节水条件下盐碱农田施用有机肥的固碳及其生态系统服务价值提升效应

针对中国黄河中上游河套灌区不合理灌溉和施肥造成的盐碱农田碳排放加剧和生态系统服务功能退化等问题，该研究以向日葵盐碱农田为研究对象，开展连续2 a的田间试验，探讨滴灌条件下有机肥施用对盐碱农田生态系统净碳收支和生态系统服务功能价值的影响。试验设置滴灌灌水下限及施肥模式2个因素。灌水下限设置2个水平（W1：土壤基质势阈值为−20 kPa，W2：土壤基质势阈值为−30 kPa），每个灌水下限下设置3种施肥模式（CK：纯施化肥，LBF：褐煤碳基有机肥4.5 t/hm²，SMF：羊粪堆肥5 t/hm²），采用完全随机区组设计。另设畦灌施加化肥处理作为对照（MCK）。对不同处理的生态系统净碳收支及其组成要素以及3种生态系统服务价值（农产品供给功能价值、积累有机质功能价值和气体调节价值）进行了对比分析。结果表明：相同施肥条件下，滴灌处理的土壤有机质含量、作物净初级生产力、籽粒碳输出和土壤碳排放高于畦灌处理，且这些指标的值均随土壤基质势升高而增加。相同灌溉条件下，施加有机肥处理可以显著提高土壤有机质含量、净初级生产力和籽粒碳输出并降低土壤碳排放。其中，滴灌灌水下限−20 kPa与褐煤碳基有机肥用量4.5 t/hm²（W1LBF）相结合的处理有效促进了作物生长，并获得了最高的净初级生产力以及较低的土壤碳排放量，最终获得了最高的生态系统碳汇能力。此外，净初级生产力、土壤有机质和土壤碳排放等指标的变化影响了生态系统服价值。与MCK处理相比，W1LBF处理能够显著提升农产品供给功能价值、积累有机质功能价值和气体调节价值，增幅分别为8004.20、923.9和2094.70元/hm²。综上所述，该研究发现在河套灌区向日葵盐碱农田中，采用滴灌−20 kPa灌水下限结合4.5 t/hm²褐煤碳基有机肥可以增加作物初级净生产力、提高盐碱农田系统的碳汇能力和生态系统服务功能价值。该研究可为干旱半干旱地区盐碱向日葵农田固碳减排和生态系统可持续发展提供科学依据。     

施用生物炭对中国农田土壤有机碳含量的影响——基于Meta分析

探明不同生产条件下施加生物炭对中国农田土壤有机碳含量的影响,以期为科学施用生物炭和提高农田土壤碳库储量提供理论参考。研究基于已公开发表的施加生物炭对于我国农田土壤有机碳含量影响的相关文献,以不施加生物炭为对照组,施加生物炭为试验组,使用Meta分析方法定量整合分析了不同自然条件、土壤性质、农田管理措施等因素下生物炭施用对农田土壤有机碳含量的影响。研究表明,施加生物炭显著提高了农田土壤有机碳含量（P <0.05）,平均提高33.98%;当年均温在10～15℃时,土壤有机碳含量增幅最大,可显著提高48.05%(P <0.05),且不同年均温之间有极显著差异（P <0.01）,年均降雨量对生物炭提高土壤有机碳的效应也有显著影响（P <0.05）;在壤土上施加生物炭对土壤有机碳的提升效果较其他质地土壤极显著提高26.66%(P <0.01);随着施用生物炭pH的提高,其对土壤有机碳的增加效应越大,当生物炭pH> 10时平均可显著提高49.20%(P <0.05);在生物炭施用下,轮作相比于连作,极显著提高了土壤有机碳含量,提高率为28.42%(P &l...     

