基于CFD的温室气温时空变化预测模型及通风调控措施

夏季温室高温湿热,对作物生长产生重大危害,制定合理的夏季温室气温调控方案,是提高温室生产效益,降低温室气温调控能耗的关键问题。该文基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,结合气象预报信息,针对苏南地区大型连栋温室,建立了夏季温室气温时空变化预测模型,通过设置边界参数,对不同通风条件下温室气温的时空变化进行了预测,并通过试验验证了模型的有效性。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值吻合良好,均方根误差在1.2℃以内,最大相对误差在6%以内,平均相对误差在4%以内。不同通风降温条件下的试验结果显示,温室气温空间分布存在明显差异,湿帘-风机系统较自然通风降温效果显著,降温幅度在5℃左右,持续的湿帘-风机降温措施可将温室高温控制在较低水平。基于该文模型的预测结果和温室调控目标,选取合适的时间点、时间长度和不同类型的通风降温措施,可有效提高温室气温调控效率和效益。同时,该研究还可为优化传感器布局提供依据。     

温室蒸发湿帘风机降温系统热环境的研究

针对温室夏季气温过高,严重影响植物生育的问题,本文对温室湿帘风机降温系统热环境进行了理论分析,建立了温室热环境的理论计算模型,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,理论计算与实测值吻合较好。通过对北京地区夏季温室热环境的预测,提出了这种温室适宜的结构与运行参数。     

日光温室正压湿帘冷风降温性能及冷负荷计算模型

负压湿帘风机降温被广泛应用于温室生产中,但存在降温均匀性差、限制温室长度及对温室密闭性要求高等不足。为克服负压湿帘风机降温的局限性,提高日光温室降温能力,该研究设计了日光温室正压湿帘冷风降温系统,其气流组织方式为湿冷空气从南屋面底部进入日光温室,热空气由顶开窗排出室外。在北京地区无作物的日光温室对系统夏季降温增湿效果及性能进行试验,试验结果表明:在典型夏季高温白天,正压湿帘冷风降温系统配合遮阳网可将日光温室试验区内平均气温控制在30.7～33.4℃,比采用自然通风配合遮阳网的对照区低5.4～11.1℃,比室外低2.4～5.4℃,降温效果良好;夜间系统对温室降温幅度减小。该系统可有效缓解低湿胁迫,日光温室试验区空气平均相对湿度为49.8%～62.3%,比对照区及室外分别高13.6%～21.2%和13.6%～24.6%。室内风速0.35～1 m/s,气流分布差异性较小。试验条件下,正压湿帘冷风降温系统的平均降温效率为91%,比传统的负压湿帘风机高10个百分点以上;实际平均耗水量为0.035～0.079 g/(m~2·s),且耗水量与室外空气水蒸气饱和压差(VPD,vapor pressure deficit)呈正相关(P0.01,r=0.64)。同时,研究构建了日光温室冷负荷计算模型及湿帘冷风降温设备合理选型方法,其中冷负荷模型是降温设备选型的基础,普遍适用于各种日光温室降温方法的研究。计算得到日光温室夏季降温冷负荷为299.1W/m~2,应安装的正压湿帘冷风降温系统最大比通风量为0.067 m/s。该研究为日光温室正压湿帘冷风降温方法的工程应用提供了技术参考,为日光温室安全越夏生产环境控制提供了理论基础。     

湿帘-风机系统对北京育肥猪舍的降温效果

北京市夏季高温将对猪的生产造成严重影响,夏季猪舍环境温度控制尤为重要。该试验研究比较了湿帘-风机和单纯风机在北京猪舍的降温效果,设计了风机风量测量系统并实测了猪舍通风量,每天定时分别测定两猪舍内温度、湿度、风速和舍外温、湿度并进行比较分析。结果表明:试验期间,湿帘-风机猪舍和单纯风机舍6个断面风速范围分别为0.51~0.84和0.51~0.68 m/s,整体风速差异不显著(P0.05)。湿帘-风机舍舍内温度显著低于单纯风机舍(P0.05),湿帘-风机舍和单纯风机舍舍内温度高于30.0℃的小时数占比分别为5.0%和20.2%。湿帘-风机舍同一时刻断面1(湿帘端)温度低于断面6(风机端)温度0.4~2.2℃,单纯风机舍各时刻不同断面的温度差异不显著(P0.05)。单纯风机舍内的猪只呼吸频率均显著高于湿帘-风机舍内呼吸频率3.82次/min(12:00)和3.05次/min(14:00)(P0.05)。湿帘-风机舍降温系统日用水量为1.20~6.27 m~3。北京地区猪舍使用湿帘-风机系统降温效果优于单纯风机降温效果,但湿帘-风机降温将耗用一定水资源。     

夏季肉牛舍湿帘风机纵向通风系统的环境CFD模拟

为了研究湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的夏季降温效果,该试验在现场环境指标实测的基础上,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场与温度场进行模拟,并对系统进行改进与优化.模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,结果表明:舍内温度分布均匀,但受牛体挡风的影响,气流分布不均,高风速区主要集中在屋顶及饲喂走道,可达0.9～1.2 m/s;牛活动区域风速较小,均小于0.6 m/s,不能满足饲养标准.在75个风速测定点剔除异常值后,气流场的相对误差范围为0.16％～94.41％,平均相对误差为34.53％,45个温度测点的相对误差范围为0.09％～10.74％,平均相对误差4.71％.通过温度场吻合性结果确定模拟与实测有较好的吻合度.在不改变牛舍围护结构及舍内构造的前提下,对牛舍进行优化,舍内安装导流板,使得温度与气流场的分布均匀性显著提高,降温效果更为显著.该研究可为湿帘风机牛舍的优化设计和环境调控提供参考.     

