Vegetative Growth and Foliage Nutrient Content of Super Chief Apple under Different Irrigation and Fertigation Schedules in NW Himalayan Region

ABSTRACT

In the scheduling of nutrient supply programs, analysis of plant nutrient status has been found to be useful to prevent the deficiency or toxic effects of nutrients in any horticultural crop. So the present study was framed to assess the foliage nutrient content and vegetative growth under different irrigation and fertigation combination modules. Recently apple (Malus ×domestica) orchards in the state Himachal Pradesh of India have converted from the traditional royal delicious orchard at 6 × 6 m spacing with rainfed/basin irrigation to early spur varieties on dwarfing rootstock with drip irrigation, both with or without fertigation. An experimental field trial was started at the end of 2018 in a ‘Super Chief’/MM106 orchard at an experimental farm of the department of Soil Science & Water Management, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). A factorial experiment with 16 treatment combinations of 4 irrigation levels viz. I_{1 –} drip irrigation at 100% ETc, I_{2 –} drip irrigation at 80% ETc, I_{3 –} drip irrigation at 60% ETc, I_{4 –} conventional irrigation, and four fertigation levels viz. F_{0 –} No fertilizer application (absolute control), F_{1 –} 100% of AD (NPK), F_{2 –} 75% of AD (NPK) and F₃ – 50% of AD (NPK) were replicated thrice with 3 plants in each replication. Vegetative growth parameters and leaf nutrient contents were affected by both fertilization and water rate. Irrigation and nutrient levels and their interactions exhibited significant effect on leaf N (3.10%), P (0.28%), K (1.77%), and S (0.44%) contents. Significantly maximum contents were observed in the irrigation level I₁ (DI at 100% ETc). Among fertigation level, F₁ [100% AD (NPK)] recorded highest contents of leaf N (3.17%), P (0.29%), K (1.80%), S (0.46%). Interaction I₁F₁ registered maximum leaf N (3.36%), P (0.36%), K (1.92%) and S (0.63%).

With an increase in the water volume and an increasing dose of NPK, vegetative growth parameters, i.e., tree height, plant spread, tree volume, trunk girth, and annual extension growth were noted to increase proportionately. Treatment DI at 100% ETc (I₁), increased the tree height by 9.41, plant spread (EW by 32.0, NS by 16.3), tree volume by 61.36, trunk girth by 8.05, and annual extension growth by 14.22% over conventional irrigation (I₄). Drip fertigated trees with F₁ [100% AD (NPK)] reported the highest growth parameters. The results of two years apple trial suggested a positive effect of fertigation on enhanced effectiveness of fertilization and improved foliage nutrient content and vegetative growth.     

Combined effect of deficit irrigation and foliar-applied salicylic acid on physiological responses,yield, and water-use efficiency of onion plants in saline calcareous soil

Field-applied salicylic acid (SA) could provide a potential protection against drought stress in onion large-scale production. Two-season field experiments were consecutively conducted in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study the effect of 1 and 2 mM SA on growth, yield, plant water relations, chlorophyll a fluorescence, osmoprotectants, and water-use efficiency (WUE) in onion plants under four levels of irrigation (I₁₂₀ = 120%, I₁₀₀ = 100%, I₈₀ = 80%, and I₆₀ = 60% of crop evapotranspiration). Foliar application of SA enhanced drought stress tolerance in onion plants by improving photosynthetic efficiency and plant water status as evaluated by membrane stability index and relative water content. These results were positively reflected by improving plant growth, productivity, and WUE under drought stress conditions. Therefore, SA application may, in future, find application as a potential growth regulator for improving plant growth and yield under deficit irrigation by 20–40%.     

Productivity of capsicum as influenced by fertigation with chemical fertilizers and humic acid

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertigation through drip on nutrient distribution and productivity of capsicum. The experiment was set up in Randomized Block Design with three levels of fertigation (100, 80 and 60% of recommended NPK) without humic acid (sole fertigation) and with humic acid (combined fertigation). Combined fertigation registered lower available N and K and higher available P in deeper soil layers. Fruit yield was 17–27 percent higher under combined fertigation over sole fertigation. Fertilizer use efficiency was higher in combined fertigation. Significantly higher N, P and K uptake was also observed under combined fertigation. Further, growth and yield of capsicum were statistically at par between 100 percent (sole fertigation) and 80 percent recommended NPK dose (combined fertigation). The results, therefore, ensures the partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with more economic and environmentally safe organic materials when applied through drip.     

