北方冬小麦旗叶光饱和点探讨

为准确估算冬小麦旗叶光饱和点的范围,采用Li-6400-40荧光探头提供不同光合有效辐射强度,同步测量了不同品种（系）、不同时期(抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期)、不同CO₂浓度及不同施氮量下小麦旗叶的气体交换和荧光参数。结果表明,运用直角双曲线修正模型拟合的饱和光强与实际观测值较为接近。外界CO₂浓度和施氮量对小麦旗叶光饱和点具有较大影响,低CO₂浓度(300 μmol·mol^-1)和低施氮量(70 kg·hm^-2)下光饱和点均比较低;而品种（系）间和测定时期间小麦旗叶光饱和点整体差异不明显。正常条件下,小麦旗叶的光饱和点整体集中在 1 700~2 000 mol·m^-2·s^-1范围,远高于目前普遍认为的1 200 mol·m^-2·s^-1,这与小麦叶片的阳生特点及实际观测结果相一致。早期广泛采用的老版本光合助手(Photosynthesis Assistant)的拟合结果明显低于观测值(P<0.05)。综合试验结果推测,早期光饱和点的研究结果偏低可能与测量CO₂浓度、氮素营养以及所用的拟合模型等因素有关。     

大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响

为揭示大气NH₃浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm^-2）和两种大气NH₃浓度（空气背景NH₃浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m^-3;高NH₃浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m^-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH₃浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH₃浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH₃浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH₃浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。     

氮磷钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响

为明确不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响，以济麦22为供试材料，设置F0（不施肥）、F1（N 180 kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N 225 kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N 270 kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅ 165 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）4个施肥量处理，比较分析开花后不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦叶面积指数、冠层不同层次光截获特性和成熟期干物质分配的影响。结果表明，F1处理下叶面积指数显著高于F0处理，而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异；开花后15 d，F1处理下小麦冠层不同层次及总PAR截获率和截获量均显著高于F0处理，而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。F1处理下成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官中的分配量、籽粒中的分配量及总干物质积累量显著高于F0处理，而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官和籽粒中的分配量以及总干物质积累量与冠层上层（顶部至株高2/3）、中层（株高2/3至株高1/3）和总PAR截获率均呈显著正相关。F1处理（N 180 kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对砂浆黑土区小麦干物质及氮素积累分配和产量的影响

为明确黄淮砂姜黑土区玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质及氮素积累、分配和产量的影响，于2016-2018年玉米小麦生长季进行田间氮肥运筹试验。玉米供试材料为郑单958，小麦供试材料为泰山28，玉米季3个施氮量水平为113 kg·hm^-2（E₁）、181 kg·hm^-2（E₂）、249 kg·hm^-2（E₃），小麦季4个施氮水平为90 kg·hm^-2（F₁）、135 kg·hm^-2（F₂）、180 kg·hm^-2（F₃）、225 kg·hm^-2（F₄），测定了砂浆黑土区周年不同氮肥运筹条件下小麦不同生长阶段干物质和氮素含量，系统分析了干物质和氮素积累、分配对小麦产量及其构成因素的效应。结果表明，整个生育期小麦干物质积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在拔节到开花期最高，达到7 720.24 kg·hm^-2；E₂F₃条件下，小麦各个生育阶段的干物质积累量最高。花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率高于花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献，但E₂F₃运筹明显增加了花前同化物的积累量。随着小麦生育期的推移，氮素积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，且各时期均以E₂F₃条件下氮素积累量最高，在拔节到开花时最高，为112.50 kg·hm^-2，但花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率明显高于花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。成熟期籽粒干物质及氮素积累量在E₂F₃条件下最大，分别达到9 047.44 kg·hm^-2和184.10 kg·hm^-2，且与其他施肥模式差异显著。综合以上结果，对小麦而言，E₂F₃处理为本试验条件下砂姜黑土区玉米小麦轮作区最佳氮肥运筹。     

