基于SSR分子标记对蒙古韭遗传多样性的研究

蒙古韭不仅是荒漠草原上较好的饲草之一,而且其特殊气味和丰富的营养也可以作为野生蔬菜开发利用。为了能够保护且合理利用这一资源,试验采用SSR分子标记法,对来自内蒙古自治区和甘肃省的8个地理居群蒙古韭材料进行遗传多样性分析。研究结果表明:通过SSR分子标记共检测出112条多态性位点,每个SSR位点的多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.3228,变幅在0.20840~0.4076之间。种间Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)变幅为0.1588~0.3956,Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)介于0.2637~0.5790之间;8个居群种内Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)变幅为0.0926~0.1743,Shannon信息指数(I)在0.1394~0.2657之间,体现出较为丰富的遗传多样性,且种内遗传多样性水平差异较大。遗传基因分化系数(Gst)平均为0.5532,说明种群间存在丰富的遗传变异。UPGMA聚类分析法将8个居群分为2个大类群,综合地理分布及距离分析得出遗传距离与地理生境有关,特别是与年均温和纬度关系比较明显。其研究结果可为蒙古韭引种驯化及遗传育种提供依据。     

Effects of feeding cull domestic onions (Allium cepa) to sheep.

Twenty crossbred Panama yearling ewes were used to determine the effects of feeding cull onions (Allium cepa) to sheep. Ten test ewes were fed onions free choice with supplemntal alfalfa hay and grain, whereas ten control ewes were fed only alfalfa hay and grain. Anemia developed within 3 weeks in the test ewes, but was not seen in the controls. All ewes remained clinically normal during the study. Onions were fed for about 130 days. Recovery of the erythrocyte system began before the end of the feeding period. Even though onions were fed during most of the gestation period, the numbers of lambs born in the test and control groups were essentially the same.     

沙葱黄酮对肉羊外周血淋巴细胞转化率和凋亡率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加沙葱黄酮对肉羊外周血淋巴细胞转化率和凋亡率的影响。选用60只6月龄左右、体重(39.9±3.2)kg的小尾寒羊为试验动物,按照出生月龄和体重相近的原则,随机分为4组,每组15只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加11、22、33 mg/kg的沙葱总黄酮。预试期为15 d,正试期为60 d。正试期第60天空腹颈静脉采血,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定肉羊外周血淋巴细胞转化率,采用流式细胞仪测定细胞周期、细胞凋亡率。结果表明:1)饲粮添加11、22、33 mg/kg沙葱黄酮可提高肉羊外周血淋巴细胞转化率,其中33 mg/kg组显著高于对照组(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加33 mg/kg沙葱黄酮能够显著提高S期和G2/M期细胞比例(P0.05);3)与对照组和11 mg/kg组相比,22和33 mg/kg组外周血淋巴细胞凋亡率显著提高(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加11~33 mg/kg沙葱黄酮可促进肉羊外周血淋巴细胞转化,并使细胞向DNA合成期转化,促进细胞分裂,对细胞凋亡有显著促进作用,以添加33 mg/kg沙葱黄酮的效果最佳。     

沙葱总黄酮对肉羊抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加沙葱总黄酮对肉羊体内总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以阐明沙葱总黄酮对肉羊的抗氧化作用,并确定沙葱总黄酮在肉羊饲粮中的最适添加量。试验选用60只6月龄左右、体重(39.9±3.2)kg的小尾寒羊为试验动物,按照出生月龄和体重相近的原则,随机分为4组,每组15只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加11、22、33 mg/kg的沙葱总黄酮。预试期为15 d,正试期为60 d,试验期第0、15、30、45、60天时空腹颈静脉采血,分离血清,试验期结束后每组分别随机选取3只羊,进行屠宰,取肝脏和脾脏样品,分别测定血清及组织抗氧化指标。结果发现:1)饲粮添加11~33 mg/kg沙葱总黄酮可显著提高血清(第45天开始)及肝脏T-AOC(P0.05),而对脾脏T-AOC无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加11~33 mg/kg沙葱总黄酮对血清、肝脏及脾脏T-SOD活力,血清CAT活力,血清、脾脏GSH-PX活力有一定的提高,其中33 mg/kg沙葱总黄酮的作用最强,血清中第30天后效果明显;而对肝脏、脾脏CAT活力,肝脏GSH-PX活力均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加11~33 mg/kg沙葱总黄酮可降低血清、肝脏MDA含量,血清MDA含量第15天后效果明显,对脾脏MDA含量无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮添加11~33 mg/kg沙葱总黄酮可显著提高肉羊体内抗氧化指标,并其效果具有时间和剂量依赖性,饲喂30 d后沙葱总黄酮开始发挥其体内抗氧化能力。     

