缓释复合肥与覆膜旱作对水稻氮素营养的效应研究

采用田间试验和化学分析方法．研究了3种缓释复合肥对覆膜早作水稻生长、产量、叶片氮素形态、氮肥利用率和稻米品质的影响。结果表明．施用高氮型无机型缓释复合肥（SRF1）条件下，覆膜早作（DF）水稻植株生长、产量、氮素营养和稻米品质优于常规淹水栽培（CF），DF和CF的氮肥表观利用率分别为64．90％和37．15％。同为覆膜早作时．施用高氮型有机无机缓释复合肥（SRF1）的水稻农艺性状、产量及分蘖期和孕穗期植株叶片氨基酸、NO2^- -N含量较高，而植株叶片蛋白氮和全氮含量以高氮型无机缓释复合肥处理（SRF1）较高，氮肥表观利用率和农业利用率均以SRF2〉SRF1〉SRF3，氮肥生理利用率差异不大。覆膜早作和施用缓释复合肥能提高稻米营养品质，稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量与水稻分蘖期叶片的蛋白氮和全氮含量皆呈显著正相关。     

喷施不同形态硅对水稻生长与抗逆性的影响

本文研究了喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅3种不同形态硅对水稻生长和抗逆性的影响。结果表明，在水分胁迫条件下，喷施3种形态的硅均能降低水稻叶片电解质的渗漏率，维持其较高的叶片水势和相对含水量，增加叶绿素的含量，提高植物的光合能力，促进水稻的生长。与喷清水的对照相比，喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅的处理，水稻的生物量分别增加44．92％、29．08％和46．89％。喷施3种形态硅均促进了水稻对氮的吸收和累积。在不同形态硅的处理之间，有机硅在提高水稻叶绿素含量上优于其它两种形态硅。     

喷施不同形态硅对水稻生长与抗逆性的影响

本文研究了喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅3种不同形态硅对水稻生长和抗逆性的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,喷施3种形态的硅均能降低水稻叶片电解质的渗漏率,维持其较高的叶片水势和相对含水量,增加叶绿素的含量,提高植物的光合能力,促进水稻的生长。与喷清水的对照相比,喷施纳米硅胶、无机硅和有机硅的处理,水稻的生物量分别增加44.92%、29.08%和46.89%。喷施3种形态硅均促进了水稻对氮的吸收和累积。在不同形态硅的处理之间,有机硅在提高水稻叶绿素含量上优于其它两种形态硅。     

添加螯合剂诱导－栽培红叶菾菜（Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.）修复铅和镉污染土壤效果的研究

以雄安新区安新县重金属污染农田土壤为供试土壤,以Cd超积累植物红叶菾菜（Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.）为供试植物,设置不同浓度EDTA和柠檬酸（0,2.5,5,7.5,10 mmol kg?1）处理进行盆栽试验,探究螯合诱导－红叶菾菜修复Cd、Pb污染土壤的可行性。结果表明:（1）与对照相比,添加EDTA螯合剂使红叶菾菜生长及生物量均受到抑制,一定浓度柠檬酸处理能显著促进植物生长,5 mmol kg?1柠檬酸处理对植物株高、茎粗及生物量与对照相比的上升比例分别为4.52%、44.07%和50%;（2）添加EDTA螯合剂后土壤中Cd、Pb有效态含量相比对照分别提高了108.61% ~ 235.39%、67.98% ~ 224.16%,柠檬酸处理后土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量最大提高了180.07%、186.01%,EDTA对土壤重金属的活化效率显著高于柠檬酸;（3）通过对红叶菾菜地上部Cd、Pb含量及富集系数比较发现,EDTA更能促进红叶菾菜对Pb的吸收,柠檬酸更能促进红叶菾菜对Cd的吸收;（4）螯合剂处理后土壤中铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量显著增加。就本文试验条件、供试材料而言,螯合诱导－红叶菾菜修复铅镉复合污染土壤是可行的。     

氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料在小麦和后作水稻上的效果

氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料是一种新型微肥,经过连续盆栽小麦和水稻(收麦后)试验,结果表明,氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料的肥效及有效性明显优于无机微肥,不仅能改善小麦相关生物性状,而且能改善其营养品质,提高小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量和淀粉含量以及稻粒的淀粉含量。氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料用量少,成本低,肥效显著,宜在生产中推广。     

南方红豆杉扦插繁殖技术研究——Ⅲ.叶面肥与透光度对扦插苗生长的影响

试验研究叶面肥和透光度对南方红豆杉扦插苗生长的影响结果表明,喷施叶面肥对扦插苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈正效应,而透光度的影响则呈负效应,且前者效应大于后者。喷施叶面肥和未喷施叶面肥处理间扦插苗新梢长、苗鲜物质量和根鲜物质量及叶绿素含量间差异均达显著水平;且喷施叶面肥处理40%与80%透光度间以上指标差异达显著水平,40%与60%透光度间或60%与80%透光度间差异仅部分指标差异显著;而未喷施叶面肥处理透光度对扦插苗叶绿素含量的影响仅部分处理间有明显差异,但不足以导致扦插苗生长量的显著差异。     

