温度对亚种间杂种花粉育性的影响

以17个不同类型的籼、粳、爪哇型品种及其杂种为材料,通过分期播种,研究了温度变化对花粉育性的影响。结果表明,当花粉母细胞减数分裂期的日平均气温低于22~23℃时,亚种间杂种的花粉育性显著降低,不同组合花粉育性存在明显差异,而品种间杂种和常规品种的花粉育性受影响较小;当花粉母细胞减数分裂期的日平均气温低于20℃时,常规品种和品种间杂种的花粉发育也受到不同程度的影响,不同品种与组合间存在差异。花粉母细胞减数分裂期的日平均温度与花粉育性的相关性分析表明,温度与花粉育性呈显著正相关,亚种间杂种与常规品种的相关系数存在极显著差异。说明减数分裂期的花粉育性受温度影响,温度对亚种间杂种花粉育性的影响较常规品种大。关键词     

Correlation and Regressive Model Between Spikelet Fertilized Rate and Temperature in Inter-Subspecific Hybrid Rice

To study the sensitivity of inter-subspecific hybrid rice to climatic conditions, the spikelet fertilized rate (SFR) of four types of rice including indica-japonica hybrid, intermediate hybrid, indica and japonica were analyzed during 2000-2004. The inter-subspecific hybrids showed lower SFR, and much higher fluctuation under various climatic conditions than indica and japonica rice, showing the inter-subspecific hybrids were sensitive to ecological conditions. Among 12 climatic factors, the key factor affecting rice SFR was temperature, with the most significant factor being the average temperature of the seven days around panicle flowering (T7). A regressive equation of SFR-temperature by T7, and a comprehensive synthetic model by four important temperature indices were put forward. The optimum temperature for inter-subspecific hybrids was estimated to be 26.1-26.6℃, and lower limit of safe temperature to be 22.5-23.3℃ for panicle flowering, showing higher by averagely 0.5℃ and 1.7℃, respectively, to be compared with indica and japonica rice. This suggested that inter-subspecific hybrids require proper climatic conditions. During panicle flowering, the suitable daily average temperature was 23.3-29.0℃, with the fittest one at 26.1-26.6℃. For an application example, optimum heading season for inter-subspecific hybrids in key rice growing areas in China was as same as common pure lines, while inferior limit for safe date of heading was about a ten-day period earlier than those of common pure lines.     

水稻亚种间杂种后代Pgi-1同工酶的异常分离

 采用籼稻品种与粳稻品种或偏粳型广亲和性品种的杂交后代F₂集团8个，分析了位于第3染色体上的Pgi-1同工酶的分离情况。其中4个F₂集团表现为显著或极显著偏离正常的孟德尔分离比例，带粳稻标记基因Pgi-1的配子明显减少，只占总受精配子的41.4%±2.8%。而另4个F₂集团则保持正常分离比例。分析结果表明， Pgi-1的异常分离与雌性育性无关，也不是由于花粉形态性败育而致，在第3染色体Pgi-1附近，存在一个独立于ga-2和ga-3的新的配子体基因，控制花粉的受精竞争。在该配子体基因位点上，一些粳稻品种或偏粳型广亲和性品种具有的等位基因可以消除籼粳交后代中由于受精竞争而导致的粳配子败育。     

两系杂交稻杂种低温下育性稳定性的初步研究

考察了水稻常规品种及两系杂交稻在低温影响后的花粉育性变化。结果表明：ａ）低温是影响水稻常规品种育性稳定性的重要生态,且受低温影响后不同品种表现出育性稳定性的明显差异;ｂ）在常温下杂种Ｆ１均能基本恢复正常可育,但在低温下Ｆ１的花粉育性都有所下降,且下降幅度在组合间差异明显;ｃ）Ｆ１的育性的稳定性与父本对低温的敏感程度有关;ｄ）母本对Ｆ１的育性稳定性也有重要影响。     

Breeding lines with neutral genes to improve fertility of intersubspecific hybrid rice

Since the sterility neutral allele S5n has been incorporated into indica or japonica varieties, many intersubspecific hybrids have been released commercially. These hybrids showed high heterosis, but some of them exhibited unstable seed setting rate under low temperature.When the hybrids flowered at low temperature, the fertility of female gamete was normal but the pollen showed sterile. To improve the stability of fertility, the effect of pollen sterility neutral gene was studied for intersubspecific hybrids.     