Nutrient Utilization Indices of NPK and Drought Management in Groundnut under Sandy Soil Conditions

ABSTRACT

In arid zones, farmers are obligated to reduce water amounts used in irrigating their lands. Consequently, reduction in final yields is realized. Thus, dealing with such a case became a decisive act. We tried to investigate the acceptable degree of lowering irrigation water with sustaining the productivity of groundnut as a way for managing drought conditions. Therefore, in summer seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Experimental Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, Egypt, field trials were conducted with growing groundnut plants under three irrigation levels, i.e., 50%, 75%, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ET_c), denoted as I₅₀, I₇₅, and I₁₀₀, respectively. N, P, and K contents in seed and shoot and their yields in addition to harvest and partitioning indices were estimated. In spite of irrigating groundnut plants by normal water amounts, I₁₀₀, caused the maximum weight of seed biomass yield ha?1 and seed N and P contents, I75 was similar to I₁₀₀ for producing shoot biomass yield ha?1 and seed K content. Moreover, N and P yields (for shoots and seeds) and k yield (for seeds) showed the maximum values with I₁₀₀. Differences in all nutrient harvest indices (NHI, PHI, and KHI) between I₁₀₀ and I75 were not significant. Furthermore, I75 statistically leveled with I₁₀₀ in nutrient partitioning indices, viz., NPI, PPI, and KPI. In conclusion, groundnut straw residues produced by 25% less water supply than normal may share in managing drought stress by releasing nutrients and saving irrigation water in arid areas.     

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Yield,Water Use Efficiency,and Nutrients Availability in Banana in West Bengal,India

Field studies were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 at the Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India, to assess the different levels of drip fertigation at variable evaporation replenishment compared to surface irrigation and conventional soil fertilization on yield, water use efficiency, and nutrients availability in plant and ratoon crop of banana. The experiment was laid in an Augmented Factorial Complete Block Design with three replications having three drip irrigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 70% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and three drip fertigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 80% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers with inclusion of conventional surface irrigation at 100% of IW/CPE. The results showed that fruit yield of plant and ratoon crop increased progressively with increasing levels of irrigation water (up to 60% CPE) and NPK fertigation through the drip system. However, maximum fruit yield and water use efficiency of crops was obtained with drip irrigation at 60% CPE with NPK fertigation at 80% of recommended dose. Drip irrigation, as a whole, registered higher fruit yields and water use efficiency with savings of 38.3–41.5% of water compared to surface irrigation. Availability of N, P, and K in soil at vegetative, shooting, and harvesting stages for plant and ratoon crop consistently increased with increasing rate of irrigation water and NPK fertigation through the drip system. Higher availability of macronutrients in soil was recorded with drip irrigation at 70% CPE with 80% of recommended drip NPK fertigation. Overall drip fertigation system improved the available plant nutrients in the soil as compared with traditional surface irrigation.     

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).     

Productivity,nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil fertility as influenced by cotton-based cropping system with integrated nutrient management practices in semi-arid tropics

Field experiments were conducted on cotton to evaluate the different cotton-based intercropping system along with balanced nutrient management practices on enhancing cotton productivity. Cropping systems have been considered as main plots and nutrient management practices have been considered as subplots. The results showed that cotton + onion system recorded the highest cotton equivalent yield (CEY) of 2052 and 1895 kg ha^?1 which was on par with cotton intercropped with dhaincha, which recorded 2010 and 1894 kg of CEY ha^?1 in both the seasons. Combined application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) registered highest CEY in both the seasons. Cotton intercropped with dhaincha (M₂) recorded highest uptake of N, P, and K. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) showed highest uptake of N, P, and K. A similar trend was noticed in the post-harvest soil fertility too and it is significantly higher under cotton + dhaincha and application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants treatment compared to 100% recommend NPK alone. It could be concluded from these results that crop productivity can be improved and soil fertility status can be sustained with integrated plant nutrient management practices.     

Effects of Boron and Lime on Productivity of Garden Pea under Acidic Soils in Northwestern Himalayas

An experiment comprising seven treatments was conducted to study the effect of boron and lime integrated with organic manures and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers on garden pea productivity. Seed yield along with growth parameters were significantly influenced by combined use of farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers either alone or in combination with boron and lime. Treatment combination of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK + borax (T₄) resulted in 37% increase in seed yield over recommended practice of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK (T₃). In addition, recommended practice supplemented with granubor (T₅) and lime (T₆) also significantly surpassed T₃ with respective increase of 14 and 10% in seed yield. Similarly, maximum nutrient was observed in T₄. Hence, application of boron along with farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers could be the best option to maximize pea productivity in acidic soils under humid subtemperate climate.     