氨基酸螯合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响

在南京市傅家边农业科技园的梨园研究套袋与不套袋的情况下,氨基酸螫合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响.结果表明:套袋与不套袋条件下,与对照及有机肥处理相比,施用氨基酸螯合中微肥均能显著增加果实的单果重,显著降低果实中的可滴定酸含量:套袋结合施用氨基酸螯合中微肥,新高梨的果形指数显著大于对照及有机肥处理:施用低水平的氨基酸螯合中微肥能显著提高套袋果和未套袋果果实的Vc含量,施用量增加一倍时,Vc含量则有所降低:氨基酸螫合中微肥处理对果实可溶性固形物含量的影响不显著.总的来说,施用低水平的氨基酸螫合中微肥对新高梨品质的改善效果尤佳.     

叶面喷施硒对水稻籽粒中硒含量及形态的影响

为研究叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒对水稻籽粒硒含量及形态的影响,以水稻品种百香 139 为材料,通过大田试验,在水稻破口期叶面喷施不同用量的氨基酸螯合硒,并在水稻拔节孕穗期、始穗期、扬花授粉期、灌浆期、蜡熟期 5个不同生育期叶面喷施 13.5 g/hm²(以硒计)的氨基酸螯合硒,在水稻成熟期测定、分析各处理组水稻地上部不同组织器官硒含量和籽粒硒形态。结果表明,喷施外源氨基酸螯合硒可提高水稻各器官硒含量,在适量范围内水稻植株各器官硒含量随着喷硒浓度的增加而提高;水稻籽粒中硒主要以硒代蛋氨酸存在,水稻籽粒中硒代蛋氨酸含量与总硒含量的变化规律相一致。喷施氨基酸螯合硒用量为 6.75、13.5、27.0 g/hm² 时水稻籽粒中硒含量分别为 0.168、0.431、0.439 mg/kg,均达到《富硒农产品硒含量分类要求》(DB45/T 1061-2014)的要求。拔节孕穗期至灌浆期喷硒处理水稻籽粒硒含量呈现增高趋势,灌浆期喷硒处理的水稻籽粒总硒含量最高,达到 0.320 mg/kg;水稻籽粒中硒代蛋氨酸含量占总硒含量的比例为 43% ～ 91%,硒代蛋氨酸含量占总硒含量的比例由大到小依次为:拔节孕穗期 >始穗期>扬花授粉期＝灌浆期>蜡熟期,硒代蛋氨酸比例随着施硒时期越靠近水稻成熟期越低,表明水稻叶片中硒的转化时间对稻米中硒形态有显著影响,提早喷施硒有利于有机态硒的形成,提高稻米中有机态硒的比例。在硒的生物强化生产富硒水稻中,水稻破口期叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒的最佳用量为 13.5 g/hm²,在 5 个不同生育期喷施 13.5 g/hm² 的氨基酸螯合硒均能生产出富硒大米,且最佳喷施外源硒的时期为灌浆期。     

硅处理对镉锌胁迫下水稻产量及植株生理特性的影响

以郑稻18为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染胁迫和硅(Si)处理对水稻产量、不同生育时期植株生理特性的影响,从而揭示硅缓解Cd、Zn胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,水稻植株受到Cd、Zn毒害时,不同生育期植株生物量、产量、叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,而叶片质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和过氧化物(POD)活性显著增加。施硅处理显著提高水稻植株对重金属的抗性,主要反映在植株生物量显著增加,叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,而叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著降低,产量显著增加,说明硅缓解植株体内重金属毒害的代谢机制与其对抗氧化酶系统的调控作用及作物抗性的提高有关。     

模拟池塘底泥无机磷形态与上覆水体可溶性活性磷含量的关系及其控制

取两个池塘底泥和上覆水进行室内模拟水体小环境试验,设对照组及5个处理组,进行4个月培养,采用连续分组法测定底泥中无机磷形态及其含量,分析底泥潜在无机磷变化及其与上覆水体可溶性活性磷（DRP）含量的关系。结果表明,池塘底泥中无机磷各形态含量依次为钙10结合磷（Ca10-P）〉闭蓄态磷（O-P）〉铝结合磷（Al-P）〉铁结合磷（Fe-P）〉钙8结合磷（Ca8-P）〉钙2结合磷（Ca2-P）;4个月后两池塘底泥中的Ca2-P和Fe-P增加,Ca10-P、O-P、Al-P减少;上覆水体中DRP含量与O-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Ca10-P之间呈显著正相关;底泥中无机磷各形态对上覆水体中DRP含量的直接影响大小依次为O-P〉Ca8-P〉Ca2-P〉Ca10-P〉Fe-P〉Al-P;5个处理组上覆水体中DRP含量都低于对照组;沸石与芽孢杆菌组合处理的上覆水体中DRP含量最低,表明采用沸石与芽孢杆菌组合进行底泥处理是控制上覆水中DRP含量的有效方法。     