长期施用化肥对农田黑土有机碳和氮消长规律的影响

利用中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站黑土区的农田长期定位试验土壤(1990~2004年)为研究对象,研究了长期施用化肥对土壤有机碳和氮的消长规律的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥,氮用量的增加对土壤有机碳含量的影响较大,使土壤有机碳含量降低,而对土壤氮素的含量影响较小;磷用量的增加对土壤有机碳含量的影响不大,但使土壤全氮含量下降较多,因而C/N比呈上升趋势;而钾用量的增加对土壤中的有机碳含量基本上没有影响,但使土壤全氮量下降明显,有效氮含量略有降低,C/N比呈现增加趋势。因此,通过调控化肥的用量可以维持土壤中的有机碳、全氮及有效氮含量,保持土壤的持续生产力,提高作物产量。     

不同有机物料还田对华北农田土壤固碳的影响及原因分析

中国农业面临着废弃物数量大、污染严重,农田土壤生产力低的现实问题。该研究以增加农田土壤固碳为目标对砂质农田进行有机物料还田,将秸秆、猪粪、沼渣和生物炭4种物料用尿素调节等氮还田,对农田土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量进行测定,并探究不同有机物料还田对土壤有机碳的影响原因。研究结果表明:物料还田3a后,生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤有机碳(SOC)比秸秆处理分别高262.4%、26.8%和20.7%;2014—2015年生物炭处理的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)较秸秆处理降低2.9%~35.5%,猪粪处理和沼渣处理的土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)分别提高17.1%~60.1%和7.2%~64.8%;2014—2015年生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)较秸秆处理提高10.8%~148.2%、9.5%~58.3%和11.3%~57.6%;物料还田后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)和POC呈极显著的回归关系(R2=0.67,P0.001),土壤DOC与MBC有极显著相关性(R2=0.52,P0.001)。与秸秆还田相比,生物炭还田有利于土壤POC的累积进而促进土壤有机碳的提升,猪粪和沼渣则通过提高土壤MBC、DOC和POC的含量,促进土壤有机碳的周转和固定。从农田土壤固碳角度而言,生物炭,猪粪和沼渣还田优于秸秆还田。     

贵州主要作物固碳现状和潜力估算

近年来,农田土壤碳固定的研究已经成为国际全球气候变化研究的一个重要热点。为明确贵州农田主要作物固碳潜力,借鉴经验公式对贵州主要农作物碳固定和生产过程中的碳排放进行测算。结果表明,近10年贵州6种作物的总固碳量平均(1 151.16±62.99)万t.a-1,变幅为1 052.65万～1 268.28万t.a-1,呈波动变化缓慢增加趋势,主要作物间接碳排放量为(48.53±1.82)万t.a-1,变幅为45.87万～51.68万t.a-1,只相当于固碳量的4.21%。贵州农田作物的固碳潜力巨大。     

黄土高原旱地不同种植模式土壤碳特征评价

增强农田土壤碳固持能力、增加碳贮量是减少温室效应气体排放,提高土壤生产力的重要措施。利用黄土高原23 a的定位试验,分层采集休闲、苜蓿连作、玉米连作、小麦连作、豌豆-小麦-小麦-糜子（豆禾）及玉米-小麦-小麦-糜子（禾谷）轮作条件下0～40 cm土层的土样,研究了作物种类和种植模式对土壤不同形态碳的影响。结果表明：与休闲相比,不同作物长期连作或轮作显著提高0～40 cm土层各种形态碳的质量分数,总碳提高35%～74%,有机碳提高47%～139%,无机碳提高20%～26%,轻质有机碳提高的幅度最大,是休闲的     

旱作农田覆膜和秸秆碳投入对土壤团聚特性及作物产量的影响

研究秸秆还田形式对旱作覆膜农田土壤团聚特性、有机碳含量及玉米产量的影响，为优化覆膜耕作措施，实现旱作覆膜农田可持续性生产提供理论依据。以长期定位旱作玉米覆膜农田（始于2012年）为研究对象，设置双垄沟覆膜（P）和传统平作（T），分别施加秸秆（S）和生物炭（C），以不还田为对照（N），共形成 6个处理：覆膜秸秆还田（PS）、覆膜生物炭还田（PC）、覆膜不还田（PN）、平作秸秆还田（TS）、平作生物炭还田（TC）和平作不还田（TN）。测定土壤团聚体组成及团聚体有机碳含量，并分析了双垄沟覆膜和不同秸秆碳投入对土壤有机碳含量、团聚体稳定性及玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明，各秸秆还田处理较不还田处理均可显著（P<0.05）改善各粒级团聚体分布及其稳定性，其中> 0.25 mm团聚体含量平均显著（P<0.05）提高47.32%，各双垄沟覆膜处理MWD和GMD较平作处理分别平均提高9.19%和4.15%；各还田处理可显著（P<0.05）提高0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量，其中PC和TC处理分别较对应PS和TS处理土壤有机碳含量提高2.60%和2.73%；各处理团聚体有机碳含量均随粒径增大而增大，秸秆碳投入可显著（P<0.05）提高各粒级团聚体有机碳含量，而双垄沟覆膜处理则降低了土壤有机碳及团聚体有机碳含量；还田方式、种植方式及土壤有机碳对玉米产量有促进作用，施加秸秆及生物炭均能显著（P<0.05）提高旱作覆膜农田玉米产量，平均提高14.6%，而秸秆直接还田处理与生物炭还田处理的增产效果无显著差异。综合分析，在双垄沟覆膜条件下投入秸秆碳能够明显提高土壤稳定性、土壤有机碳含量和作物产量，其中，双垄沟覆膜与生物炭还田的耦合效应对改善农田土壤质量及地力提升有积极作用。     