盐碱混合胁迫对小麦幼苗阳离子吸收和分配的影响

为探讨盐碱胁迫下小麦阳离子吸收和分配特点,采用两种中性盐（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃）混合模拟不同浓度盐碱胁迫条件,对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦幼苗进行14 d胁迫处理,测定和分析了叶片和根系中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量的变化。结果表明,盐碱混合胁迫增加了小麦幼苗Na⁺含量,且随着盐浓度的增加和碱性盐比例的提高,Na⁺含量逐渐增加;龙麦26幼苗K⁺的吸收规律与Na⁺相同,而克旱16幼苗K⁺含量变化与之相反;盐碱混合胁迫通过降低植株的K/Na限制了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的吸收量,且阻碍了Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺由根向地上部的运转,致使叶片中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量降低。盐碱混合胁迫下,小麦对Na⁺、K⁺等一价阳离子与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等二价阳离子的吸收上表现为拮抗作用。     

小麦旗叶光呼吸对光强和CO2浓度的响应

为给C₃作物光呼吸等光合参数以及光响应模型和CO₂响应模型的研究提供参考,定量研究了小麦花期旗叶光呼吸速率对光强和CO₂浓度的响应。结果表明,在21%和2%O₂下小麦旗叶光饱和点分别为1 960.629和2 030.120 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。在较弱光强(小于800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下,小麦的总光呼吸速率(R_pt)与表观光呼吸(R_pa)均随着光强的升高而增大;当光强大于800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,R_pt和R_pa趋于稳定;整体上,不同光强下R_pt与R_pa之间差异较小(P>0.05),这主要是由于在380 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂下,光呼吸的CO₂回收利用率较低。饱和光强下,R_pa随着CO₂浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,R_pa最大值(Rpmax)所对应的外界CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1,而R_pt则随着CO₂浓度的升高而降低;在低浓度CO₂(小于380 μmol·mol^-1)条件下,R_pt与R_pa之间差异显著(P<0.05)。R_pt与羧化速率的比值(R_pt /Vc)随着胞间CO₂浓度的升高而呈下降的趋势,而不同光强下R_pt /Vc相对稳定,整体上未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

高光、水分和盐胁迫下小麦光合特性和抗氧化酶系统的比较

为了解植物光合机构及抗氧化酶系统对高光、水分及盐胁迫的适应机制,比较分析了光强1 800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、20% 聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）和0.3 mol·L^-1 NaCl处理下小麦叶绿素荧光以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,高光胁迫、水分胁迫和盐胁迫下小麦叶片相对含水量、总蛋白含量以及叶绿素含量均下降,以水分胁迫效应最显著,盐胁迫次之。三种胁迫均显著降低了小麦叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSII最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）及电子传递率（ETR）,而显著增加胞间CO₂浓度、非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,也以水分胁迫效应最显著。三种胁迫下小麦叶片内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫时间的延长呈现不同的变化趋势。其中,SOD活性在三种胁迫下均呈先升后降的趋势;POD活性在高光和水分胁迫下先升后降,而在盐胁迫下呈上升趋势;CAT活性在高光和盐胁迫下呈上升趋势,而在水分胁迫下呈下降趋势。以上结果表明,在三种环境胁迫中,水分胁迫给小麦带来的伤害最严重,盐胁迫次之,高光胁迫最轻。 此外,小麦抗氧化酶系统在高光胁迫、水分胁迫及盐胁迫下应答机制不同。     

盐胁迫下褪黑素对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

盐碱地会严重影响小麦种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。为了探究褪黑素对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,研究了NaCl（100 mmol·L^-1）胁迫下不同浓度的褪黑素（5、50、100、150、250 μmol·L^-1）对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光化学活性、叶绿素含量以及根细胞活力的影响。结果发现,100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素能够显著缓解NaCl胁迫对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用;100~150 μmol·L^-1褪黑素可明显改进盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长状况,显著缓解盐胁迫对PS （光系统）Ⅱ光化学活性的抑制和小麦幼根细胞死亡的发生;150 μmol·L^-1褪黑素显著促进了小麦叶片叶绿素合成。综合分析表明,施用外源褪黑素可有效缓解盐胁迫对小麦造成的萌发率、光化学活性、叶绿素含量下降、生长迟缓、根细胞死亡等不利影响,以100~150 μmol·L^-1褪黑素的缓解效果最为明显。     