Methemoglobinemia and eccentrocytosis in equine erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide deficiency

This report describes erythrocyte biochemical findings in an adult Spanish mustang mare that exhibited persistent methemoglobinemia, eccentrocytosis, and pyknocytosis that were not related to the consumption or administration of an exogenous oxidant. The methemoglobinemia was attributed to a deficiency in cytochrome-b5 reductase (Cb5R) activity, and the eccentrocytes and pyknocytes were attributed to a marked deficiency in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent glutathione reductase (GR) activity that resulted in decreased reduced glutathione concentration within erythrocytes. The GR activity increased to a near-normal value after addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to the enzyme assay, indicating a deficiency of FAD in erythrocytes. The methemoglobinemia, eccentrocytosis, and pyknocytosis were attributed to deficiency of FAD in erythrocytes because the GR and Cb5R enzymes use FAD as a cofactor. This deficiency in FAD results from a defect in erythrocyte riboflavin metabolism, which has not been documented previously in animals.     

沙葱多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的激活作用

本试验旨在研究沙葱多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的激活作用。采用不同浓度的沙葱多糖培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,测定巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、能量代谢水平I、L-6的含量。结果表明,沙葱多糖能够增强巨噬细胞吞噬能力,提高能量代谢水平,促进IL-6的分泌。除在沙葱多糖对IL-6分泌影响的试验中,沙葱多糖浓度为400μg/mL时与空白对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其余测定指标中,试验组各个浓度均显著高于空白对照组(P0.05)。由试验结果可知,沙葱多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞具有激活作用。     

沙葱挥发油提取工艺的研究

文章对沙葱挥发油的提取工艺进行了研究,以沙葱粉为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法,在单因素试验结果与分析的基础上,以挥发油得率为指标,以浸泡时间(A)、料液比(B)、超声波处理时间(C)、蒸馏时间(D)为因素进行L9(34)正交试验,研究确定了提取沙葱挥发油的最佳工艺。试验结果表明,各因素影响沙葱挥发油提取率的程度由大到小的顺序为超声波处理时间>料液比=蒸馏时间>浸泡时间;最佳组合为A1B3C3D3,即浸泡时间1.5 h、料液比1:11、超声波处理时间20 min、蒸馏时间3.5 h。在此最佳工艺条件下提取率为0.46%。通过验证试验表明,所选的最佳提取工艺稳定、可行。     

沙葱在养羊生产中的应用前景

研究安全、高效的饲料添加剂以提高畜禽产品品质、降低残留、减少或禁用抗生素是畜禽生产的发展趋势。沙葱作为一种安全、高效的饲料添加剂,既有利于动物本身的生长,又能改善动物肌体品质,还不会影响生态环境和人类的健康。以沙葱作为天然饲料添加剂在养羊业中应用的研究,为开发新型的饲料添加剂提供了依据。     

内蒙古草原几种葱属植物AM菌根侵染特性的初步研究

对内蒙古中西部草原不同生境中野生葱属植物的AM菌根侵染状况进行了调查研究。结果显示:这些野生葱属植物均被AMF侵染,多数种类侵染率较高;不同种葱属植物侵染率有差异。在不同地理环境和土壤条件下,同种葱类植物菌根侵染状况也有明显的差异。野生的葱类植物具有疆南星型(Arum type)菌根。在室内用相同的葱属植物种所进行的接种试验,所有试验植物种均被AMF侵染并形成相同的Arum菌根结构类型。     