长期施肥对土黑碳积累的影响

通过长期定位试验,探讨了20年不施肥（CK）、 单施化肥（NPK）、 秸秆和化肥配施（SNPK）、 常量有机肥和化肥配施（M1NPK）以及高量有机肥和化肥配施（M2NPK）5个施肥处理对土中黑碳含量及积累的影响。结果表明: 与CK处理相比,NKP处理对黑碳含量和积累没有明显影响; 有机肥和化肥配施（M1NPK、 M2NPK）对耕层（020 cm）土壤黑碳含量的影响较大,与CK处理相比,在土壤表层（05 cm）,M1NPK、 M2NPK分别提高了黑碳含量的108%和134%, 510 cm土层中黑碳含量增幅最高,分别提高164%和176%,在整个土层,M1NPK、 M2NPK处理分别增加了1.51和1.55倍; 秸秆和化肥配施（SNPK）下表层黑碳含量也有所增加,但增加幅度相对施用有机肥来说明明显较小。施肥对黑碳含量的影响主要发生在土壤表层,深层土壤黑碳受施肥影响较小。     

黑碳添加对土壤活性有机碳和原有机碳的影响

通过室内培养实验,向土壤(甘蔗土)中分别添加不同用量的黑碳(BC,350℃热解水稻秸秆),添加量分别为0(BC0)、1％(BC1)、2％(BC2)、3％(BC3)、4％(BC4)和5％(BC5),研究黑碳添加量对土壤活性有机碳和原有机碳的影响.结果表明,在25℃培养条件下,土壤易矿化碳(Cm)随黑碳添加量的增加而增加;土壤微生物生物量碳含量亦随添加量的增加呈增加趋势(BC3处理除外).土壤可溶性有机碳含量在BC1、BC2和BC3处理之间的差异不显著,并显著低于对照土壤(BC0);应用δ13C自然丰度方法研究发现,BC1处理抑制了土壤原有机碳分解,而BC2、BC3、BC4和BC5处理促进了土壤原有机碳的分解,但统计上未达显著水平.     

作物残体与其生物炭配施对土壤有机碳及其自身矿化率的提升

【目的】本研究通过探讨小麦和玉米残体与其生物炭配施对土壤各组分有机碳及其自身有机碳矿化的影响,揭示其在土壤固碳和培肥方面的效应,为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用室内恒温培养试验,共设置小麦或玉米残体(根茬、秸秆)和秸秆制成的生物炭单施(WS、WR、WB、MS、MR、MB),配施(WS+WB、WR+WB、MS+MB、MR+MB)以及对照(CK)构成的11个处理,培养期间测定土壤CO2释放量,培养结束后测定土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及粗细颗粒有机碳含量(CPOC、FPOC)。【结果】添加玉米有机物料对土壤TOC、MBC、POC、CPOC和FPOC含量的增加作用普遍高于添加小麦有机物料。添加小麦或玉米秸秆对土壤TOC、POC、CPOC、FPOC含量的增加作用均高于添加根茬。单独添加生物炭,作物残体与生物炭配施和单独添加作物残体处理分别在培养的第4、8、21 d有机碳矿化速率最大,为有机碳矿化快速期,之后矿化速率减缓并逐渐趋于稳定。单独添加作物残体其有机碳累积矿化率最大,达到30%~46%;与对照相比,添加有机物料的各处理均显著增加了土壤TOC含量,其中添加生物炭处理土壤TOC含量增幅最大;单独添加小麦和玉米生物炭处理,土壤TOC含量分别显著增加34.4%和36.5%,但其有机碳累积矿化率仅为3%左右,土壤FPOC含量及敏感性指数在单独添加生物炭处理最高;小麦和玉米残体与其生物炭配施处理,土壤MBC和CPOC含量分别显著增加80.2%~199.2%,且其有机碳累积矿化率为12%~19%,介于生物炭和残体单施之间,土壤CPOC含量及敏感性指数均表现为配施处理最高。【结论】单独添加作物残体能够较好地补充土壤养分,但CO2释放量显著高于单施生物炭及配施处理;单独添加生物炭其有机碳累积矿化率较低,短期内对土壤养分的补充作用较小。作物残体与其生物炭配施可以较好地克服各自单独施用的弊端,尤其是玉米秸秆与其生物炭配施,在保证作物养分供应的同时能增加土壤碳库储量,对土壤肥力提升效果更好。     

Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration

Pyrogenic carbon (C) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuels including organic matter (OM). Certain ranges in the combustion continuum are termed ‘black carbon' (BC). Because of its assumed persistence, surface soils in large parts of the world contain BC with up to 80% of surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks and up to 32% of subsoil SOC in agricultural soils consisting of BC. High SOC stocks and high levels of soil fertility in some ancient soils containing charcoal (e.g., terra preta de Índio) have recently been used as strategies for soil applications of biochar, an engineered BC material similar to charcoal but with the purposeful use as a soil conditioner (1) to mitigate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by SOC sequestration and (2) to enhance soil fertility. However, effects of biochar on soils and crop productivity cannot be generalized as they are biochar‐, plant‐ and site‐specific. For example, the largest potential increases in crop yields were reported in areas with highly weathered soils, such as those characterizing much of the humid tropics. Soils of high inherent fertility, characterizing much of the world's important agricultural areas, appear to be less likely to benefit from biochar. It has been hypothesized that both liming and aggregating/moistening effects of biochar improved crop productivity. Meta‐analyses of biochar effects on SOC sequestration have not yet been reported. To effectively mitigate climate change by SOC sequestration, a net removal of C and storage in soil relative to atmospheric CO₂ must occur and persist for several hundred years to a few millennia. At deeper soil depths, SOC is characterized by long turnover times, enhanced stabilization, and less vulnerability to loss by decomposition and erosion. In fact, some studies have reported preferential long‐term accumulation of BC at deeper depths. Thus, it is hypothesized that surface applied biochar‐C (1) must be translocated to subsoil layers and (2) result in deepening of SOC distribution for a notable contribution to climate change mitigation. Detailed studies are needed to understand how surface‐applied biochar can move to deeper soil depths, and how its application affects organic C input to deeper soil depths. Based on this knowledge, biochar systems for climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration can be designed. It is critically important to identify mechanisms underlying the sometimes observed negative effects of biochar application on biomass, yield and SOC as biochar may persist in soils for long periods of time as well as the impacts on downstream environments and the net climate impact when biochar particles become airborne.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Biochar, and Applicable Research Results for Increasing Farm Productivity under Australian Agricultural Conditions

The conversion of vegetative biomass waste to biochar (biologically derived charcoal) is a source of carbon (C) that can be used to increase the level of soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural soils. This review collates available research into the effects of biologically derived C species with respect to the direct and indirect effects on agricultural productivity and their potential for use in Western Australian agricultural systems. There is a growing requirement to quantify the effect of specific biochar applications for agroecological purposes and to verify biosequestered C for climate-change-mitigation activities. This work provides a review and assessment of safe biochar application rates and examines the present levels of scientific uncertainty surrounding the efficacy and reliability of applying biochar to soils in relation to crop productivity.     

Soil greenhouse gas emissions,organic carbon and crop yield following pinewood biochar and biochar–manure applications at eroded and depositional landscape positions: A field trial in South Dakota,USA