水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响

为探究水肥一体化技术对陕西省不同生态区苹果生产的影响,分别选取渭北旱塬区和关中平原区典型‘红富士’苹果园,研究了相同肥料用量的NPK传统施肥[NPK(C)]、NPK水肥[NPK(F)]和肥料用量减半的NPK水肥[1/2NPK(F)]对苹果产量、品质、肥料利用效率、果实养分吸收和果园经济效益的影响。结果表明,因不同生态区环境条件和果园自身土壤和肥力等存在差异,水肥一体化技术对苹果生产的影响也不同。渭北旱塬区果园,与NPK(C)相比,NPK(F)处理苹果增产13.0%,果实硬度增加10.6%,糖酸比提高19.1%,化肥偏生产力(PFP)由18.2 kg·kg?1提高至36.3 kg·kg?1,果实N、P和K养分吸收量分别增加36.0%、75.3%和44.8%;1/2NPK(F)处理对苹果生产的影响基本不显著。关中平原区果园,与NPK(C)相比,1/2NPK(F)使苹果增产26.2%,糖酸比提高16.9%,PFP从27.2 kg·kg?1提高至68.7 kg·kg?1,果实N、P和K养分吸收量分别增加41.8%、98.9%和58.9%;然而,NPK(F)处理苹果仅增产14.1%,果实养分吸收无显著增加,品质亦无明显改善。经济收益方面,在相同肥料用量下,采用水肥一体化技术可使渭北旱塬区和关中平原区果园分别增收1.55万元·hm?2和3.65万元·hm?2;当肥料用量减半时,收益增加分别为0.21万元·hm?2和7.28万元·hm?2。总体而言,在陕西渭北旱塬区和关中平原区果园采用水肥一体化技术均能显著提高苹果产量和改善品质,但其效果存在明显差异,实践中需因地制宜,根据果园实际情况,采用适宜的水肥用量以求达到高产、高效和优质的目标。     

Optimizing the NPK application in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) under an arid climate in Punjab,Pakistan

The production of oil from the conventional oilseed seed crops (viz. mustard, rapeseed) is not sufficient to meet the demands of Pakistani people. Due to this reason, a surplus quantity of oil is imported every year from different countries to fulfill the domestic demands of the cooking oil. This 2-year study was aimed to optimize the dose of NPK for profitable production of white mustard. Nitrogen (0, 60, 90?kg ha^?1), phosphorous (0, 30, 60?kg ha^?1) and potassium (0, 75, 100?kg ha^?1) were applied in various combinations. The results indicated that highest seed yield and profitability was recorded with NPK at 90–60–100?kg ha^?1, which was attributed to improvement in crop growth. In crux, application of NPK at pre-optimized rate might be a viable option to improve the growth, yield, oil quality, and economics of white mustard production under arid climates in Pakistan. According to the results, a balanced use of NPK fertilization is a key management strategy for white mustard growing farmers of arid region.     

Water management for maize grown in sandy soil under climate change conditions

To reduce climate change risks on maize yield grown in sandy soil, agricultural management practices must be studied. The aim of the study was to determine whether improved water management practices could reduce the vulnerability of maize to drought stress by climate change. Eight fertigation treatments in addition to farmer irrigation (control treatment) were tested. Two climate change scenarios were incorporated in the CropSyst model to assess maize yield responses to variable fertigation regimes under different climate change conditions. The results showed that under current climate, the highest and lowest water productivity (WP) values were obtained when irrigation was applied using 0.8 and 0.6 potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with fertigation application in 80% and 60% of application time, respectively. The highest WP under the tested climate change scenarios was obtained when irrigation was applied using 1.2 and 0.8 of ETc with fertigation application in 80% of application time, respectively, in 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. Irrigating maize grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation with an amount of either 1.2 or 0.8 of ETc with fertigation application in 80% of application time are recommended to enhance the WP and reduce maize’s damage caused by extreme climate change.     

Foliar spray of mineral nutrients enhanced the growth,seed yield,and quality in onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Pusa Riddhi

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spray of mineral nutrients on plant growth, seed yield, and quality attributes in onion cv. Pusa Riddhi at SPU, IARI, New Delhi during rabi 2013–14 and 2014–15. The experiment consisted of 16 treatments comprised of boron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium laid out in a completely randomized block design with two replications. The study revealed that the foliar zinc spray (625 g ha^?1) produced higher seed scape height (105.35 cm) along with lower disease incidence (8.50%) than the other treatments. Whereas, higher number of seed scapes plant^?1 (11.20) and productive seed scapes plant^?1 (8.58) were observed in T₁₀ (500 g ha^?1) and combined spray of B + Zn + Ca (T₁₄), respectively. The flowering traits, viz., umbellates umbel^?1 (642.45), productive umbellates umbel^?1 (579.35), and umbel diameter (7.38cm) were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in T₁₅ than other treatments. Similarly, higher seed yield and seed quality attributes were also observed in combined application of all minerals treatment (T₁₅).     