Preparation and Optimization of Amino Acid Chelated Micronutrient Fertilizer by Hydrolyzation of Chicken Waste Feathers and the Effects on Growth of Rice

For the preparation of amino acid chelated fertilizer, chicken feathers were hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄; 6M) and potassium hydroxide (KOH; 6M) separately in the presence of different catalysts. Under acidic conditions, the catalyst zinc sulfate, gave minimum ammonium but a maximum conversion rate of organic nitrogen (N) into amino acids (19% higher than control). Under alkaline conditions, sodium sulfide showed maximum amino acid-N and conversion rate (37% higher than control). The catalyst doses showed a continuous increase in the conversion rate and were highest at 12%. The ratio of 1:3 feathers: hydrolytic agent showed maximum conversion rate. Hydrolytic time had a nonsignificant effect under acidic conditions, but under alkaline conditions a hydrolytic time of 14 h gave the maximum conversion rate. The chelation experiment results showed that the ratios (2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1) showed almost equal chelation rates, except the 1:1 ratio of hydrolysis product to salt. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) showed maximum chelation rates under acidic pH, while zinc (Zn) showed maximum chelation rate at an alkaline pH. Temperature and chelation time had a nonsignificant effect on chelation rate. Comparative study results of amino acid chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers, and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and iron sulfate (FeSO₄) fertilizer foliar application to upland rice showed that a 1/100 dilution of amino acid chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers increased growth parameters from 22–73%, while EDTA chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers caused an increase of 15–63%, and ZnSO₄ and FeSO₄ increased growth parameters from 11–35% over the control. After fertilizer application, increase in chlorophyll contents was 11–17%, 3–6%, and 8–12%, respectively, over control. Therefore, amino acid chelated micronutrient fertilizer is used in small amounts, has a low cost, and high rates of return.     

The use of iron chelates in compound fertilizers containing trace elements

Abstract

The chemical behaviour of iron chelates, incorporated in compound fertilizers with inorganic micronutrient compounds, was studied. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these products in controlling iron deficiency. A commercial compound fertilizer, containing 0.09% Fe as Fe‐DTPA, 0.12% Cu, 0.16% Mn and 0.04% Zn as sulfates, proved to be ineffective in preventing iron chlorosis in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ’Alumii’, growing on sphagnum peat at two lime levels. The same fertilizer formulation with 0.09%‐ Fe as Fe‐EDDHA did prevent iron chlorosis at both lime levels. Fe‐EDTA, incorporated in the compound fertilizer, gave good results at the lower but not at the higher lime level, due to the low stability of Fe‐EDTA at high pH. Data from laboratory experiments showed that copper replaced the chelated iron in the compound fertilizer containing Fe‐DTPA, causing the iron to precipitate. The strong competition between copper and iron for the organic ligand is due to a specific affinity of copper for DTPA, resulting in a copper chelate with high stability constant and a molar ratio of copper to chelating agent of 2 : 1.

In the case of Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA the competition between iron and copper is much weaker. In contrast to Fe‐DTPA, these chelates remain rather stable when incorporated in fertilizers containing micronutrients.     

Biological and chemical properties of arable soils affected by long-term organic and inorganic fertilizer applications

 Using soils from field plots in four different arable crop experiments that have received combinations of manure, lime and inorganic N, P and K for up to 20 years, the effects of these fertilizers on soil chemical properties and estimates of soil microbial community size and activity were studied. The soil pH was increased or unaffected by the addition of organic manure plus inorganic fertilizers applied in conjunction with lime, but decreased in the absence of liming. The soil C and N contents were greater for all fertilized treatments compared to the control, yet in all cases the soil samples from fertilized plots had smaller C:N ratios than soil from the unfertilized plots. The soil concentrations of all the other inorganic nutrients measured were greater following fertilizer applications compared with the unfertilized plots, and this effect was most marked for P and K in soils from plots that had received the largest amounts of these nutrients as fertilizers. Both biomass C determined by chloroform fumigation and glucose-induced respiration tended to increase as a result of manure and inorganic fertilizer applications, although soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime contained less biomass C than those to which lime had been added. Dehydrogenase activity was lower in soils that had received the largest amounts of fertilizers, and was further decreased in the absence of lime. This suggests that dehydrogenase activity was highly sensitive to the inhibitory effects associated with large fertilizer additions. Potential denitrification and anaerobic respiration determined in one soil were increased by fertilizer application but, as with both the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, there were significant reductions in both N₂O and CO₂ production in soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime. In contrast, the size of the denitrifying component of the soil microbial community, as indicated by denitrifying enzyme activity, was unaffected by the absence of lime at the largest rate of inorganic fertilizer applications. The results indicated differences in the composition or function of microbial communities in the soils in response to long-term organic and inorganic fertilization, especially when the soils were not limited. Received: 10 March 1998     

