营养导向型农业的概念、发展与启示

为解决全球面临的诸多营养与农业问题,探求营养、健康与农业发展之间的关系,自2013年以来,营养导向型农业的概念体系逐步发展完善,其政策措施也为全球推进营养导向型农业战略起到了重要的示范和引领作用。2013年前后为概念产生阶段,2014—2018年为概念发展阶段。营养导向型农业主要包括以食物供给为导向和以食物系统为导向两条主线。2017年FAO提出,营养导向型农业是一种以可持续的方式来满足居民膳食需求的新型农业范式或方案,旨在确保生产量足质优且价格合理、营养丰富、文化适宜、安全的各种食物,营养和健康是营养导向型农业的最终目标和衡量标准。为了实现这个目标,必须关注整个食物系统。同时在中国发展营养导向型农业需要考虑中国农业发展面临的诸多问题,包括农业发展的主要矛盾已由过去的总量不足转变为结构性矛盾;农产品品质家底不清,缺少农产品营养品质基准数据,缺乏完善的农产品质量法规体系等。营养导向型农业给新时代中国农业发展带来的启示：一是应以食物营养为导向,提高农产品营养质量,满足消费者对食物营养和健康的新需要;二是应以营养品质作为标尺,建立国家农产品营养成分基准数据库,完善相关法律及新时代食物与营养发展纲要的修改和制定。     

“一县一品一策”标准体系建设与实践

以标准化推动农业科技成果转化落地,是实现当前共同富裕示范区建设的重要抓手。浙江省实施标准化改革试点工作以来,在农业标准化领域进行了实践探索。“一县一品一策”标准化示范基地建设促进了特色农产品质量安全水平提高、先进技术的转化应用和特色品质的提炼,也面临以标准体系建设为突破,产业整体水平提升的发展需求。本文总结了“一县一品一策”实施以来特色农产品标准体系现状,通过制定团体标准为主的技术标准体系构建,以期为当下各地特色农产品标准体系建设实施提供参考借鉴。     

努力构建和完善无公害农产品标准体系

加强农产品标准化生产,将有利于确保农产品质量安全,推动农产品品种结构调整优化及产业升级,促进农产品生产向商品化、多样化和高质量高效益发展。根据我国农产品产业现状,当前首要的是构建和完善无公害农产品标准体系。一、构建和完善无公害农产品标准体系应坚持的基本原则 (一)坚持继承与创新的原则农业部在无公害食品标准制定(修订)方面做了大量卓有成效的工作,使得无公害农产品认证工作得以顺利开展,极大地推动了“无公害食品行动计划”的进程。但是,在使用标准时发现按原来无公害食品标准制定思路远满足不了工     

新时代背景下丽水市农业标准化体系探讨

作为全国绿色农业发展先行示范区的试点,丽水市在以标准化促进特色农产品发展和农业转型升级、提升绿色农产品生态价值转换、以团体标准体现精品农产品特征品质等方面做了先行尝试,为新时代供给侧结构改革背景下农业发展提供了典型案例。本文分析了丽水市农业发展的新需求、当前农业标准化现状与国内外差异对比情况下的发展对策,提出了“对标欧盟”的农业标准化体系发展建议。     

探讨农业生产标准化体系的建立及其发展方向

正一直以来,我国农业标准化体系的建立得不到足够的重视,我国农产品在国际市场上遭到频频的阻挡。在国际市场上对消费者的农产评生产中进行低价转变与健康、质量追求,这就需要我国农业生产标准化体系建立出国家标准化的农业生产体系,建立和完善我国农产品标准化体系,以适应时代发展对我国农产品的需求。1农业生产标准化体系建立现状1.1落后的农业生产标准化体系建设目前,我国农业标准的制定还没有一个统一的规划规范,     

我国农产品包装标准的发展现状及对策

在农业生产和流通过程中,农产品包装起到了至关重要的作用。本文梳理了我国农产品包装标准的发展现状、存在的问题,并从标准化角度提出了我国农产品包装标准应采取的对策,为完善农产品包装标准体系提供科学依据。     

新疆农产品质量安全标准体系发展的领域

新疆农产品质量安全是市场经济发展的需求,是保障安全消费的需求。文章阐述了新疆农产品质量安全标准体系发展的现状,指出了农产品质量安全标准体系发展的重点领域,并总结出新疆农产品质量安全标准体系建设的关键环节,如加快标准的制定和修订进程、实施农业标准国际化计划、开展农业标准化示范区建设等,以期为进一步完善新疆农产品质量安全标准体系提供依据。     