Soil amendments can help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yield. However, most biochar studies have been conducted on single soil type under controlled conditions. To address this limitation, the aim of this research was to investigate how field biochar and manure applications affect soil quality, plant productivity, and GHG emissions at eroded (sandy loam) and depositional (clay loam) positions in a climate transition zone (udic to ustic and mesic to frigid temperature). A field study was established in 2013 in South Dakota, USA, under a corn–soya bean rotation. Soil treatments included biochar, manure, a manure and biochar mixture, and a control (untreated soil). Soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), SOC, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium) were measured in 2017. Plant productivity parameters in 2016 and 2017 and GHG fluxes were measured during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Compared with the control, SOC increased under all treatments at the eroded position (biochar 26%, manure 24%, and manure–biochar mixture 15%) and increased under biochar (25%) and the manure–biochar mixture (25%) at the depositional position. Plant parameters were similar under all treatments at both positions. Area-scaled CO₂ fluxes were lower in soils treated with biochar compared with the control at the eroded landscape position but not at the depositional landscape position. Area-scaled N₂O fluxes were lower in soils treated with biochar at both positions. Furthermore, the biochar–manure mixture treatment emitted lower area-scaled N₂O fluxes compared with manure alone at both positions. This study suggests that for eroded and depositional landscape positions, biochar can improve soil organic carbon and the effects of the biochar and biochar–manure mixture on GHG emissions vary based on the soil texture.     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.     

应用生物炭改良土壤限制因素：挑战与对策

Biochar addition to soil is currently being considered as a means to sequester carbon while simultaneously improving soil health, soil fertility and agronomic benefits. The focus of this special issue is on current research on the effects of biochar application to soil for overcoming diverse soil constraints and recommending further research relating to biochar application to soil. The biochar research has progressed considerably with important key findings on agronomic benefits, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidity, soil fertility, soil health, soil salinity, {\it etc.}, but more research is required before definitive recommendations can be made to end-users regarding the effects of biochar application across a range of soils, climates and land management practices     

Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition varies with biochar application and soil type

Biochar application has the potential to improve soil fertility and increase soil carbon stock, especially in tropical regions. Information on the temperature sensitivity of carbon dioxide(CO_2) evolution from biochar-amended soils at very high temperatures, as observed for tropical surface soils, is limited but urgently needed for the development of region-specific biochar management targeted to optimize biochar effects on soil functions. Here, we investigated the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration to the addition of different rates of Miscanthus biochar(0, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 Mg ha~(-1)) in two types of soils with contrasting textures. Biochar-amended soil treatments and their controls were incubated at constant temperatures of 20, 30, and 40℃. Overall, our results show that: i) considering data from all treatments and temperatures, the addition of biochar decreased soil CO_2 emissions when compared to untreated soils;ii) CO_2 emissions from biochar-amended soils had a higher temperature sensitivity than those from biochar-free soils; iii) the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in sandy soils was higher than that in clay soils; and iv) for clay soils, relative increases in soil CO_2 emissions from biochar-amended soils were higher when the temperature increased from 30 to 40℃, while for sandy soils, the highest temperature responses of soil respiration were observed when increasing the temperature from 20 to 30℃. Together, these findings suggest a significantly reduced potential to increase soil organic carbon stocks when Miscanthus biochar is applied to tropical soils at high surface temperatures, which could be counteracted by the soil-and weather-specific timing of biochar application.     

生物碳对灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳是影响土壤肥力和作物产量高低的决定性因子。以棉花秸秆为原料,在高温厌氧条件下热解制备生物碳,通过盆栽试验探讨了生物碳对新疆灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响。试验设置3种生物碳:棉花秸秆分别在450℃、600℃和750℃下热解制备(以BC450、BC600和BC750表示);每种生物碳的施用量分别为5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1和20 g·kg-1(占土壤重量的比例);同时,以空白土壤为对照(CK)。结果表明:施用生物碳可促进小麦生长,两茬小麦的地上部干物质重均显著高于对照。施用生物碳可显著提高土壤总有机碳,且生物碳热解温度越高,施用量越大,提高作用越明显。各生物碳处理土壤易氧化碳含量均显著高于对照;生物碳低、中施用量处理(5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1)土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于对照,但高施用量处理(20 g·kg-1)与对照无显著差异;除BC750低施用量处理(5 g·kg1)外,其余各生物碳处理土壤微生物量碳含量也均显著高于对照。生物碳不同热解温度对土壤易氧化碳和微生物量碳含量的影响表现为BC450>BC600>BC750;但对土壤水溶性有机碳含量无显著影响。生物碳不同施用量对土壤易氧化碳的影响表现为10 g·kg-1≈20 g·kg-1>5 g·kg-1,水溶性有机碳含量为5 g·kg1≈10 g·kg-1>20 g·kg-1。生物碳对土壤微生物商的影响总体表现为:生物碳的热解温度越高,施用量越大,土壤微生物商越低。因此,合理的施用棉花秸秆生物碳可显著增加灰漠土有机碳储量,改变土壤有机碳组分,提高土壤生产力。     