螯合肥料在农业上的应用效果研究

在分析我国肥料利用现状的基础上,综述了当前市场上主要螯合肥料的肥效研究现状。综合研究表明:氨基酸螯合肥、EDTA螯合肥、腐殖酸螯合肥、糖醇螯合肥的肥效明显高于普通无机肥料,不仅可以增加作物产量,而且在改善品质等方面具有显著的优势,其中,糖醇螯合肥具有易螯合的多齿结构,在植物体内输送能力强且肥料效果好,相比其它螯合肥料具有明显的优势。分析了当前螯合肥在合成与施用上存在的问题,并指出目前我国开展螯合肥料研制的重要性和必要性,积极发展糖醇螯合肥料是实现我国化肥用量零增长的有效途径。     

不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.     

长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田水稻子粒与土壤锌、 硼、 铜、 铁、 锰含量的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第26年,研究了不同施肥模式对水稻子粒与土壤微量元素含量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥（CK）相比,化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、 化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）及单施化肥（NPK）处理的水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu含量均有不同程度的提高,并尤以NPKM处理最为明显,三种微量元素含量分别提高14.3%、 25.1%、 465.2%,均达差异显著水平。NPKM与NPKS处理还不同程度地提高了子粒Mn含量,但各施肥处理的子粒Fe含量均显著降低。各施肥处理尤其是NPKM与NPKS均显著提高了子粒微量元素吸收量。NPK处理的土壤有效B、 Fe、 Zn、 Cu含量与CK相比均呈下降趋势,且有效Zn、 Mn含量较试验前土壤分别降低了36.4%与24.6%,而NPKM与NPKS处理缓解了下降趋势,且NPKM处理的土壤有效Zn、 B、 Mn含量分别较CK提高46.6%、 52.0%、 43.0%,均达差异显著水平。土壤有机质与子粒B、 Cu、 Zn含量呈显著正相关,子粒必需氨基酸、 粗蛋白与子粒Zn含量呈显著正相关。以上结果说明,长期化肥配施牛粪或秸秆还田有利于提高水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu等微量元素含量和产量,改善子粒营养品质,一定程度上又可缓解土壤有效微量元素含量的下降,是适合南方黄泥田的施肥模式。     

小分子有机物质螯合钙肥的应用效果

采用盆栽试验,将两种小分子有机物(氨基酸、糖醇)为主剂的螯合钙肥与单质硝酸钙和市场钙肥产品糖醇钙(糖醇螯合钙)比较,研究叶面喷施和根施两种施肥方式对小白菜生长、品质和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：与硝酸钙和糖醇钙相比,无论是喷施还是根施,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥都能在不同程度上提高小白菜的钙吸收量,提高其生物量,改善品质;喷施和根施小分子有机物螯合钙肥Ⅰ与分别施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜生物量分别提高了33.63％和31.55％;喷施和根施小分子有机物质螯合钙肥Ⅱ与施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜的生物量分别提高了18.95％和49.95％。与硝酸钙相比,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥喷施可使植株钙累积量分别平均提高5.31％和6.84％;根施则使植株钙累积量分别提高13.51％和45.31％。另外,喷施、根施两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥与施用硝酸钙与糖醇钙相比,均不同程度地提高了小白菜的Vc和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了硝态氮含量。因此,以氨基酸和糖醇为主剂的螯合钙肥无论采用喷施还是根施,都能对小白菜起到良好的增产提质效果。     

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.     

不同有机肥源对土壤微生物生物量及花生产量的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用平板计数法和DGGE分析法,研究施用化肥与不同来源的有机肥对土壤微生物生物量及花生产量的影响.结果表明,施肥均显著提高了花生的经济产量与生物产量,其中以施用麸酸有机复混肥处理最高;土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌总量以施用鸡粪处理最高,其他处理差别不大;土壤微生物总DNA提取、PCR扩增及其产物DGGE分析表明,施用各品种有机肥较不施肥与施用化肥促进了土壤某些微生物量的提高,而施用不同有机肥品种促使不同种类微生物量的提高.故不同有机肥源对土壤微生物生物量乃至其多样性特征均产生影响.