利用微卫星标记分析浙江省近年来主要水稻品种的遗传多样性

 利用12个DNA微卫星标记分析了浙江省近年来主要的44个常规水稻品种和54个杂交水稻组合,共检测到等位基因68个,每个标记2~10个;带型数共127种,每个标记3~18种;平均多态性频率0.752,变幅为0.567~0905。常规品种和杂交组合均表现为亚种间遗传差异明显、亚种内遗传差异较小,籼型遗传多样性高于粳型。平均遗传相似系数,常规品种籼型为0.672,粳型为0.711,籼粳间为0.103,杂交组合籼型为0.636,粳型为0.669,籼粳间为0.343。聚类分析显示,以遗传相似系数0.618为阈值将常规品种分成6类,以0.601为阈值将杂交组合分成7类,且多数同类型品种或组合聚为同一类。     

中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合产量优势形成及其形态生理特征

以中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合甬优2640、甬优1640为材料,常规粳稻镇稻11、武运粳30和杂交籼稻丰两优香1号、新两优6380为对照,比较各类型品种在干物质积累、穗部特征、叶片形态及茎秆特性上的差异。结果表明,甬优籼粳杂交稻两年平均产量为11.3 t/hm~2(11.1、11.4 t/hm~2),较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高6.6%和13.0%;产量构成上,甬优籼粳杂交稻的每穗粒数和群体颖花量显著高于对照,有效穗数、结实率和千粒重低于对照;甬优籼粳杂交稻抽穗期、成熟期的干物质量及抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量依次为13.4 t/hm2、21.6 t/hm~2、6.9 t/hm~2,均显著高于对照;穗部特征上,甬优籼粳杂交稻的单穗质量和着粒密度高于对照,穗长略低于杂交籼稻,近80%的籽粒集中于中上部,而常规粳稻75%的籽粒集中于中下部,杂交籼稻籽粒分布相对匀称;甬优籼粳杂交稻上3叶的叶宽和卷曲率高于对照,叶长和叶基角处于对照之间(以杂交籼稻最大),披垂度最低,上部1、3叶差异显著;株高、穗高、秆长及穗下节间占秆长的比例以杂交籼稻甬优籼粳杂交稻常规粳稻;成熟期单茎茎干质量、单茎鞘干质量及基部节间单位长度干质量以甬优籼粳杂交稻最高。中熟类型甬优籼粳杂交稻组合产量优势特征为足穗基础上,主攻大穗,并保持较高的结实率和千粒重;形态生理特征表现为籽粒集中于中上部,上3叶大小适宜,叶片内卷且直立,株高及穗下节间占秆长的比例适中,成熟期茎秆充实度好。     

甬优系列杂交水稻SSR标记指纹图谱和籼粳属性

用22个SSR分子标记对13份甬优系列杂交水稻组合及其亲本材料和6份籼粳对照种进行分析,共获得87个等位基因,每对引物扩增的等位基因数为2~8个。所有供试材料间均检测到了差异,从而建立起甬优1号~甬优6号杂交水稻组合及其亲本的DNA指纹图谱。聚类分析结果表明,9份供试材料与3份粳稻对照种聚于一类,属粳稻;4份供试材料与籼稻对照种IR36聚于一类,属籼稻。这与形态分类结果基本一致。从分子水平确认了杂交水稻甬优6号和甬优4号为籼粳亚种间杂交稻。     