干旱胁迫下外源褪黑素对小麦生长和光系统活性的影响

为了从光系统活性探讨褪黑素对干旱胁迫下小麦生长的调节作用,通过石英砂盆栽试验,设置对照（CK）、5 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理、25 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理、100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理、干旱胁迫处理、5 μmol·L^-1褪黑素+干旱胁迫处理、25 μmol·L^-1褪黑素+干旱胁迫处理及100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素+干旱胁迫处理,分析了根施褪黑素对干旱胁迫下小麦叶片生理和光合作用的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片的相对含水量、地上部生物量及光合效率,抑制了植株的生长,而干旱胁迫下25 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理最为显著地增加了小麦叶片相对含水量、地上部生物量及叶绿素含量,并显著提高了小麦叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、光系统Ⅱ（PS Ⅱ）的最大荧光、PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率、远红光适应下的最大P700改变量、光系统I（PSⅠ）的实际光能转换效率及PSⅠ供体侧限制引起的非光化学能量耗散的量子产量。相反,CO₂浓度和PSⅠ受体侧限制引起的非光化学能量耗散的量子产量下降。蛋白免疫杂交分析表明,外源褪黑素处理可显著减少干旱胁迫下Lhca2蛋白含量的下降。由此表明,干旱胁迫下褪黑素可通过改变叶片的水分状况和提高叶片的光合能力来减轻干旱胁迫对小麦植株生长的抑制作用。     

油菜素内酯对小麦幼苗根系发育的影响

为探究油菜素内酯（BL）对小麦幼苗根系发育的影响,以两个小麦品种中国春和辽春10号为实验材料,通过水培方法分析了不同浓度外源BL（0 nmol·L^-1、5 nmol·L^-1、25 nmol·L^-1、100 nmol·L^-1、1 μmol·L^-1）和BRZ（BR合成抑制剂,100 nmol·L^-1、1 μmol·L^-1和10 μmol·L^-1）处理下小麦幼苗根系的形态、长度、直径、侧根、侧根原基及其长出速率的差异。结果表明,经过不同浓度的 BL和BRZ处理后,两个小麦品种的幼苗地上部生长发育没有明显的差异,但是根系发育发生了显著的变化。较低浓度的BL（5 nmol·L^-1）处理会使根长增加,但高浓度BL（100 nmol·L^-1 、1 μmol·L^-1）处理会使根系伸长生长受到极显著的抑制;随着BL浓度的增大,根系直径越来越小。BRZ处理后小麦根系发育表现出相反的趋势,进一步证明BR激素对小麦根长、根径与侧根发生过程具有重要调控作用。细胞学观察的结果表明,BL主要通过调控根成熟细胞长度变化来影响小麦幼苗根系伸长生长。     

140个冬小麦品种(系)对UV-B辐射的响应

为深入了解不同小麦基因型对UV-B辐射响应的差异,以中国黄淮地区140个冬小麦育成品种(系)为材料,在苗期施加4.3kJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1)的UV-B辐射,培养15d后,测定相关的生物量(株高、鲜重、干重)、色素相对含量(花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)及光化学植被指数(PRI)等指标,计算UV-B辐射下的响应指数,并根据冬小麦幼苗干重响应指数对140个品种(系)进行了UV-B耐性分类。结果表明,140个冬小麦幼苗的7个被检测指标对UV-B辐射的响应不尽相同。对7个被测指标响应指数的相关性分析发现,反映植物生物量指标的响应指数与色素指标的响应指数之间没有显著相关性。有39个品种(系)的幼苗对UV-B辐射敏感,其中,9305031-2的干重降低幅度最大(34.8%);抗UV-B辐射的品种(系)有36个,其中,京10531干重增加幅度最大(71.0%);其他65个品种(系)对UV-B辐射不敏感。     

