要信号通路.制备雏鸭PMBC,选择TLR3配体poly(I:C)与灭活...     

脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响

为研究脂多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)诱导的抗病毒免疫反应的影响,本研究采用100 TCID₅₀的PRRSV感染猪肺巨噬细胞（porcine alveolar macrophage,PAM）,感染12 h后用100 ng/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理感染细胞,分别培养12、24、36、48 h后收集细胞及上清,同时设PRRSV组、LPS组和PAM细胞组,用河南农业大学兽医微生物研究室已建立的Real-time qPCR方法对LPS+PRRSV组和PRRSV组中PRRSV复制水平及各组PAM细胞中IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平变化进行定量分析。结果显示,LPS+PRRSV组与PRRSV组相比,PRRSV拷贝数12～48 h均较低,IFN-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,TNF-α mRNA转录水平升高,在48 h时转录水平降低。而与LPS组相比,LPS+PRRSV组IFN-α mRNA转录水平在12 h时升高,24、36、48 h均降低。结果表明,PRRSV感染PAM细胞经LPS刺激后,IFN-α、TNF-α mRNA转录水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,从而抑制了PRRSV在PAM细胞内的复制。     

In vitro study of adherence, invasion, and persistence of Streptococcus iniae in fibroblastic-like fish cell line SAF-1

Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen producing invasive infections that result in economic losses in aquaculture. Gentamicin protection assays were used to investigate the ability of different S. iniae strains to invade and adhere to fibroblastic-like fish cell line SAF-1. All strains tested were detected intracellularly using both techniques, with variable internalization degrees between strains. The experiments carried out at 4°C demonstrated that active cell metabolism is necessary for bacterial internalization. Intracellular bacteria were detected for up to 3 d with a round morphology and were stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), indicating that some bacterial cells may remain viable inside SAF-1 cells. Our in vitro findings indicate that S. iniae is capable of adhering, entering, and surviving within fibroblastic cells, which may be important for the persistence and establishment of a carrier state.     

禽呼肠孤病毒感染DF1细胞后干扰素刺激基因在转录水平表达量的动态变化

为了解干扰素（interferon，IFN）和干扰素刺激基因在禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）感染DF1细胞后的表达情况，试验将ARV病毒感染DF1细胞，观察细胞病变，收集感染后0、6、12、24、36、48、72、96 h的细胞样品，抽提反转录成cDNA，通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测干扰素IFN-α和IFN-β及9种禽源常见干扰素刺激基因在感染后不同时间点在转录水平表达量的动态变化规律。结果显示，在ARV感染DF1细胞后，DF1细胞出现典型的细胞病变，感染后12 h病毒开始快速增殖，在36~96 h维持在较高的水平；IFN-α和IFN-β在转录水平的表达量在感染后均表现为显著下调（P<0.05；P<0.01）；IFI6、OAS、IFIT5、ISG12在转录水平表达量变化规律相似，均呈现显著上调表达（P<0.05；P<0.01），在感染后96 h达到峰值；其中IFIT5的上调幅度最大，感染后96 h的表达量是0 h的19.62倍（P<0.01）；而Mx、IFITM3、PKR、Viperin、ZAP的表达量变化规律相似，均表现为显著下调表达（P<0.05；P<0.01），其中Mx、IFITM3、Viperin的下调幅度较大，PKR和ZAP下调幅度很小。说明在ARV感染DF1细胞后，干扰素及多种干扰素刺激基因在转录水平呈现规律性变化，与病毒在DF1细胞中复制存在一定的联系。结果表明，ARV感染后可以诱导多种干扰素刺激基因的表达，这些干扰素刺激基因在抵御ARV病毒的入侵，抑制ARV的复制、释放及病毒的清除中发挥着重要作用。本研究为今后深入研究ARV的致病机理和宿主的抗病毒免疫应答提供了参考。     

