木麻黄林生产力动态变化的研究

对木麻黄林生物产量随立地条件、林分密度和林龄的动态变化的研究表明,木麻黄林生物量大小在不同立地表现为潮积沙土>风积沙土>残积沙土,立地愈好干材生物量所占比例愈高;15年生木麻黄林生物量随林分密度增大而增加,但干材生物量百分率的变化趋势相反;林分净生产量随林龄而增大,至成熟阶段达到最大,到过熟阶段又趋下降,林俞生产力与叶面积指数呈线性相关。     

人工马尾松闽楠复层混交林生长效应

采用完全随机区组设计,分析在马尾松林下套种闽楠构建的异龄复层林对林分生长量与生态效应的影响。马尾松闽楠混交复层林中闽楠、马尾松的胸径、树高以及单株材积均显著高于纯林,林分总蓄积无显著性差异;复层林的总生物量、主干生物量、枝生物量、叶生物量高于纯林;马尾松闽楠混交复层林净生产力最高,马尾松纯林次之,闽楠纯林最低。在生物量器官分配方面,复层混交林与纯林均呈现出主干>枝>叶的规律。综合林分水源涵养功能方面,复层林功能最强,闽楠纯林次之,马尾松纯林最低;土壤通透性能、保水能力、土壤肥力也与此类似。经营马尾松-闽楠混交复层林是促进闽楠与马尾松生长,拓宽闽楠资源培育渠道,提高马尾松人工林分的水源涵养、培肥土壤功能有效途径。     

飞播云南松林分生物量和生产力的系统研究

本文对四川凉山地区飞播云南松林分的生物量和生产力进行了测定和系统的研究.按平均标准本法调查了生物量.据调查数据建立了估测乔木层单株各器官生物量的回归方程,方程的相关系数和估测精度都较高,具有实用价值.结果表明:林分生物量平均为94.512吨/公顷,净初级生产力平均为5251公斤/公顷·年.乔木层各器官生物量的比例是,树干72.6%枝条11.5%;针叶6.8%;根系9.1%.本文还系统分析了叶面积指数、生态环境因素与林分净初级生产力的关系,并进行了数学模拟,建立了回归方程.分析结果发现:叶面积指数、坡向和土壤厚度在一定范围内与林分净初级生产力呈线性相关,海拔和林分密度与林分净初级生产力呈非线性的二次抛物线相关.文中还考察了叶面积指数、海拔、坡位、坡向、坡度、郁闭度、林分密度和土壤厚度等多个因子与林分净初级生产力的关系,建立了多元回归方程.同时测定和分析了飞播云南松林分的产量结构.     

木榄林生物量和生产力的研究*

本文利用Monsi分层切割法，对平均年龄为20年的木榄林不同径阶立木地上部分进行生物量测定，并按立木平均营养面积测定地下部分生物量。用相关生长测定法和平均木法换算成全林和立木稆器官的生物量。测定了叶面积，并算出叶面积指数，用以评定林分生产力。分析了木榄的平均和连年净生产量的动态变化以及净同化率随年龄的变化趋势。为合理经营和利用木缆林提供依据。     

河北省孟滦林场华北落叶松白桦混交林空间结构分析

合理的林分空间结构是决定林分生产力和生态功能的重要基础。本研究以河北省围场县木兰林管局孟滦林场典型林分类型华北落叶松白桦混交林为研究对象,通过混交度、密度指数和竞争指数、空间分布格局三个定量指标分析了林分的空间结构特征。结果表明,(1)林分的平均混交度为0.37,处于弱度混交与中度混交之间。(2)林分密度指数为841.2,林分密度较低(一般林分密度指数在1 200～1 600比较合适);竞争指数为2.704,竞争不激烈。(3)当模拟尺度d在0～0.6m时,林分呈现聚集分布;当模拟尺度d在0.6～1.0m和8.5～10.0m时林分呈现随机分布;当模拟尺度d在1.0～8.5m时,林分呈现均匀分布。     

桤木×杉木混交林生物量及分布格局研究

为解决目前南方林区人工林针叶化引起的系列生态问题,发展阔叶树种造林,应用平均标准木法和样方收获法对桤木×杉木混交林各模式林分的生物量、分配比例及分布格局进行研究,结果表明:不同经营模式的林分的生物量及生产力由高到低为:行间混交、行带混交、株间混交、杉木纯林,以行间混交的乔木层生物量及生产力最高,分别为68.66(t/hm2)和6.86(t/hm·2a);混交林各经营模式的营养空间分布均比杉木纯林合理,能较好地促进林木生长。     

福寿林场马尾松生态公益林林分空间结构研究

优化生态公益林的空间结构是实现多功能经营的重要途径,以福寿林场马尾松生态公益林为例,选用角尺度、混交度、大小比数、改进的开敞度和林层指数5个空间结构指标分析了其空间结构特征。结果表明:林分混交度的平均值是0.29,处于弱度混交和中度混交的中间状态,说明树种混交程度低,林分结构稳定性差;林分平均大小比数为0.53,为中庸状态,林木的胸径差异不明显,没有呈现出明显分化的趋势;林分平均角尺度为0.52,为聚集分布;林分林层指数的平均值为0.39,垂直方向上的成层性较为简单;林分开敞度的平均值为0.29,表明林分内的林木生长空间不足。     

桤木×杉木混交林生物量及分布格局研究

为解决目前南方林区人工林针叶化引起的系列生态问题,发展阔叶树种造林,应用平均标准木法和样方收获法对桤木×杉木混交林各模式林分的生物量、分配比例及分布格局进行研究,结果表明:不同经营模式的林分的生物量及生产力由高到低为:行间混交、行带混交、株间混交、杉木纯林,以行间混交的乔木层生物量及生产力最高,分别为68.66(t/hm2)和6.86(t/hm·2a);混交林各经营模式的营养空间分布均比杉木纯林合理,能较好地促进林木生长。     

杉木-闽楠混交林林分结构与生产力功能耦合关系研究

为了研究林分结构与生产力功能之间的关系,探讨确定杉木-闽楠混交林的合理林分结构,为维持群落结构稳定和提高林木生产力提供依据。以湖南省永州市金洞林场杉木-闽楠混交林为研究对象,利用获取的调查数据,运用主成分分析方法,分析平均胸径、平均高、郁闭度、混交度等林分结构因子与生产力功能间的耦合作用。建立林分结构与功能的耦合关系模型,对林分结构和生产力功能进行分析,结果表明,林分结构因子与生产力功能密切相关。生产力综合评价指数较高的林分具有的特征为:中等密度(1 500株/hm~2)、郁闭度为0.7左右、林层结构为复层林。这种结构特征有利于保持较好的生产力功能,是金洞林场杉木-闽楠混交林的最佳林分结构。     

拉氏栲和杉木人工林生产力的比较

通过对26 a生拉氏栲与杉木人工林蓄积生长、林分生物量和林分空间格局的测定分析,进行拉氏栲和杉木人工林生产力的比较研究.结果表明：拉氏栲人工林单株材积为0.229 3 m3/hm2,比杉木人工林高14.76%,但其林分蓄积量小于杉木林;拉氏栲林分生物量为148.59 t/hm2,是杉木人工林的1.13倍;其干、枝、叶和根的生物量均高于杉木林,拉氏栲根系十分发达,其根系分布较杉木更为合理,说明拉氏栲人工林的林分空间格局比杉木人工林更有利于林分光合产物的积累.拉氏栲生产力较高,可望在南方大面积推广.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。