高温和肥水调控对川东南杂交水稻结实率的影响

以5个杂交中稻组合为材料,在智能人工气候室条件下,研究了极端高温对杂交中稻结实率的影响与肥水调控效果。结果表明,孕穗期和抽穗期日均温33℃以上对结实率的影响显著,38℃以上时结实率急剧下降,抽穗期遇38℃高温,参试品种的结实率均在10%以下;孕穗期受高温影响明显比抽穗期小,33℃条件下,孕穗期高温产量损失在10%以内,抽穗期高温产量损失65%左右,38℃条件下孕穗期和抽穗期高温产量损失分别在80%和90%左右。在高温条件下,植株叶绿素含量和土壤相对持水量与结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,提高植株的营养水平和稻田保持浅水层,有显著的缓解高温造成的产量损失的作用。     

水稻粳型亲籼系亲和性的测定

通过研究建立了粳型亲籼系的检测方法和鉴定标准,以6个籼型和6个粳型品种作为亲和性测验种,凡与籼型测验种杂交F1的平均花粉育性达85%以上,且平均小穗育性达80%以上者,为亲籼系。利用测验种对10个待测粳型亲籼系的亲和性进行了测定,结果表明, G2416-3、G2417-2-1、G2605和G3004-4与籼型测验种的亲和性高,达到或基本达到亲籼性的标准,其中G2416-3和G2417-2-1与粳型测验种的亲和性低,为特异亲籼系,G2605和G3004-4与粳型测验种的亲和性高,为广亲和系。     

水稻籼粳核质核杂种研究初探

籼质粳核核质杂种配普通籼稻,粳质籼核核质杂种配普通粳稻,以及这两种核质杂种互交F1,称之为核质核杂种.研究表明,核质核杂种既保持了或基本保持了籼粳稻亚种间的杂种优势水平,又克服了籼粳稻亚种间不亲和的问题、植株超高问题和不能正常抽穗等问题.探索了一条亚种间杂种优势利用的新途径.     

Difference in Growth Characteristics,Utilization of Temperature and Illumination of Double- Cropping High Quality Late Rice in Different Ecological Regions of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

【Objective】Under machine-transplanting conditions, four different types of late rice cultivars with high quality were used to investigate the differences of yield, growth characteristics, utilization of temperature and illumination. The results will lay a theoretical basis for the selection of double-cropping late rice varieties suitable for different ecological regions in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.【Method】The yield, growth duration, dry matter accumulation, and utilization of temperature and illumination of double-cropping late rice were comparatively studied using four kinds of rice varieties as test materials namely indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and Changyou japonica hybrid rice (20 varieties in total, selected between 2016 and 2017, all of which were high-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as double-cropping late rice). The experiment was carried out in two cities, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province (30.05º N, 119.95º E, 17.93 m above sea level) and Lujiang, Anhui Province (31.15º N, 117.16º E, 14 m above sea level).【Result】The yield of the four-types of late rice at high latitude was higher than that at low latitude. The yield of indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice, and Changyou japonica hybrid rice grown in Lujiang, Anhui Province was 11.1%, 12.9%, 6.6% and 12.4% higher than that in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province. When planted in the same places, Changyou japonica hybrid rice had the highest yield, and conventional indica rice had the lowest. The growth period was longer and dry matter accumulation was higher at high latitudes. When planted at high altitudes, the indica hybrid rice growth duration was the longest (10.4 d), and the increase in dry matter accumulation was the largest in conventional japonica rice (11.93% in full heading stage and 9.44% in mature stage). When planted in the same place, the dry matter accumulation was higher in hybrid rice than conventional rice. There was no significant difference in effective accumulated temperature between the filling stage and the whole growth duration of indica rice, but the sunshine hours, solar radiation, and its utilization rate were significantly higher at high latitudes. The effective accumulated temperature decreased significantly in the filling stage and the whole growth stage of japonica rice, but the change of accumulated sunshine hours was not obvious, while the accumulated solar radiation increased significantly at high latitudes. These were consistent with the changing trend of the utilization rate of the temperature and light resources. When planted at the same latitude, the growth period, dry matter accumulation, temperature and light resource utilization rate of japonica rice were higher than those of indica rice.【Conclusion】Late indica rice could make full use of temperature and light resources in order to improve its yield when planted in Lujiang, Anhui Province, but the difference of the utilization efficiency in the temperature and light resources of late japonica rice was not obvious. The yield of late japonica rice in Lujiang, Anhui Province increased because of the extension of the growth duration and the increase of dry matter accumulation.     