农业特色产业发展中存在的问题及对策

近年来,在培育和发展农业特色产业方面取得了很大的成就,主要特色农产品的开发潜力及市场需求都得到了很大提高,但是与农业发达地区相比,特色农业的发展还处在初级阶段,发展中存在的问题制约了特色农业的纵深发展. 1特色农产品基地规模小,农业标准化程度低虽然已基本形成了一大批特色农产品商品基地,部分特色农产品虽然有了品牌,但从总体上看,种植业、养殖业、农副产品加工业基本仍处于传统的经验生产状态,农业标准化意识不强,农业生产标准的制定、规范、应用推广缓慢,农产品的质量、安全标准难以控制,检测体系不健全,农业标准化队伍和机构薄弱,部分蔬菜、水果农药含量超标,产品缺乏市场竞争力,难以参与一体化的大市场竞争.     

大力推行农业标准化生产全面提高农产品质量安全水平

推行农业标准化生产．全面提高农产品质量安全水平，是一项长期的系统工程，需要全社会的共同参与和支持。根据党中央、国务院关于加快实施“无公害食品行动计划”的要求．我们在加强组织领导的基础上．以建立健全农业标准体系．加强农产品质量检验检测体系建设和标准化无公害农产品生产基地建设为突破口，强化农业标准化技术推广体系．强化农业行政执法，整顿规范农资市场．加快农产品市场准入制度建设，使我市的农业标准化工作上了一个新台阶．为促进农民增收奔小康和我市农业现代化建设做出了贡献。     

农业部将大力推进农业标准化

2008年1月8日，农业部副部长高鸿宾在国务院新闻办公室举行的新闻发布会上透露，农业部将与有关部门密切配合，以大宗农产品、优势特色农产品为核心，以产前、产中、产后全过程标准化生产经营管理为链条，按照突出重点、需求优先、分步实施的原则，加快全国农业标准的制定步伐，力争通过3—5年的努力，建立起既符合我国农业生产实际和公众消费特点，又与国际食品法典基本接轨的农业标准体系。     

Review and Suggestion for Nutrition Standard of Agricultural Products in China

With the steady and sustainable development of Chinese economy, society, and the continuous improvement of residents’ living standards, consumers are increasingly concerned about the nutritional quality of agricultural products and their dietary health. It is imperative to develop nutrition-sensitive agriculture, which is supported by nutrition standard of agricultural products. The objective of this paper was to develop the basic framework of nutrition standard of agricultural product in China by analyzing agricultural products standard system, including grading and specifications, green food, the grain & oil products, selenium-enriched agricultural products, geographical indication agricultural products, and organic foods. More specifically, this paper investigated the relationship of nutrition standards between food and agricultural product, mainly based on health food, pre-packaged food nutrition label. In addition, this paper deliberated the latest international developments in agricultural product nutrition standards, hoping to find more reference and suggestions for developing China’s nutrition standard system. We found that the nutrition standard of agricultural products in China was still on the early stage side, as few standards contain nutrition indicators. On this basis, we concluded that it was inevitable to put forward the proposition for the nutrition standard system of agricultural product in China. The standard system was divided into six aspects: basic standards, analytic methods of nutritional components, evaluation standards of nutritional quality, labeling, product standards and production technical regulations. From the point of view of evaluation standards of nutritional quality, agricultural products were divided into three categories: the bulk agricultural products, distinctive agricultural products and bio-fortified agricultural products.     

The Concept and Development of Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and Its Enlightenments to China

In order to solve the many nutritional problems facing the world and explore the relationship between nutrition, health and agricultural development, since 2013, the concept system of NSA has gradually developed and improved, and its policy measures have played an important role in promoting the NSA strategy globally. The concept generation stage was around 2013, and the concept development stage was from 2014 to 2018.The definition and target of NSA were mainly food supply oriented and food system oriented. In 2017, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) put forward that NSA was an approach that sought to ensure the production of a variety of affordable, nutritious, culturally appropriate and safe foods in adequate quantity and quality to meet the dietary requirements of populations in a sustainable manner. NSA used nutrition and health issues as its ultimate goal orientation and measurement. In order to achieve this goal, attention had to be paid to the entire food system. At the same time, the development of NSA in China had to consider many problems facing China's agricultural development. First, the main contradiction of China's agricultural development has changed from the quantity insufficient in the past to structural deficiency. Second, the benchmark data of nutritional quality of agricultural products was not clear, and the laws and regulations in agricultural product quality were of lack. Reconstructing the agricultural industry chain and food nutrition value chain with nutrition orientation could bring out enlightenments to solve many problems facing agricultural development in China: First, we should take food nutrition as the orientation and increase the supply of medium and high-end agricultural products to meet the new needs of consumers. Second, the nutritional quality should be taken as test standard of high quality, the national benchmark database of nutritional composition of agricultural products should be established, and relevant laws and the revision and formulation of the new food and nutrition development program should be improved.     