Dynamics of zinc under long-term application of chemical fertilizers and amendments by maize–wheat cropping sequence in Typic Hapludalfs

This present investigation took place on a continuing long-term fertilizer experiment, initiated in 1972 at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture CSK HPKV, Palampur, aimed at studying nutrient dynamics of micronutrients, especially Zn, after continuous use of chemical fertilizers and amendments over the previous 36 years in an acid Alfisol under a maize–wheat system. Treatments investigated were as follows: T₁: Control; 100% N; 100% NP; 100% NPK (optimal application - 120:26:33(maize)/25(wheat)); 100% NPK + FYM (10 t ha⁻¹ to the maize crop); T₆: 100% NPK + lime (900 kg ha⁻¹); T₇: 100% NPK + Zn (25 kg ha⁻¹ as ZnSO₄); T₈: 100% NPK + Hand weeding; T₉: 100% NPK (-S); T₁₀: 150% NPK (super-optimal application); and T₁₁: 50% NPK (sub-optimal application). Different forms of zinc in soil were determined through a sequential extraction method. Results revealed that previous applications of high-analysis fertilizers and amendments caused a marked depletion in the pools of Zn as compared to buffer plots. All pools of Zn as well as crop productivity and Zn uptake were noticeably greater in farmyard manure (FYM)-amended plots compared with plots not receiving fertilizer. The residual fraction was the dominant form but organically bound and exchangeable forms were found to play major role in nutrient supply, crop productivity and nutrient uptake. Correlation and regression analysis studies showed that organic forms constituted the most important pool contributing towards variation in yield and uptake by maize and wheat crops. Exchangeable and organically bound forms contributed significantly towards the availability of DTPA-extractable Zn in soil.     

适宜滴灌施肥量促进河西春玉米根系生长提高产量

针对河西地区水资源短缺、作物水肥利用效率低等问题,研究不同滴灌施肥条件下河西地区春玉米根系生长与产量对水肥的响应关系,以期探索提高水肥利用效率的滴灌施肥模式。利用2 a的田间小区试验,以春玉米"强盛51号"为试验材料,设置4个灌水水平,2015年和2016年分别为I_(60)(60%ET_c)、I_(75)(75%ET_c)、I_(90)(90%ET_c)、I_(105)(105%ET_c)和I_(60)(60%ET_c)、I_(80)(80%ET_c)、I_(100)(100%ET_c)、I_(120)(120%ET_c),ET_c为玉米需水量;4个N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥水平(kg/hm~2):F_(60)(60-30-30)、F_(120)(120-60-60)、F_(180)(180-90-90)和F_(240)(240-120-120),共16个处理。在生育期内对春玉米的根长、根表面积、根质量、根体积、根长密度进行观测,并统计地上部干物质量和产量。结果表明:灌水量为105%ET_c(2015年)和100%ET_c(2016年)与施肥量180-90-90 kg/hm~2组合的处理根长、根表面积、根质量、根体积均较高;相关性分析显示,各生育期根系特征参数与产量和地上部干物质量相关系数按大小排序表现出灌浆期大喇叭口期成熟期小喇叭口期的规律;在河西地区膜下滴灌施肥条件下,综合考虑根系生长、节水节肥及高产等因素,该地区灌水量90%ET_c~100%ET_c、180-90-90(N-P_2O_5-K_2O)kg/hm~2处理为最佳滴灌施肥策略。     

Fertigation of humic substances improves yield and quality of broccoli and nutrient retention in a sandy soil

There is lack of information available concerning the effect of humic substances (HS) applied via fertigation on plant growth in sandy soils. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at El‐Saff district (20 km southwest of Cairo), Egypt, to investigate the role of HS fertigation on water retention of a sandy soil, yield and quality of broccoli (Broccoli oleracea L.) as well as on soil nutrient concentration retained after harvest. The experiment consisted of six fertigation treatments (50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended NPK‐fertilizer rate for broccoli combined with and without HS application at 120 L ha^–1) in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Humic substances affected spatial water distribution and improved water retention in the root zone. Furthermore, application of HS increased total marketable yield and head diameter of broccoli as well as quality parameters (i.e., total soluble solids, protein, and vitamin C). Higher nutrient concentrations were found in the broccoli heads and concentrations of plant‐available nutrients in soil after harvesting were also higher, indicating an improvement in soil fertility. In conclusion, HS fertigation can be judged as an interesting option to improve soil water and nutrient status leading to better plant growth.     