A retrospective study of 60 cases of eccentrocytosis in the dog

BACKGROUND: Eccentrocytes are RBCs that appear in a peripheral blood smear to have their hemoglobin shifted to one side of the cell. This abnormality, which is confined to the RBC membrane and cytoskeleton, is induced by oxidative damage. Eccentrocytes have been reported rarely in dogs and are associated with onion and garlic ingestion and the administration of oxidant drugs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the occurrence and severity of eccentrocytosis in dogs and the diseases or disorders associated with eccentrocytes. METHODS: Detailed history, and results of physical examination, CBC, biochemical and coagulation profiles, and urinalysis from all canine patients admitted during a 2.5-year period were evaluated. Eccentrocytes, when observed, were graded 1+ (few) to 4+ (many). The severity of eccentrocytosis was compared with that of anemia and reticulocytosis. RESULTS: Eccentrocytes were found in blood smears from 60 of 4251 dogs (1.4%) and were associated with mild to moderate anemia in 40 (66.6%) of the cases. Eccentrocytosis was found in 16 (26.6%) dogs with drug administration, 11 (18.3%) with presumptive onion and garlic ingestion, 8 (13.3%) with vitamin K antagonist intoxication, 7 (11.6%) with ketoacidotic diabetes, 5 (8.3%) with T-cell lymphoma, 4 (6.6%) with severe infections, 1 (1.6%) with compensated diabetes mellitus, and 8 (13.3%) with other conditions. Certain dog breeds, such as Whippet, Boxer, and English Setter, and young dogs seemed to be overrepresented. CONCLUSIONS: We describe, for the first time, associations between eccentrocytes and diabetes mellitus, T-cell lymphoma and vitamin K antagonist intoxication in dogs. The significance of eccentrocytes should not be underestimated, because they can be a signal of an oxidative process.     

沙葱、油料籽实对绵羊外周血单核细胞和T淋巴细胞的影响

研究选用28只内蒙古羯羊,依照体重相近的原则随机分为4组,分别为对照组、4%沙葱组(占精料干物质的比例,以下相同)、4%沙葱+油料籽实(8%胡麻籽+2%麻籽+2%葵花籽)组、油料籽实(8%胡麻籽+2%麻籽+2%葵花籽)组,在试验期45d内采4次血,研究以上4个处理对绵羊血液细胞免疫、非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果表明:试验组单核细胞、CD2+和CD4+T淋巴细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组CD8+T淋巴细胞数高于试验组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。从结果来看,沙葱和油料籽实显著提高了绵羊机体的非特异性免疫和细胞免疫机能,为以后开发舍饲肉羊新型的免疫添加剂以及进一步研究沙葱影响免疫机能的机理提供了理论依据。     

新疆高葶韭雄蕊开花动态特征与花粉育性研究

为进一步研究国内仅分布于新疆的高葶韭（Allium obliquum）花粉发育、传粉生物学以及为高葶韭人工有性繁殖提供理论依据和试验方法,定株观察了花期高葶韭雄蕊的开花进程以及形态变化特征,并采用6种方法测定了高葶韭花粉育性。结果显示,高葶韭单花开放经过5个形态变化至花药脱落和花被片完全闭合。高葶韭内轮花丝先于外轮花丝伸长,内轮花药先伸出花被片,随后外轮花药陆续伸出花被片。雄蕊开放至6枚花药全部脱落4～5 d。单枚花药从散粉到完全散粉一般需要1.5～2.0 h。散粉后高葶韭花粉活力（萌发率） 0～10 h内超过50%。0.5%氯化三苯基四氮唑、四甲基偶氮唑、联苯胺和离体萌发法可以用来检验高葶韭花粉活力和花粉萌发率,而醋酸洋红和碘 碘化钾不适合高葶韭花粉育性的测定。高葶韭具有雌雄异熟、雄蕊先熟于雌蕊的花部特征,花粉可育且寿命短。     