基于健康与营养的现代农业发展

食安民康,食品安全贯穿整个产业链,其源头农产品是基础,首先必须把农产品质量抓好。为更好引导农业发展服务我国居民健康营养需求,11月20—21日2020中国农业农村科技发展高峰论坛暨中国现代农业发展论坛期间,中国农学会举办了健康·营养·现代农业分论坛,围绕我国居民膳食营养特征与食品科技创新、发展绿色都市农业与服务城市健康生活、牛奶与健康关联的优质乳工程、燕麦降血糖作用及机制研究、我国营养健康型食物资源开发趋势与典型案例、营养环境塑造动物健康高效生产6个主题,交流我国居民营养健康问题,探讨居民膳食结构,展望现代农业发展对我国居民营养健康的提升作用。     

富硒农产品研究开发助力我国营养型农业发展

营养是保证健康的基础。2016年全球疾病负担研究结果显示,饮食因素导致的疾病负担占到15.9%,已成为影响人群健康的重要危险因素。近年来,我国居民营养健康状况明显改善,但仍面临营养不足与过剩并存、营养相关疾病多发等问题,营养与健康已经成为我国食品消费的主流需求。农业生产的根本目标是为了满足居民食物消费需求。作为食品消费最大的供给侧,我国农业现阶段的主要矛盾已经由总量不足转变为结构性矛盾,农业生产如何满足人民对优质食物消费需求的美好向往、适应营养健康需求,已成为推动农业供给侧结构性改革,实现农业现代化发展的首要问题。因此,推动营养型优质农产品生产,是实现农业供给侧改革、满足食品营养健康消费需求的重要途径。硒是机体抗氧化的重要成分,最新营养与健康状况监测显示我国居民硒实际摄入量低于推荐量,研发富硒农产品是满足我国居民食品消费营养健康需求的重要举措。本文结合前期研究基础,从我国居民硒营养基本情况、硒的剂量生物学效应关系两方面介绍了我国富硒农产品开发的依据;并针对我国居民硒摄入量普遍不足现状,概述了我国富硒农产品研发基本情况,最后对我国富硒农业发展提出了相关建议,助力我国营养型农业发展。富硒农产品作为我国营养健康食品发展的重要组成部分,其科学消费观的培养、全产业链的形成、质量监管及标准的制定,对于推动我国营养型农业发展,实现现代农业与食品产业升级,满足人民群众对营养健康的需求、对美好生活的向往具有重要意义。     

Promoting the Development of Nutritionally-Guided Agriculture in Research and Development of Selenium-Enriched Agri-Products in China

Nutrition is the guarantee of health. The global burden of disease study in 2016 showed that the disease burden caused by dietary factors accounted for 15.9%, which has become an important risk factor affecting the health of people. In recent years, the nutritional and health status of Chinese residents has been improved significantly, but still faces the coexistence of malnutrition and supernutrition, and the frequent occurrence of nutrition-related diseases. Nutrition and health have become the mainstream demands of food consumption in China. The basic goal of agricultural production is to meet the needs of residents' food consumption. As the biggest supply side of food consumption, the main contradiction in China's agriculture at the present stage has changed from numeric to structural. How to satisfy the people's desire for high-quality food and meet the needs of nutrition and health has become the first issue for agriculture structural reform and modernization. Therefore, promoting the production of nutritious and high-quality agricultural products is an important way to realize the reform of agriculture supply side and to meet the needs of healthy food consumption. Selenium, a key antioxidant component of organisms, its intake is insufficient in Chinese people according to the latest National Nutrition and Health Monitoring Program. Thus, the development of selenium-enriched agricultural products is important for health. In this article, we reviewed the basic information of selenium nutrition concerning the Chinese population, the dose-dependent function of selenium, and the development of selenium-enriched agricultural foods, and also provided some suggestions for selenium-enriched industry development, which might promote the development of nutritionally-guided agriculture. As one of the most important components of nutritional and healthy food development, the application of scientific concepts of consumption, the building of whole-chain production, monitoring and product standard establishment for selenium-enriched agricultural foods are critical for nutritionally-guided agriculture, which will meet the public demand for nutrition and health and also lead to a better life.     

