矿区土地复垦的影响评价及复垦思路修正——以重庆石灰岩矿山为例

通过构建生产力评价体系和生态服务价值评价体系,以实例分析土地复垦对矿区农业生产力和生态服务价值的影响,以此完善土地复垦思路。结果表明:土地复垦规划改变了矿区土地利用结构,耕地面积由16.42hm2增加至103.18hm2,林地面积由105.78hm2减少至9.16hm2;农业生产能力呈正向变化,农业生产力指数由28.33增加至92.13;生态服务价值呈负向变化,生态服务价值由597.67万元/a减少至157.90万元/a,其中单项功能的生态服务价值减少以生物多样性最明显,ΔSEV为-329.08万元/a。土地复垦规划对矿区农业生产能力和生态环境有相反的影响,土地复垦方向存在多样性,并采用土地复垦的影响评价结果完善了土地复垦思路。     

呼斯太河流域水土保持世行贷款项目效益分析

呼斯太河流域水土保持世行贷款项目实施期为 8年 ( 1994～ 2 0 0 1年 ) ,总投资 85 0 0万元 ,将完成新增治理水土流失面积 2 0 2 7km2 。截至 1999年底 ,6年共完成治理面积 2 3 5km2 ,提前超额完成了任务 ,项目区水土流失治理程度由2 4%提高到 72 9%,土地利用率由 3 2 %提高到 82 0 %,植被覆盖度由 2 5 %提高到 72 %,土地生产力由 1741元 /hm2 增加到 3 75 0元 /hm2 ,人均收入由 62 8元增加到 2 485元 ,已显示出显著的经济、生态、社会效益     

铁瓦河典型小流域综合治理效益分析

河南省淅川县铁瓦河典型小流域综合治理工程实施期为 3a(1994— 1996年 ) ,总投资 2 .62× 10 6元 ,已完成新增治理水土流失面积 12 .5 1km2 。治理区水土流失治理程度达 91% ,土地利用率由 32 %提高到 91% ,植被覆盖度由 2 2 .9%提高到 82 .5 % ,土地生产力由 175 0元 /hm2 增加到 375 0元 /hm2 ,人均收入由 680元增加到 1710元 ,已显示出显著的经济、生态、社会效益     

六合区现代农业园区建设现状、成效及措施

近年来,六合区在省市农业部门和区政府的高度重视和大力支持下,在＂以建设现代农业园区为载体,以发展高效农业为内容,以促进农业增效、农民增收为目的＂的总体思路指导下,整合各方资源,集中精力发展高效设施农业,着力推动现代农业园区建设,已建成一批初具规模、特色明显、科技水平高、经济效益好、带动能力强的现代农业园区,有效地推动了全区农业升级提档和转型发展。     

认真总结经验 不断开拓创新 全面推进“珠治”工程建设

珠江上游南北盘江石灰岩地区水土保持综合治理试点工程经过3年的实施,生态、经济、社会三大效益显著:治理区水土流失面积减少了79.2%,580 km2的石漠化土地、潜在石漠化土地得到了整治;建成了高标准综合配套的坡改梯工程7 123 hm2,新增保护耕地面积27 370 hm2,增加灌溉面积13 364 hm2,改善了农业生产基础条件,粮食总产量比治理前增加6.1%;农业总产值由治理前的13.16亿元提高到17.67亿元,农民年人均纯收入由治理前的1 076元上升到1 369元,农村贫困人口由治理前的13.74万人减少到10.02万人;促进了社会主义新农村建设,推动了社会进步。针对存在的问题,提出了切实抓好"珠治"工程建设的意见。     

砒砂岩区小流域土地利用格局变化与优化研究

土地利用格局优化有利于实现土地资源高效利用,以砒砂岩区西黑岱流域为研究对象, 以侵蚀防控为目标,基于不同时期的土地利用现状图和地形图等数据, 采用线性规划法和元胞自动机（CA）模型,在GIS技术的支持下,对西黑岱流域的土地利用格局变化与优化进行了研究,结果表明:研究期内耕地、林地在不断地增加,其中林地面积的增加最大,草地面积的减少幅度很大,水域面积有所减少,建设用地略有所增加。优化后耕地总面积增加了20.67 hm²,林地面积明显增加至1 501.89 hm²,所占比重超过了草地;而草地面积减少了157.68 hm²,此次优化使得西黑岱流域土地利用结构发生明显的变化,其中林地面积在大幅度的提高,耕地、草地向高质量方向发展,通过土地优化将减少土壤侵蚀,保护当地脆弱的生态环境,提高综合生产力,同时为砒砂岩区进行土地利用格局优化调控提供依据。     