籼粳稻之间的亲和性及其杂种优势

 发现粳稻品种秀水117和籼稻品种IR58分别表现亚种间杂交的亲和性。秀水117与IR58、二九丰的杂种一代结实率分别为85.9%和88.4%;IR58与T8340及粳型不育系双百A、农六209A和六千辛A的杂种一代结实率分别为81.1%、76.5%、74.5%和67.0%”秀水117/IR58”的F_1在株高、穗长、每穗粒数和单株稻谷产量等性状上均存在很强的正向超亲优势。该组合的亲和性在F_2及回交世代中仍可表现。试验结果表明,在籼、粳稻内各存在着亚种间杂交的亲和性材料,但其亲和性的表现范围可以不同。讨论了籼粳稻亚种间杂种优势利用的一些问题。     

水稻籼粳交杂种优势利用研究

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种优势强大,其利用是提高水稻单产的重要途径之一。但杂种F1株高偏高,生育期超亲晚熟,以及结实率偏低,限制了这种优势在生产上的直接利用。针对杂种F1利用上存在三大障碍,本文从育种实践出发,分别提出了相应的解决方案,以期克服籼粳交障碍,充分利用其强大的杂种优势。     

常规粳稻在安徽沿江稻区的特征特性研究

以常规粳稻为试验材料,于2010-2015年在安徽沿江稻区的桐城市范岗镇杨安村试验基地,以杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻为对照,对常规粳稻的特征特性进行了研究。结果表明,常规粳稻具有茎秆矮壮、叶片挺直且短、穗形上翘或直立、穗短且着粒密的植株形态特征和足蘖中穗的经济性状特征;与籼稻相比,常规粳稻表现为感光性强、分蘖率弱,但成穗率高、花时迟,幼穗分化Ⅵ期前后和抽穗扬花期对高温敏感,中后期耐肥等特性。不同播期对常规粳稻经济性状的影响主要表现在单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数上,对结实率和千粒重影响较小,常规粳稻随着播期的推迟表现为生物学产量逐渐下降而收获指数逐渐提高。试验结果表明,5月下旬播种、8月底至9月初抽穗的常规粳稻品种为安徽沿江稻区的优势品种,并提出了优势品种的高产栽培技术。     

利用粳型亲籼恢复系组配的籼粳亚种间杂交稻的实用性研究

利用空间诱变育成的粳型亲籼恢复系，分别与多个不育系配组成杂交组合种植，连续3a观测了同一恢复系与不同不育系配成的各组合和同一组合在不同年份、不同季节的结实率和籽粒充实度表现，并对一些组合进行产量比较试验。结果表明：由这类型亲籼恢复系与籼型不育系配成的籼粳亚种间杂交稻组合，其结实率高，籽粒饱满度好，且季节间、年度间均表现稳定，特别是部分组合的单产和日产量均显著高于对照。可见，这类粳型亲籼系在杂交水稻育种和生产上有较好的应用前景。     

Differences in Response of Grain Yield,Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization to Elevated CO2 Concentration in Different Rice Varieties