3种野生葱属植物花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

采用TTC法、孢粉染色法及联苯胺—过氧化氢法,从花粉活力、花粉可育性及柱头可授性方面研究了蒙古韭Alliummongolicum、碱韭A.polyrhizum和细叶韭A.tenuissi mum3种野生葱属植物的传粉生物学特征。结果表明:3种野生葱属植物的花粉活力和可育率均较高,分别为蒙古韭73.40%±2.94%,79.44%±2.83%;碱韭71.23%±4.39%,84.32%±1.63%;细叶韭80.62%±4.11%,70.93%±4.86%。三者花粉活力下降快,花粉寿命约为8 h,最佳传粉期为开花后3~4 h。三者的柱头均具较高的可授性,可授性持续5 d左右,最佳授粉期为2 d左右。     

Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical implications of erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in dogs, cats, and horses

Deficiencies of enzymes involved in erythrocyte metabolism can have significant effects on erythrocyte function and survival. Animals with pyruvate kinase (PK) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiencies have shortened erythrocyte life spans and regenerative anemia. PK-deficient dogs (but not PK-deficient cats) develop progressive myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis of bone marrow and hemochromatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. PFK-deficient dogs have sporadic episodes of hyperventilation-induced intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cb5R) deficiency in dogs and cats results in persistent methemoglobinemia and cyanotic mucous membranes. Severe deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-controlling enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulted in anemia with eccentrocytosis in an American saddlebred colt. Horses with erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) deficiency have both eccentrocytosis (attributable to severe deficiency in glutathione reductase activity) and methemoglobinemia (attributable to Cb5R deficiency); the dual enzyme deficiency occurs because FAD is a required cofactor for both enzymes. Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies do not usually shorten life expectancy, except for PK-deficient dogs and potentially PFK-deficient dogs during a hemolytic crisis. Although enzyme deficiencies are rare causes of anemia and methemoglobinemia, the ability to diagnose deficient animals allows for the possibility of eliminating these undesirable traits in future breeding. DNA-based assays are available for PK and PFK deficiencies; whereas, biochemical tests of enzyme activity are required for other deficiencies. Continued research is needed to document additional enzyme deficiencies that likely occur and to develop additional DNA-based assays to detect heterozygous animals.     

沙葱乙醇提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验选择120只1日龄罗斯308商品肉鸡随机分为4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分为AWEⅠ组、AWEⅡ组和AWEⅢ组,分别在基础日粮中添加100、300和500 mg/kg沙葱乙醇提取物(AWE),研究其对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,沙葱乙醇提取物对肉仔鸡生产性能无显著影响(P0.05),但有促进日增重、提高采食量及降低料肉比等指标的趋势。     

模拟氮沉降对克氏针茅和碱韭种间竞争的影响

以克氏针茅和碱韭为研究对象,分析单播和混播种植方式下,氮沉降对两种植物地上生物量、地下生物量的影响,比较两种植物的竞争能力。结果表明:单播时,克氏针茅的株高随着施氮浓度的增加而上升且在施氮20 g/(m^2·yr)时显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),碱韭的株高在施氮20 g/(m^2·yr)时显著低于其他处理(P<0.05)。氮素对克氏针茅种群和碱韭种群都具有显著的调节效应,随着氮素梯度的增加,克氏针茅与碱韭的地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量均有增加的趋势。克氏针茅对氮素添加的响应相比碱韭更明显,在单播时,克氏针茅在施氮10 g/(m^2·yr)时地上、地下及总生物量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),混播时,克氏针茅在施氮20 g/(m^2·yr)时地上、地下及总生物量最大;在模拟氮沉降的过程中,克氏针茅与碱韭的种内竞争大于种间竞争,说明氮沉降对两者之间的竞争关系影响较小。     

Effect of feeding green onions (Allium ascalonicum) to White Chinese geese (Threskiornis spinicollis).