地埂资源 有待开发

坡改梯后 ,地埂占地 7%。若地埂资源不充分利用 ,势必造成土地资源的极大浪费。地埂利用 ,不仅增加植被 ,稳定梯田 ,且可增加农业收入。种苕条可增收 3 0 0 0元 hm2 ,栽黄花菜可增收 60 0 0元 hm2 。事实证明 ,开发利用梯田地埂资源 ,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益 ,对缓解人地矛盾 ,提高土地利用率 ,加快农民脱贫致富具有重要意义     

沙化封禁区农田生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因素——以河西走廊8县市为例

[目的]对沙化封禁区农田生态系统服务进行研究,为干旱区生态安全和农户生计可持续发展提供支持。[方法]运用生态经济学方法和多元逐步回归模型,据此揭示河西走廊沙化封禁区所在8县市农田生态系统服务价值变化以及影响因素。[结果](1)沙化封禁区农田生态系统单位面积服务价值由19 966元/hm2增长到21 511元/hm2,增加了1 545元/hm2,年均增幅0.58%,原材料生产、废物处理、土壤形成和保护服务、食物生产是主要贡献类型;(2)农田生态系统总服务价值由29.40亿元增长到42.49亿元,增长了13.09亿元,年均增幅为2.88%,基本服务价值、社会保障服务价值大于水资源消耗服务价值和环境污染服务价值,但是水资源消耗和环境污染服务价值的增长速度明显加快;(3)8县市农田生态系统单位面积服务价值变化存在空间和类型差异,主要受农业生产总值、农民人均收入、化肥使用量、经济作物面积、粮食单产的影响。[结论]生态退化逆转对大部分县市的农田生态服务价值产生积极影响,但农田水资源消耗和环境污染效应不断增大,导致沙化土地逆转的脆弱性仍然较高。     

安徽省耕地资源利用的生态社会效益计算方法及其应用

[目的]计算安徽省耕地资源利用生态社会效益,为制定合理的耕地保护经济补偿标准提供依据。[方法]以安徽省2000,2005和2010年数据为基础,利用当量因子法、影子价格法等方法计算了历年单位面积耕地生态社会效益理论值,采用社会发展阶段系数对不同等级耕地生态社会效益现实值进行了计算。[结果]2000,2005和2010年安徽省耕地资源利用生态社会效益理论值分别为25 032.31,34 879.15,43 700.38元/hm2,生态效益比重从2000年的15.53%上升到2010年的21.10%,而社会效益则从84.47%下降到79.90%。2005年低等、中等、高等优质耕地单位面积生态社会效益现实值分别为7 219.69,11 130.42和18 039.25元/hm2。[结论]单位面积耕地生态社会效益理论值和现实值有较大的差距,因此在制定单位面积耕地的生态社会效益补偿标准时,要充分考虑经济社会发展、区域耕地质量等级以及该区域人们支付意愿。     

农业园区全景GIS数字化系统设计与应用

以物联网、大数据为核心的数字化技术是当前经济社会发展的重要推动力,其本质是利用信息技术改造提升传统产业,通过数据化、在线化业务,实现用数据生产、用数据管理、用数据决策目标。园区信息化建设是当前乡村振兴战略下支撑供给侧结构性改革的重要切入点,为了解决基层现代农业园区高起点应用而信息资源相对不足、管理决策模式急待提升的难点问题,该文以农业园区数字化管理为例,运用物联网、无人机、科研协同等手段获取数据,进行与基层园区规模相适应的全景GIS(geographic information system)数字化云服务系统设计,以获取的数据为核心,设计了农业园区全景信息管理、在线数据挖掘分析和试验数据协同分析等核心功能,以提高园区农业生产经营的精细化管理水平,为农业"优质、高效、生态、安全"生产目标提供技术支撑。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.