PK15细胞α干扰素效应因子qPCR检测方法的建立及其初步应用

 
为建立一种用SYBR Green I荧光染料检测PK 15细胞α干扰素(α IFN)效应因子Mx1、OAS的mRNA表达水平的qPCR检测方法，通过在猪圆环病毒2型（Porcine Circovirus Type 2, PCV2）抑制α IFN发挥效应的信号通路中进行初步应用。根据GenBank中目的基因的序列，利用分子生物学软件Premier 5.0在其保守区设计并合成相应的特异性引物。利用TRIzol法提取总RNA，经Oligo d(T)15进行反转录，利用PCR扩增各段目的基因，并克隆至pMD 18 T载体，转化大肠杆菌DH 5α，经鉴定为阳性的重组质粒作为标准品模板建立SYBR Green I qPCR标准曲线和溶解曲线，并进行灵敏性、特异性和重复性试验。根据建立的实时qPCR方法，检测PCV2对α IFN效应因子的抑制效果。对建立的PK 15细胞α IFN效应因子SYBR Green I qPCR方法进行分析，结果表明Mx1、OAS和内参β actin基因的Ct值与标准品稀释度在1×101～1×108 copies/μL的范围分别呈良好的线性关系。PK 15细胞在接种PCV2，并受到α IFN刺激后Mx1、OAS的相对表达量较未接种PCV2明显降低。本试验建立了PK 15细胞α IFN效应因子的qPCR检测方法，为在mRNA水平上对PK 15细胞α IFN效应因子的定量分析奠定了基础，并成功地初步应用于PCV2抑制α IFN发挥效应的信号通路研究中。     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a CXC chemokine gene from large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea

In the present study, we report the cloning of a CXCL12 chemokine gene homologue from the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (LycCXCL12). The complete cDNA of LycCXCL12 is 678 nucleotides (nt) encoding a protein of 97 amino acids (aa), with a putative molecular weight of 11.1 kDa. The deduced LycCXCL12 contains a 22-aa signal peptide and a 75-aa mature polypeptide, which possesses the typical arrangement of four cysteines as found in other known CXC chemokines. It shares 57-68% and 32-36% aa sequence identities to known CXCL12 chemokines in fish species and other vertebrates, respectively. The LycCXCL12 gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined although at different levels. Upon induction with poly(I:C) or inactivated trivalent bacterial vaccine, LycCXCL12 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in gills, liver, kidney, spleen and blood at 24 h after stimulation. Time course analysis using real-time PCR showed that LycCXCL12 gene expression reached peak level in spleen and kidney at 12 h or in gills at 24 h post-induction by poly(I:C), while its expression increased to the highest level in kidney at 24h or in gills and spleen at 48 h post-induction by bacterial vaccine, indicating that LycCXCL12 gene expression was differentially regulated by poly(I:C) and bacterial vaccine.     

Immunoregulation of fish nonspecific cytotoxic cell activity by retinolacetate but not poly I:CImmunomodulation de l'activité cytotoxique non spécifique de cellules de poisson par le rétinolacétate mais non par le poly I:C

Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from fish (Ictalurus punctatus) were treated with different concentrations of retinolacetate and poly I:C. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted. Retinolacetate significantly increased NCC activity against chromium-51 labeled human B-cell lymphoma target cells (NC-37). Preincubation (treatment prior to adding the labeled target cells) of NCC for 4 to 8 h in 10^?3 to 10^?12 M concentration of retinolacetate produced significant increases in NCC activity compared to treatment during the killing assay only. Similar experiments with different concentrations of poly I:C had no NCC augmenting effects when tested by adding poly I:C either during preincubation periods or during the cytotoxicity assay. Retinolacetate probably produces positive modulation of cytotoxicity by increasing the killing effectiveness of individual NCC, rather than recruiting larger numbers of cytolytic cells. In vivo studies were also conducted by injecting catfish (i.p.) with 1 ×, 3 × and 5 × the daily recommended vitamin A dosages and determining NCC activity after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment. The 1 × dose significantly increased NCC activity at 72 h. This increase was not transient because NCC activity after 33–37 days' treatment was significantly higher than controls in the 1 ×, 2 × and 3 × groups. Intraperitoneal injections of fish with poly I:C produced no significant increases in NCC activity at 24 or 72 h post-inoculation.     

Role of nitric oxide on the replication of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus

In the present work, we have studied the role of nitric oxide (NO) on the replication of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a virus which produces high mortalities in fish aquaculture worldwide and that is known to replicate in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) head kidney macrophages. Viral infection of turbot kidney macrophages in vitro induced an up-regulation of NO production and we have tested whether this endogenous NO production induced by VHSV on macrophages had an antiviral effect using the NO synthase inhibitor, N-omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME). When L-NAME was added to the VHSV-infected cultures, no increase on VHSV titer was observed, even though the inhibitor was capable of decreasing NO production. When exogenous NO was apported by the nitric oxide donor, glycerin trinitrate (GTN) an antiviral effect on VHSV was observed. The NO donor significantly inhibited VHSV replication on a turbot fibroblast cell line (TV-1) and on turbot kidney macrophages.     

Antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction by probiotic cytoplasmic extracts in fish cell lines

Probiotic bacteria are known to exert a wide range of beneficial effects on their animal hosts. Control of intestinal homeostasis, inflammation suppression and a reduction in the incidence of cancer all rely on the antiproliferative potential of probiotics. In this paper, we assess the antiproliferative activity of probiotics in two teleost fish cell lines SAF-1, a fibroblast cell line and EPC, an epithelioma from carp. Cells were grown in the presence of cytoplasmic extracts obtained from two bacterial strains, Lactobacillus delbrüeckii subsp. lactis (LDL) and 51M6. Proliferation and apoptosis were measured after 4, 24, 48 or 72h in culture by the crystal violet or by double staining flow cytometry assays, respectively. Generally, LDL had stronger effects on cell growth than 51M6. Moreover, SAF-1 cells were more susceptible to growth inhibition than EPC cells. Apoptosis took place following growth inhibition, especially when LDL extracts were used. The results are discussed in terms of the biological significance of probiotic bacteria that naturally occur on the fish mucosal surfaces with an emphasis on how dose and species specificity may be determinant factors.     

猪Mx1基因真核表达载体的构建、鉴定及其表达

为获得转Mx1基因的阳性陆川猪成纤维细胞,本研究以干扰素诱导猪成纤维细胞Mx1基因表达,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR获得编码猪Mx1蛋白的cDNA;以pMSCV-IRES-GFP为骨架构建猪Mx1基因表达载体pMSCV-IRES-GFP-Mx1,并利用脂质体2000介导重组质粒转染陆川猪胎儿成纤维细胞,通过荧光观察和PCR检测分析结果表明Mx1蛋白基因整合进入陆川猪胎儿成纤维细胞。     

In Vitro Study of Adherence,Invasion, and Persistence of Streptococcus iniae in Fibroblastic-Like Fish Cell Line SAF-1

Abstract

Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen producing invasive infections that result in economic losses in aquaculture. Gentamicin protection assays were used to investigate the ability of different S. iniae strains to invade and adhere to fibroblastic-like fish cell line SAF-1. All strains tested were detected intracellularly using both techniques, with variable internalization degrees between strains. The experiments carried out at 4°C demonstrated that active cell metabolism is necessary for bacterial internalization. Intracellular bacteria were detected for up to 3 d with a round morphology and were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), indicating that some bacterial cells may remain viable inside SAF-1 cells. Our in vitro findings indicate that S. iniae is capable of adhering, entering, and surviving within fibroblastic cells, which may be important for the persistence and establishment of a carrier state.

Received July 8, 2011; accepted February 12, 2012     

从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中相关基因的表达研究

试验旨在探讨从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中相关基因的表达。采集3日龄从江香猪背最长肌,采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离肌内前体脂肪细胞,进行原代和传代培养,并对其进行形态学观察。诱导培养后,利用油红O染色法对其进行鉴定。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测细胞诱导分化0、24、48、72和144 h时脂肪相关基因丙酮酸脱氢酶激4（PDK4）、成纤维细胞生长因子10（FGF10）、脂联素（ADIPOQ）、脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）、脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α（C/EBPα）、脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白4（FABP4）、蛋白激酶B（AKT2）的表达,选择诱导0 h作为对照组。结果显示,分离的肌内前体脂肪细胞5 h开始贴壁,贴壁的细胞呈圆形,胞体透明,经传代后,细胞形态均一,经诱导培养后,油红染色呈红色。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,PDK4、ADIPOQ、C/EBPα、FAS、FABP4和AKT2基因mRNA表达水平在诱导48 h时均呈现较高表达,极显著高于其余各阶段（P<0.01）;FGF10基因mRNA表达水平在诱导24和48 h时均较高;LPL基因mRNA表达水平在诱导72 h时极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,之后明显下降;PDK4、ADIPOQ和FGF10基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;C/EBPα基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;FAS基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;AKT2和LPL基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。本试验成功培养了从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞,并检测了不同诱导阶段脂肪相关基因的表达情况,为进一步研究从江香猪脂肪代谢和沉积提供参考依据。