Sudden increase in mortality was observed in 2 different flocks of mature breeder geese fed green onions. At necropsy, birds had pale epicardium with random petechiation, sanguinous fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, and mild swelling of the liver and spleen. Histologically, there was accumulation of hemosiderin in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells of the liver, macrophages, and renal tubules. There was also moderate to severe hepatic necrosis, vacuolation of hepatocytes, splenitis, and renal tubular nephrosis. To assess the effects of green onion ingestion, 2 feeding trials were carried out in 3 mature White Chinese geese. In the first trial, onions were thoroughly mixed with pellet maintenance ration. In the second trial, onions were offered in a separate trough from the pelleted diet. During the 21 days of experiments, the red blood cell count and hematocrit decreased, whereas the polychromasia and reticulocyte estimate increased. The blood changes were more marked in birds from the second feeding trial. Gross and histologic changes were similar in both trials. Mild swelling and severe darkening of the liver were the only significant findings at necropsy. Histologically, the liver looked similar to that seen from the field outbreak. The liver contained moderate amounts of hemosiderin in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, and had centrolobular necrosis and vacuolation of hepatocytes. This experimental study demonstrated that anemia and liver pathology could be caused by ingestion of onions. Furthermore, Heinz bodies are not a consistent finding in the blood of geese fed onions.     

刈割次数对沙葱生长发育特性及根部贮藏物质积累的影响

以沙葱(Allium mongolicum Regel)为试材,通过研究人工播种后刈割次数对其生长发育特性及根部贮藏物质积累及产量的影响,为沙葱适宜刈割次数及适宜刈割时期的确定提供理论依据及实践指导。结果表明:随着刈割次数的增加,沙葱叶鲜重、干重及根鲜重、干重呈降低趋势(P<0.05);其地下部根长、根数、分蘖数及鳞茎直径也有不同程度的降低趋势(P<0.05);但根系中蛋白质呈增加趋势(P<0.01),可溶性糖含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,淀粉含量则先降低后逐渐升高;刈割1次的第2年抽薹率和抽薹数显著高于其他处理(P<0.01),但与对照差异不显著。沙葱当年和第2年的总产量均以年内刈割3次(处理Ⅲ)最大,分别为3192 kg·hm^-2和22266 kg·hm^-2,各处理单茬产量则随刈割次数的增加而降低。     

Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro

Crude ethanolic extracts of Piper betle leaves (Piperaceae), Alpinia galanga rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) and Allium ascalonicum bulbs (Liliaceae) were tested against selected zoonotic dermatophytes (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophyte) and the yeast-like Candida albicans. A broth dilution method was employed to determine the inhibitory effect of the extracts and compared to those of ketoconazole and griseofulvin. All extracts suppressed the growth of the fungi in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the extracts tested, P. betle exhibited more effective antifungal properties with average IC(50) values ranging from 110.44 to 119.00 microg/ml. Subsequently, 10% Piper betle (Pb) cream was formulated, subjected to physical and microbial limit test and evaluated for antifungal effect. The disc diffusion assay revealed comparable zones of inhibition between discs of Pb cream containing 80 microg P. betle extract and 80 microg ketoconazole against tested fungi at 96 h after incubation. Thereafter, the inhibitory effect of Pb cream markedly decreased and completely lost effectiveness by day 7. In summary, the results supported the traditional wisdom of herbal remedy use and suggested a potential value-addition to agricultural products. It was suggested that the Pb cream has potential therapeutic value for treatment of dermatophytosis. However, clinical testing as well as improving the Pb cream formulation with greater efficacy and duration of action would be of interest and awaits further investigation.     

In vitro investigation of the toxic effects of extracts of Allium sativum bulbs on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus

The toxic effects of the extracts of Allium sativum (Garlic) were evaluated against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus using three types (Types A, B and C) of contact toxicity bioassays. A. sativum bulbs were extracted with acetone, ethanol and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. Among these three solvents, it is the DCM extract of A. sativum that appears to have anti-tick activity. In the Type A contact toxicity bioassay, DCM extracts of A. sativum demonstrated a high acaricidal bioactivity against H. m. rufipes with 100% of ticks killed in less than an hour, and toxicity persisted to the second day. A weak acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of A. sativum was observed in the Type B contact toxicity bioassay. In the Type C contact toxicity bioassay, a concentration of 24% w/v of DCM extracts of garlic in sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) had killed 100% of H. m. rufipes (LC50 = 5.9% w/v) and R. pulchellus (LC50 = 10.3% w/v) by 24 hours post-treatment of ticks. The results obtained from this study suggest that DCM extract of A. sativum is a potential source of novel acaricidal agents.