黄花苜蓿收获机吹送装置气流速度场CFD分析

为了研究黄花苜蓿收获机吹送装置风机转速与吹送气流速度场分布的关系,该文基于CFD模拟技术建立了黄花苜蓿收获机吹送装置气流速度场分布模型,根据实测的黄花苜蓿收获机相关数据,确定了边界条件和模型参数,得到了不同风机转速下吹送气流速度场分布,以及在风机转速为4 000 r/min时,主风管、不同支风管和距离出风口不同距离的气流速度场分布。设计了与模拟条件相同的验证试验,对模拟条件进行了验证分析。研究表明,试验值与仿真值变化趋势一致,试验值比仿真值略小,误差不超过10%,能够准确地反映黄花苜蓿收获机吹送装置的气流速度场分布规律,风机转速为4 000 r/min时,吹送距离在0.22 m波动区间内能够满足黄花苜蓿吹送要求。     

基于流体力学的湿帘风机温室内气流运动的模拟分析（英）

湿帘风机冷却系统温室内的气流运动和微环境特征的研究对整个冷却系统的冷却效率及温室环境调控方案的确立有着重要的指导意义,该研究通过流体力学商用软件有限元法对温室内横断面的温度,气流,湿度分布进行仿真计算,在温室模型中考虑到作物群体对气流的阻碍作用,将作物群体作为多孔介质进行模型化处理,分析湿帘风机冷却系统不同的工作条件下即（1风机工作,2风机湿帘共同工作）,温室内微环境的时空变化规律,通过实测数据进行验证计算结果表明,气流速度的误差在2.1%到18.3%, 温度误差范围较小在0.1%到2.6%,湿度误差在2.0到12.64%。     

规模化猪场妊娠母猪舍改进湿帘降温系统的环境特性

为研究湿帘与地道结合的改进湿帘降温系统对妊娠母猪舍的环境特性，该研究采取现场测试的方法，选取河南地区某规模化母猪场妊娠舍为试验猪舍，对该猪舍夏季和冬季舍内热环境和空气质量环境进行测试和分析，结果表明：1）改进湿帘降温系统夏季对新风的平均降温功率增加了?84.4 kW，提高了25%的降温效果；冬季对新风的平均加热功率增加了121.6 kW且舍内无需供暖，87%以上的节能效果发生在地下风道前半程。2）试验猪舍舍内温湿度、风速分布均匀，且舍内温度波动低于3.7 ℃；综合猪舍母猪体感有效温度和呼吸频率等应激程度指标，母猪冬季处于舒适状态，夏季有轻度热应激状态现象。3）夏季和冬季舍内氨气（NH3）、二氧化碳（CO2）、和粉尘（PM2.5和PM10）的质量浓度分布均匀，且均小于国家标准规定的妊娠舍空气污染物浓度极限水平。综上所述，改进湿帘降温系统不仅降低妊娠母猪舍热环境调控的能耗并维持舍内空气质量环境良好，对建立环境友好型规模化母猪场具有积极意义。     

南方夏季肉牛舍湿帘风机负压通风系统降温效果

为改善南方夏季肉牛舍环境条件,该文对湿帘风机负压通风系统在肉牛舍的降温效果进行了探究。试验以栓系饲养西门塔尔公牛为试验对象,对环境、肉牛生理及增重情况进行测定。结果表明：降温后,试验舍平均温度降低3.2 ℃（P<0.01）,相对湿度增加21.3%（P<0.01）,肉牛附近风速增加0.30 m/s（P<0.01）,肉牛体感温度降低1.8 ℃（P<0.01）;试验牛呼吸频率平均降低13次/min（P<0.01）,皮温降低0.92 ℃（P<0.01）,平均日增质量提高0.13 kg/d（P>0.05）。由此可知,在肉牛舍中采用湿帘风机负压通风系统进行降温,能够有效改善舍内热环境,有助于缓解肉牛热应激,具有技术可行性。     

农业建筑蒸发降温技术研究与应用的现状及展望

农业建筑中夏季蒸发降温技术已开发与研究的有湿垫风机、细雾、喷淋与雾帘等方式。该文评述了国内外研究与应用的现状与发展趋势。湿垫风机发展较成熟,应用广泛,应继续完善,同时应开展对细雾降温等其它方式的研究。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.