气候变化对甘肃农牧交错带主要粮食作物生产潜力的影响

为探讨热量、降水量及辐射资源变化对甘肃农牧交错带作物气候生产潜力的影响,基于甘肃农牧交错带45个气象站点1971-2020年的逐日气象资料以及主要粮食作物（春小麦、冬小麦和春玉米）生育期资料,利用数量统计分析方法计算3种粮食作物的气候生产潜力。结果表明,近50年来,甘肃农牧交错带春小麦、冬小麦和春玉米生育期内平均气温和降水量均呈上升趋势,太阳辐射量呈下降趋势;光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力分别从北到南、东北到西南和南到北呈递减趋势。热量变化对甘肃农牧交错带3种粮食作物的气候生产潜力有正效应,气候生产潜力平均增速分别为32.17、48.11和48.35 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。降水变化对该区域大部分地区春小麦和春玉米气候生产潜力有正效应,气候生产潜力平均增速分别为5.10和7.16 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;降水变化对部分区域冬小麦气候生产潜力产生负效应,气候生产潜力平均降速为0.12 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。辐射变化对该区域大部分地区3种粮食作物的气候生产潜力有负效应,气候生产潜力平均降速分别为1.81、2.35和8.66 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。总体来看,气候资源变化对甘肃农牧交错带大部分地区春小麦、冬小麦和春玉米气候生产潜力表现出正效应,但对临洮、灵台和靖远等地区的春玉米气候生产潜力有负效应。     

生物炭用量与灌水量对北疆灌区春小麦籽粒产量和品质综合评价

为探讨生物炭与灌水对春小麦产量和品质的综合效应,以北疆灌区春小麦为研究对象,通过随机区组试验,设置3个灌水量[4 500 m³·hm^-2(W0)、4 050 m³·hm^-2(W1)和3 600 m³·hm^-2(W2)]和3个生物炭施用量[0 t·hm^-2(B0)、10 t·hm^-2(B1)和20 t·hm^-2(B2)]水平,比较分析了不同生物炭用量与灌水量组合条件下春小麦干物质累积、产量和籽粒蛋白质含量等品质指标的差异,并运用基于熵值的DTOPSIS法进行综合效应评价。结果表明,不同灌水量条件下施用生物炭对春小麦干物质累积量影响均不显著,但可提升籽粒品质,灌水量和生物炭的交互作用对春小麦籽粒品质与产量的影响显著。在W0条件下春小麦籽粒蛋白含量随生物炭用量增加呈先升高后降低趋势,且所有施加生物炭处理的籽粒蛋白质含量均低于B0W0处理;W1条件下施加生物炭处理的籽粒蛋白质含量变化趋势与W0条件下...     

麦棉套作模式下播种方式与播量对小麦灌浆特性及产量性状的影响

为探索麦棉套作模式下适宜的小麦播种方式与播量,通过裂区试验,以播种方式(撒播和条播)为主因素,播量(187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0kg·hm-2)为副因素,研究了播种方式与播量对小麦灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与条播相比,撒播小麦灌浆期边行、内行分别延长3.3和0.6d,平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率边行分别降低0.18、0.26mg·粒-1·d-1,最大灌浆速率出现时间推迟了0.2d;内行小麦平均灌浆速率与最大灌浆速率分别提高0.02、0.04mg·粒-1·d-1,最大灌浆速率出现时间推迟0.6d;撒播使内行小麦理论最大粒重提高1.7g。随播量的增加,小麦灌浆期延长,与187.5kg·hm-2播量相比,300kg·hm-2播量下撒播边行和内行及条播边行和内行分别延长2.8、1.8、2.6、2.2d,平均灌浆速率分别降低0.10、0.02、0.11、0.10mg·粒-1·d-1,最大灌浆速率分别降低0.15、0.03、0.15、0.15mg·粒-1·d-1,最大灌浆速率出现时间分别推迟0.7、0.5、0.9和-0.8d,理论最大粒重分别降低1.5、3.1、1.1、6.5g。撒播内行穗数达到529.0万穗·hm-2,显著高于条播,穗粒数与千粒重分别较条播高1.4粒与0.2g,产量较条播高405.0kg·hm-2,而边行穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量与条播无显著差异;撒播平均产量较条播高5.1%。随播量的增加,单位面积穗数增加,穗粒数、千粒重下降。产量撒播以播量225.0kg·hm-2最高,条播以播量262.5kg·hm-2最高。以上结果说明,在麦棉套作模式下小麦采用撒播,播量在225.0kg·hm-2时可有效提高产量。     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on crop structure,growth and yield components of spring wheat under field conditions