农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化和营养健康的影响

目的我国是大国小农的基本国情,小农户比重大,自产自消（费）程度高,他们的食物生产、消费与营养协调发展是乡村振兴战略的健康保障,调查江苏省、河南省、四川省农民的饮食多样性（人日均摄入的食物种类）以及农业生产多样性（日常生产的食物种类）与饮食多样化和营养健康（BMI）的相关性,旨在为农民良好饮食习惯形成以及农村人力资本建设提供理论依据。 方法 基于随机抽样和分层抽样相结合的问卷调查方法,利用食物频率法从江苏省10个村、河南省10个村、四川省6个村共收集395份农民调查问卷,开展总样本与各省分样本自产食物种类情况、各类食物摄入的来源与数量、每日摄入自产食物的营养状况的描述性分析;根据食物消费与个人健康效用的经济理论,在不存在内生性问题的前提下,采用多元线性回归模型分析农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化的影响和采用Probit模型探讨农民的农业生产多样性对其营养健康的影响。结果 受访者的农业生产多样性程度不高,平均生产3.37个食物种类,省际差距较小,摄入的食物如水产品、水果类、奶及奶制品、畜禽肉主要来自购买;农民的饮食多样化程度也不高,人日均摄入食物种类3.34个,省际差距较大,摄入自产食物的数量均低于推荐量;在总摄入量中,畜禽肉摄入过多,而奶及奶制品、水产品摄入不充分;农民人日均摄入自产食物获得的营养不均衡,从自产食物获取的能量充足,但获取蛋白质、脂肪、钙、镁、钾、维生素A等营养素较低;近6成农民的BMI值正常,但省际差距较大。农民的饮食多样性、营养健康与农业生产多样性在10%统计水平上有显著的正相关性;农民的年龄、受教育程度、家庭总纯收入、营养知识认知、市场准入等因素也对饮食多样化有显著影响,而农民的性别、年龄、受教育程度以及食物营养教育等因素对个人的营养健康产生显著影响。结论与其他发展中国家一样,我国的农业生产多样性促进了农民的饮食多样化和营养健康。然而,随着我国农业商品化程度和农民非农收入的提高,农民购买食物满足饮食多样化的趋势不可逆转,在水土资源有限的实际情况下提高农民农业生产多样性的可行性不大。因此,鼓励在农村建立规范化的农产品市场,加强食物营养宣传教育提高农民营养知识可能是保障他们饮食多样化和营养健康的可行途径。     

西北地区提升农产品供给质量制约因素研究

本研究基于西北地区农产品供给质量评价指标体系,采用指标达标率、偏离度、制约度等变量对西北地区农产品供给质量提升的制约因子进行诊断。数据表明,西北五省区23个基础指标均存在不达标情况,宁夏、青海农产品供给质量有接近一半的指标达标率低于50%。深入研究制约因子发现,主体指标按制约度从高到低排序依次为营销、加工、种植和流通,基础指标制约因子主要分为3类,制约度由高到低依次为收入、供给主体和创新能力。据此,本研究针对性提出对策建议,以期为探索西北地区农产品供给质量提升路径提供借鉴。     

闽台农产品质量安全体系比较研究

台湾农产品质量安全体系构建起步早,并逐步形成体系相对独立、功能互为补充、并行推动管理的4大认证产品,及其配套标准体系、管理体系和法律法规体系。福建则以农业＂三品＂为重点,并逐步推行农产品可追溯制度。比较闽台农产品质量安全标准、认证机构、管理机构和认证体系的发展特点,福建应重视对台湾认证标准的研究、消化和借鉴,规范认证机构管理并提高公信力,推进两岸安全管理机构合作,逐步与国际通用认证方式接轨。     

食品安全标准的贸易效应分析——以中国农产品出口为例

食品安全标准已经成为中国农产品出口的主要障碍。运用扩展引力模型,使用面板数据分析了食品安全标准对中国农产品出口的影响。结果表明,短期内,食品安全标准抑制贸易,长期内则促进贸易。因此,应充分理解食品安全标准对中国农产品出口的潜在影响,短期内可开拓食品安全标准较宽松的市场,使出口市场多元化;长期内需要不断提高产品的质量水平。