杨凌地区奶牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量测定及其影响因素

随机抽取杨凌地区80头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛的240个乳样，采用紫外分光光度计检测乳样中共轭亚油酸（CLA）含量。结果表明：杨凌地区奶牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量平均为2．7±0．17（mg／g fat）；奶牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量受多种因素的影响，场地、年龄、胎次、乳脂率、产奶量等均影响乳中共轭亚油酸的含量。随着年龄、胎次的增加．共轭亚油酸含量上升，不同场地奶牛乳样中共轭亚油酸含量差异较大（P〈0．05）。     

玉米青贮饲料中共轭亚油酸的含量研究

试验利用紫外分光光度计法测定玉米青贮饲料中共轭亚油酸含量.结果表明,青贮饲料中共轭亚油酸含量大约为2～4 mg/g,说明青贮饲料中存有亚油酸氢化微生物,乳酸菌可能是最主要的亚油酸氢化微生物.     

饲料中添加植物油对高产奶牛生产性能和牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

实验研究在日粮饲料中添加植物油对高产奶牛生产性能和牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的影响。12头产后30～45d的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用4x4拉丁方设计。在试验的每一个时期,每组奶牛饲喂相同的基础日粮,不同的组进行不同的处理:①对照组,基础日粮中不添加植物油。②添加500g棉籽油。③添加     

日粮中添加禾王草对泌乳奶牛血液生化指标和激素水平的影响

本文研究了日粮中添加禾王草（Pennisetum giganteum）干草或青贮对泌乳奶牛血液生化指标和激素水平的影响。将45头产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次等相近的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组。对照组日粮粗饲料由羊草、苜蓿干草和全株玉米青贮组成,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料中禾王草青贮代替40%全株玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料中禾王草干草代替全部羊草和33%苜蓿干草,3组日粮营养水平相近,预饲期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组对白蛋白、总蛋白、尿素氮、胆固醇、肌酐、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸含量影响不显著;试验Ⅱ组生长激素和皮质醇含量略高,但差异不显著,各组间胰岛素含量差异不显著。综上所述,用禾王草干草代替部分苜蓿干草或用禾王草青贮代替适量全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛安全可靠。     

不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响

本试验选择16头处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,各试验牛体重、年龄、胎次相近,随机分成4组,每组4头。试验分为两期,一期饲喂基础日粮,二期以苜蓿、羊草、全株玉米青贮和干玉米秸秆各粗饲料替代30%基础日粮。考察不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响。试验结果表明苜蓿的饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值最高,一定程度上说明了苜蓿的营养价值最高,玉米青贮较玉米秸秆饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值高,说明青贮改善了玉米秸秆的品质,提高其营养价值。     

提供富含亚油酸和亚麻酸的日粮对牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

美国Dhiman等学者进行2个试验来确定给奶牛提供富含亚油酸和亚麻酸的日粮对牛奶中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。试验①:36头奶牛分为对照组和5个处理组。对照组奶牛的日粮包含51%饲草和49%谷物(DM基础)。在处理组中,谷物分别由     

补饲莫能菌素对饲喂苜蓿青贮奶牛生产性能的影响

Broderick( 2003年)对48头饲喂苜蓿青贮的经产泌乳母牛补饲低水平的莫能菌素,研究其对氮利用的影响。试验奶牛的基础日粮为: 56%的苜蓿青贮、39%的高湿度粉碎玉米、的豆粕、的粉碎 3% 1%玉米、的维生素和矿物质添加剂(均以干物质为 1%基础)。头试验牛按产奶天数分为4组,并随机饲 48喂以下4种日粮的1种,为期10周: 对照(基础 ①日粮);②基础日粮+3%鱼粉(替代高湿度粉碎玉米); 莫能菌素( ③ 10m g/kg D M ); 莫能菌素+3% ④鱼粉。其中,日粮①和③的粗蛋白含量为16.7%,日粮②和④…     

粗饲料种类、可代谢蛋白质浓度、碳水化合物来源对奶牛养分消化率及生产性能的影响

本试验采用中心组合试验设计对粗饲料来源、可代谢蛋白质(MP)浓度、碳水化合物种类及其互作效应对奶牛养分消化率和生产性能的影响进行了评价。所有日粮(干物质基础)均有50%由苜蓿青贮、玉米青贮构成的粗饲料、10.7%的瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)、4.1%~7.1%的瘤胃未降解蛋白质(RUP)、8.8%~12%的MP和22%~30%的淀粉组成。本试验共有15种日粮,试验牛分为6个区组,每个区组6头荷斯坦奶牛,分别进行3个为期21 d的试验。每期按特定顺序饲喂3种日粮后测定试验牛的产奶量、乳成分、采食量及主要营养物质消化率,还考虑了几个主要影响因素间的互作效应。结果表明:日粮淀粉浓度对奶牛养分消化率和生产性能影响较小;用苜蓿青贮代替玉米青贮可降低奶牛的氮消化率、提高中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消化率,还能增加奶牛对日粮干物质(DM)和日粮消化能(DE)摄入量,从而提高能量校正乳(ECM)、乳脂及乳蛋白产量;增加日粮MP浓度可提高奶牛对氮的消化率、ECM和乳蛋白产量,但乳蛋白含量的变化远小于NRC所推荐模型的预测值;DE浓度随淀粉浓度升高呈线性升高,但同时受粗饲料种类和MP浓度互作的影响,即日粮MP浓度较低时,DE浓度会随苜蓿青贮比例升高而降低,而日粮MP浓度较高时,DE浓度会随苜蓿青贮比例升高而升高。     

苜蓿青贮饲用价值及经济效益分析

为规模化牧场苜蓿青贮的应用和推广提供科学依据。日粮中以苜蓿青贮替代部分苜蓿干草、玉米青贮及羊草,进行饲喂效果及饲喂成本对比,探讨苜蓿青贮对产奶量、乳品质及饲喂成本的影响。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加苜蓿青贮,试验组奶牛日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和干物质含量均高于对照组,但两组差异不显著(P0.05)。试验组日粮成本降低4.96元/头,明显提高养殖经济效益。     

不同粗饲料对科尔沁肉牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮代谢的影响

试验采用3×5非平衡拉丁方试验设计,选用体重(540±23)kg、18～20月龄的健康科尔沁公牛5头,分别采食稻草秸秆、玉米秸秆、玉米秸秆青贮、全株玉米青贮和苜蓿干草5种粗饲料日粮,精粗比为50:50,每天每头牛进食10 kg日粮(干物质基础),进行90 d的消化代谢试验,利用口腔采集瘤胃液和全收粪法进行瘤胃发酵特性和氮代谢的测定。结果表明:5种粗饲料日粮组科尔沁肉牛瘤胃pH在6.98～7.32(P0.05);氨态氮浓度在0.32～6.31 mg/dL,且苜蓿干草高于其他日粮(P0.05);总挥发性脂肪酸浓度在38.97～55.22 mmol/L,苜蓿干草和全株玉米青贮高于其他日粮(P0.05);苜蓿干草和全株玉米青贮食入氮高于其他日粮(P0.05),稻草秸秆氮利用率和沉积氮低于其他日粮(P0.05),全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮和玉米秸秆氮利用率差异不显著(P0.05)。综上,苜蓿干草和全株玉米青贮对科尔沁肉牛的消化代谢和瘤胃发酵特征影响显著,稻草秸秆不利于氮的利用。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.