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in the field for two consecutive seasons under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation to determine the potential for alterations in community structure, developmental stages, growth and yield components. The supplemental UV-B radiation simulated depletions of 12, 20, or 25% stratospheric ozone. Spring wheat is a potentially UV-B sensitive species, showing the greatest sensitivity to UV-B radiation at 5.31 kJ m⁻². Delays in development and decrease in plant height were observed at early tillering stage under UV-B treatment, and slowly exacerbated during further development. UV-B radiation changed crop structure, by decreasing the total number of tillers produced and increasing dead shoot number, resulted in fewer head-bearing shoots at ripening stage, and decreased biomass and yield. UV-B radiation decreased the area of the last leaf and leaf area index, but increased specific leaf weight. UV-B radiation inhibited biomass accumulation and altered the patterns of biomass partitioning; these effects might be correlated with yield. Decreases in yield were the result of significant reductions in spike number, grain number per spike and thousand grain weight under UV-B. Generally, the effects of UV-B radiation on developmental stages and crop structure were the most important, they might change the other characteristics of spring wheat crop. The responses of spring wheat crop to enhanced UV-B radiation were assessed, decreases in some crop characteristics caused by a 10 or 20% global ozone depletion were predicted. Ozone depletion had the greatest decrease in yield and the least reduction in plant height.     

Effect of temperature on germination and early growth of subterranean clover, capeweed and Wimmera ryegrass

Germination of annual pasture species was studied under controlled‐environment conditions in south‐western Australia at temperatures in the range from 4°C to 35°C. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) had a germination of 90% between 12°C and 29°C, whereas capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) had a high germination percentage in a much narrower temperature range with an optimum of 25°C. Growth of subterranean clover, capeweed and Wimmera ryegrass between 28 and 49 days after sowing (DAS) was also studied at two photon flux densities, 13 and 30 mol m^?2 d^?1, and at diel temperatures in the range from 15/10°C to 33/28°C. Pasture species grown at a density of 1000 plants m^?2 accumulated at least twice the amount of shoot dry matter when subjected to temperatures of 21/16°C and 27/22°C, compared with a lower temperature of 15/10°C and a higher temperature of 33/28°C. Except at the highest temperature and at high photon flux density, capeweed had lower green area indices (GAI) than the other two species at 28 DAS. Crop growth rates between 28 and 49 DAS were higher in Wimmera ryegrass than in the other two species, whereas subterranean clover had a lower relative growth rate than the other two species at all temperatures and both photon flux densities. Subterranean clover and capeweed intercepted a greater proportion of the incident radiation compared with Wimmera ryegrass. The values of radiation interception and GAI were used to estimate the number of DAS to reach 75% radiation interception [f_(0·75)]. The number of days to reach f_(0·75) decreased with increasing temperature from 15/10°C to reach a minimum at 27/22°C. The time taken to achieve f_(0·75) was always shorter by about 10 d when the photon flux density was 30 mol m^?2 d^?1 in the autumn compared with 13 mol m^?2 d^?1 in the winter. These results are discussed in relation to the early growth of annual pasture in the field.     