【Objective】Our aim is to investigate the differences in response of grain yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization to FACE (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) of different rice varieties. 【Method】Six rice varieties, including conventional japonica rice, hybrid indica rice, and conventional indica rice, were used to study the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) (atmospheric CO2 concentration increase) on the nitrogen absorption, utilization, and yield of different types of rice.【Result】 1) FACE treatment dramatically increased rice yield by 24.17% on average and the maximum increment was observed in conventional indica rice. Compared with other types of rice varieties, hybrid indica showed the highest grain yield under both FACE and control (CK) treatments. 2) Panicle number was significantly improved in FACE treatment with conventional japonica rice varieties having the maximum increment. Spikelet number per panicle was significantly improved in hybrid and conventional indica rice varieties in FACE treatment. 3) The nitrogen absorption (NA) and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield (NUEg) were significantly higher in FACE treatment than those in CK treatment. The average increase of NA was 21.23% with the maximum increment in hybrid indica rice varieties. Compared with other rice varieties, conventional indica rice varieties had the highest NA both in FACE and CK treatments. The average increase of NUEg was 7.33% with hybrid indica rice varieties enjoying the maximum increment. The hybrid indica rice varieties had the highest NUEg in FACE treatment and in CK treatment, respectively. 4) Nitrogen content was decreased in FACE treatment with the average decrease of 0.105%, among which the maximum decrease was observed in conventional japonica rice. Dry matter weight was extremely and significantly increased in FACE treatment. The average increase of dry weight was 23.95% with the maximum increment in conventional indica rice varieties. NA of single panicle was significantly improved in FACE treatment with the average increase of 10.79% in conventional indica rice varieties and 13.93% in hybrid indica rice varieties, but NA of single panicle was decrease by 9.60% in conventional japonica rice. FACE treatment significantly increased rice NA intensity with an average increase of 22.29% and the maximum increment was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties. The growth duration was not influenced by FACE treatment in all rice varieties. NAs of stem, leaf and panicle were significantly higher in FACE treatment than in CK treatment with the highest increase of 51.86% in leaf. The largest increase of NA was observed in hybrid indica rice. NA in different rice growth stages was significantly improved with the maximum increment of 108.90% during heading-maturity. The maximum increment of NA from heading to maturity was observed in hybrid indica rice varieties.5) Effects of dry matter weight, NA per panicle, NA intensity, NA of panicle and NA from heading to maturity on NA at maturity were greater than those of nitrogen content, panicle number, growth duration, NAA of leaf, stem and sheath, NAA during transplanting-tillering and tillering-heading. 6) Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) was significantly improved in FACE treatment with an average increase of 24.16% and the maximum increment in conventional indica rice. NAA per 100 kg grains was significantly reduced in FACE treatment with an average decrease of 4.7%. The maximum decrease of NAA per 100 kg grains was observed in conventional indica rice varieties.【Conclusion】The results indicated that FACE could markedly increased both grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in all rice varieties, but the increases varied with the variety types.     

水稻籼粳杂种一代生育期的表现

 采用生育期不同的籼型野败恢复系和保持系与典型粳稻和籼粳中间型亲本配制成80份籼粳杂种一代组合，用亚种肉品种间杂交为对照，研究了籼粳稻杂种一代生育期的表现。结果表明，以籼粳亚种间杂种一代生育期优势最强，一般都超过双亲平均值；品种间杂种一代生育期优势最弱，接近中亲值；籼或使型亲本配籼粳中间型亲本，杂种一代生育期优势介于上述两类型组合之间。籼粳杂交由于双亲的不同，组合间F₁生育期优势差异很大，有的组合甚至出现负向优势．这种生育期优势差异既受双亲本身生育期的迟早所支配，如杂种一代生育期长短排列顺序为中籼／晚粳＞中籼／早或中粳＞早籼或早熟中籼／晚粳＞早籼或早熟中籼／早或中粳；又受籼型亲本所含的野败恢、保遗传基因所制约，凡用籼型野败恢复系配制的籼粳杂种一代其生育期优势明显减弱，并与双亲籼、粳遗传距离的大小有关，杂种一代生育期优势随双亲籼、便遗传距离的扩大而增强。     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.     

水稻籼粳交F1花粉育性检测方法的研究——兼论其雌雄配子的育性问题

 以5个籼粳交组合的F₁植株、1个低育的DH系和CPSLO17(对照品种)为材料，考察其结实率和花粉育性，花粉育性采用两种方法观察，I₂-KI法和苏木精法，其中苏木精法是一种观察籼粳交花粉育性的新方法，用此法可直接在正常的成熟花粉中看到两个精子。结果表明，I₂-KI法观察的花粉育性与结实率有显著差异，而苏木精法观察的花粉育性与结实率无差异。由此推论籼粳交F₁不但存在雄配子部分不育而且还存在雌配子部分不育，两者的部分不育程度是相同的。