Combined Effect of Poultry Manure and Soil Mulching on Soil Properties,Physiological Responses,Yields and Water-use Efficiencies of Sorghum Plants under Water Stress

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was planned to determine the effect of deficit irrigation, mulching and poultry manure application on sorghum grain, forage yield and water-use efficiencies. Two field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at Demo farm, Fayoum, Egypt. Eighteen treatments comprising of two rates of rice straw as soil mulching (SM; zero and 10 ton per hectare), three irrigation treatments (I_100% = 100%, I_85% = 85% and I_70% = 70% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and three poultry manure (PM) levels (0, 24 and 36 ton per hectare) were studied under controlled surface irrigation system. Sorghum growth attributes (plant height, stem diameter, leave area), grain and forage yield, water-use efficiencies (G-WUE and F-WUE) were significantly (p < .05) affected by irrigation quantity and both soil mulch and poultry manure application. Poultry manure resulted in a significant decrease in soil bulk density, electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH, hydraulic conductivity and total porosity, useful pores, and water holding pores were increased. The results showed that underwater scarcity, application of (I₈₅ × PM₃₆× SM₁₀) treatment was found to be favorable to save 15% of the applied irrigation water as compared to I₁₀₀, at the time produced the same sorghum yields.     

Management practices of macronutrients for potato for smallholder farming system at alluvial soil (Entisols) of India

In the present study, seven fertilizer treatments [T₁, 50% NPK; T₂, 100% NPK (Recommended dose of fertilizer, 200–65.4–124.5 kg N-P-K ha^?1); T₃, 150% NPK; T₄, 100% PK; T₅, 100% NK; T₆, 100% NP and T₇, control (zero NPK)] with four replications were assessed in the new alluvial soil zone (Entisols) of West Bengal, India. The objectives of the study were to generate information on potato productivity, profitability, indigenous nutrient supply and net gain/loss of NPK in post-harvest soil. Plants grown under higher NPK supply resulted in higher tuber yield and there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total yield with nutrient omissions. Nutrient?limited yields were 19.78, 2.83 and 1.77 t ha^?1 for N, P and K, considering total tuber yield (28.24 t ha^?1) obtained under 100% NPK as targeted yield. Indigenous nutrient supply of N, P and K were estimated at 24.1, 22.34 and 110.22 kg ha^?1, respectively that indicates higher K?supplying capacity of experimental soil as compared to N and P. Net income (US$1349 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.91) was highest with 100% NPK, and further addition of NPK (150%) resulted in decrease on net return (US$1193 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.73).     

The effect of zeolite applications on yield components and nutrient uptake of common bean under water stress

In this study, the effects of different zeolite doses (Z₀:0, Z₃:30, Z₆:60, Z₉:90, and Z₁₂:120 t ha^?1) and water levels (I₅₀: 0.50, I₇₅: 0.75, and I₁₀₀:1.00) on yield, quality, and nutrient absorption of common bean were evaluated under arid conditions in Karapinar Konya, Turkey, in 2011 and 2012. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that in each treatment different doses of zeolite together with changes in the rate of irrigation levels effected yield and yield components. Water use efficiency was also affected by zeolite and irrigation treatments. The highest yields, 4777 and 4114 kg ha^?1, respectively, were obtained from the Z₉I₁₀₀ application in 2011 and 2012. During the experimental years, water consumptions at the same treatment were determined 451 and 468 mm, respectively. In addition to this, zeolite treatments affected the contents of N, K, Zn, Mn, and Cu in leaf samples (p < 0.05). These nutrient levels increased with raising zeolite doses.     

露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Photosynthesis Activator,Traditional Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in Arid Climatic Conditions

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I₅₀ irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I₃₀ irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I₅₀, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I₃₀, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I₁₀₀ and I₅₀ irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da^?1) in I₁₀₀, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da^?1) in I₃₀ irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I₃₀ irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I₃₀ and I₅₀ irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant^?1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant^?1; 26.30 g plant^?1) in I₅₀ and I₃₀ irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant^?1, 6.40 g plant^?1, 10.26 g plant^?1), respectively.