滴灌量对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质积累分配的影响

为给滴灌冬小麦高产栽培的水分管理提供理论依据,在播前足墒和越冬前灌水750 m33·hm-2的条件下分析了起身后不同滴灌量(2550、3150和3750 m3·hm-2,分别用W1、W2、W3表示)对冬小麦耗水及干物质积累、分配的影响.结果表明,随滴灌量的减少,冬小麦孕穗期至花后20 d的0～100 cm土层含水量明显降低,但土壤含水量沿毛管的横向差异增大,总耗水量减少,土壤贮水的消耗量明显增加;群体的叶面积指数和干物质积累量降低,尤其是远离毛管处下降更明显;开花前营养器官贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量、运转率及对籽粒的贡献率增加,开花后干物质同化量和对籽粒的贡献率显著降低;籽粒产量降低,灌溉水利用效率呈增加趋势.3个处理中,W2的水分利用效率最高,产量与W3差异不显著.在本试验条件下,起身后滴灌冬小麦的适宜灌溉定额为3150～3750 m3·hm2.     

Silage intake and milk production in cows given barley supplements of reduced ruminal degradability

Three change-over experiments were conducted to determine the effect on ad libitum silage intake and milk production in dairy cows of treatment of barley supplements with an acid-formaldehyde reagent designed to reduce the rate of starch and protein digestion in the rumen. In Experiment 1 there were six dietary treatments consisting of silage with supplements of 4·0,6·5 and 9·0 kg d^-1 of barley given untreated or treated with formaldehyde reagent (8·1 t^-1). In Experiment 2 there were four dietary treatments consisting of silage with supplements of barley (7·0 kg d^-1) or barley and fishmeal (6·0 kg d^-1 plus 1·0 kg d^-1), with the barley untreated or treated with formaldehyde reagent (15·1t^-1). In Experiment 3 there were four dietary treatments consisting of silage given alone or with supplements of barley (9·0 kg d^-1). Treated barley (15·1 t^-1, 9·0 kg d^-1) and barley plus sodium bicarbonate (9·0 kg d^-1 plus 25·0 g d^-1). Treatment of the barley supplement with formaldehyde reagent had no effect on silage intake or milk production in Experiment 1 where the rate of application of the reagent was low and the basal silage-barley diet was limiting in rumendegradable nitrogen. However, in Experiments 2 and 3 treated barley supplements were associated with improvements in silage intake and milk production. As compared with corresponding control diets containing untreated barley, increases in silage intake ranged from 0 to 0·16 of the control value, whilst associated increases in the yields of milk, milk fat, milk protein and lactose were 0·077–0·089, 0·016–0·026, 0·092–0·118 and 0·080–0·092 of the control value. These responses are discussed in relation to the increases in silage intake and milk production observed with fishmeal supplementation of the diet in Experiment 2 and inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in Experiment 3.     

Impact of UV-B radiation on aspects of germination and epidemiological components of three major physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Global climate change is increasingly being recognized as an uncertainty of plant diseases. In particular, the increased solar UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation reaching the earth's surface has stimulated considerable studies on plant diseases in recent decades. The effects of UV-B radiation on the urediospore germination of three physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), namely, CYR31, CYR32 and CYR33, and on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust caused by Pst were investigated in this study. In the germination experiments, seven UV-B intensity treatments including 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 μw/cm², were set. Under each UV-B intensity, Pst urediospores were irradiated for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The results showed that the germinability of Pst urediospores was reduced with an enhancement of the radiation intensity and an increase in the radiation time and that CYR31 was more sensitive to UV-B radiation than CYR32 and CYR33. To investigate the effects of UV-B on the epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust, three treatments with different UV-B radiation doses were set. The results indicated that an enhancement in UV-B radiation could reduce the infection efficiency, lesion expansion rate, sporulation quantity and AUDPC and could prolong the incubation period. The results demonstrated that CYR33 was the most stable and exhibited the strongest tolerance and that CYR31 was the most vulnerable under different UV-B radiation levels. This finding indicated that CYR33 may have more advantages to survive under enhanced UV-B radiation.