秸秆及其生物炭对土壤碳库管理指数及有机碳矿化的影响

以河南省粮食主产区壤质潮土和砂土为研究对象,通过盆栽试验和室内恒温培养试验,研究了生物炭与不同腐殖化程度的传统有机物料(秸秆和腐熟鸡粪)单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土有机碳储量、活性及碳库管理指数的影响,并进一步比较了小麦秸秆直接还田和制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,以及生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用。结果表明:相同添加量下,生物炭对土壤有机碳含量的提升效果优于秸秆和腐熟鸡粪,在壤质潮土和砂土上分别较对照提升了63.15%和115.62%。另外,生物炭显著增加了土壤稳态碳含量和土壤碳库指数(CPI),但降低了土壤碳素有效率(SC)和碳库活度指数(AI),对土壤易氧化有机碳(POXC)和碳库管理指数(CMPI)无显著影响,添加秸秆显著增加了2种土壤POXC含量、基础呼吸和CPMI。进一步通过室内恒温培养试验发现,秸秆可在培养前期(0～37天)大幅度提升2种类型土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量,秸秆制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化无显著影响。此外生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用受其施用量、外源活性有机碳输入和土壤类型的影响,高量生物炭(2%)对非秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较强的负激发效应,而低量生物炭(0.55%)对秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较明显的负激发效应。因此,从"固碳减排"角度考虑,秸秆制炭还田是更合理的利用方式,且应根据土壤施肥管理措施和土壤类型考虑生物炭的施用量,添加质量比为2%的生物炭可显著抑制土壤原有有机碳矿化,降低CO_2排放,但应避开秸秆快速腐解期施用。     

生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响

为了解施用生物质炭对土壤碳组分的潜在影响,通过室内2年盆栽培养试验研究施用不同用量生物质炭对土壤有机碳积累、有机碳稳定性、微生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的影响,并与施用等碳量的小麦秸秆、酸洗生物质炭(去除生物质炭中的速效养分)及同时施用小麦秸秆与生物质炭的处理进行比较。结果表明,施用生物质炭可显著提高土壤有机碳的积累,增加土壤有机碳的氧化稳定性,降低土壤水溶性有机碳。施用生物质可在短时间内增加微生物量碳,但随着培养时间的增加,其微生物量碳逐渐下降,最终明显低于对照土壤(不施有机物料的处理)。土壤水溶性有机碳的下降可能与生物质炭对其吸附固定有关,而短时间内激发微生物量碳增加可能与施入生物质炭增加了土壤有效养分、改善土壤微生物生长环境有关。研究结果认为,长期单一施用生物质炭可能会引起土壤有机质生物活性的下降,但生物质炭与一般生物质有机肥配合施用可减免这些负影响。     

Effect of biogas digested slurry based-biochar and digested liquid on N2O,CO2 flux and crop yield for three continuous cropping cycles of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)

Biogas production generates digested slurry, as a byproduct, which can be used as fertilizer after its conversion into digested liquid and biochar. A microcosm-based study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical fertilizer (CF), digested liquid (DL) and varying concentrations of biogas digested slurry based-biochar along with DL on N₂O flux, CO₂ flux, soil chemical properties and crop yield for three continuous cropping cycles of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) from April to July 2013. Analyses revealed that DL-treated soils released almost equal cumulative amounts of N₂O and CO₂ as soils treated with CF. The soil mineral-N contents were also similar for the DL- and CF-treated soils while DL application increased the soluble organic carbon (SOC) content of the soil compared to CF treatment. The application of slurry-based biochar increased N₂O and CO₂ flux, which, in turn, appeared to depend upon biochar concentration. The application of biochar probably increased the nitrification rate as biochar-treated soils had higher values of NO₃ ^?-N and lower values of NH₄ ⁺-N compared to soils not treated with biochar at most of the observations. The SOC content was also the highest in biochar-treated soils. The overall crop yield for three cropping cycles was the highest in DL and biochar at low application rate (BL), and it was lower in CF, biochar at medium (BM) and high (BH) application rate. This study indicates that the application of DL could be an effective strategy to minimize the use of CF, without affecting N₂O flux, CO₂ flux, soil mineral N, and increasing crop productivity. The effects of slurry-based biochar on greenhouse gases flux and crop yield depends on the application rate of biochar.