海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

飞播云南松林分生物量和生产力的系统研究

本文对四川凉山地区飞播云南松林分的生物量和生产力进行了测定和系统的研究.按平均标准本法调查了生物量.据调查数据建立了估测乔木层单株各器官生物量的回归方程,方程的相关系数和估测精度都较高,具有实用价值.结果表明:林分生物量平均为94.512吨/公顷,净初级生产力平均为5251公斤/公顷·年.乔木层各器官生物量的比例是,树干72.6%枝条11.5%;针叶6.8%;根系9.1%.本文还系统分析了叶面积指数、生态环境因素与林分净初级生产力的关系,并进行了数学模拟,建立了回归方程.分析结果发现:叶面积指数、坡向和土壤厚度在一定范围内与林分净初级生产力呈线性相关,海拔和林分密度与林分净初级生产力呈非线性的二次抛物线相关.文中还考察了叶面积指数、海拔、坡位、坡向、坡度、郁闭度、林分密度和土壤厚度等多个因子与林分净初级生产力的关系,建立了多元回归方程.同时测定和分析了飞播云南松林分的产量结构.     

海南五针松人工林分生物量的研究

本文对海拔930rn的17年生海南五针松(Pinus fenzeliana Hand—Mazz.)人工林分生物量和生产力进行了测定。按平均标准木法和样方收获法分别调查了乔木层、下木层、草本层和枯枝落叶。据凋查效据,建立了估测乔木层单株林木各器官生物量的回归方程。结果表明:林分总生物量平均为161.152吨/公顷,净生产量为10530.69公斤/公顷·年;其中,乔木层生物量为149.35吨/公顷,净生产量为8785.35公斤/公顷·年;叶面积为每公顷199248.7339m~2叶面积指数为19.9149公顷/公顷。从林分的产量结构上反映出下木层结构不合理,应予间伐。     

立木含碳量估算方法比较

【目的】研究立木各分项生物量、含碳量的分配及含碳率的变化规律,探索如何构建其生物量和含碳量可加性模型,并分析5种立木含碳量估算方法(立木含碳量模型法、各分项平均含碳率法、立木加权平均含碳率法、通用含碳率法Ⅰ和通用含碳率法Ⅱ)的预测精度,为全国性生物量和碳储量监测提供可靠的理论与技术知识。【方法】以小黑杨人工林为例,采用聚合型可加性模型建立其生物量、含碳量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性似乎不相关回归模型方法,利用"刀切法"对建立的立木生物量、含碳量模型进行评价。将样木和5种立木含碳量估算方法分别作为区组和处理,利用SAS POC GLM程序进行方差分析。【结果】建立的小黑杨人工林可加性生物量和含碳量模型拟合效果均较好,调整后其确定系数(Ra2)均大于0. 80,平均相对误差(MRE)为-2%～2%,平均相对误差绝对值(MARE)均小于30%,所有模型的预测精度均在85%以上。5种立木含碳量估算方法评价结果表明,立木含碳量模型法和立木加权平均含碳率法具有一定优势,利用通用含碳率0. 45和0. 50估算立木含碳量可能会产生较大误差。【结论】为了使模型参数估计更有效,建立的生物量、含碳量模型应当考虑立木总生物量、含碳量及各分项生物量、含碳量的可加性。本研究建立的立木生物量和含碳量模型可对黑龙江省西部平原小黑杨人工林生物量、含碳量进行很好估算。     

人工阔叶红松林的结构与生产力

在两种除组成和垂直结构外,其它条件均相同的人工阔叶红松林内,做了总辐射、反射、透射、生物量、生产力和林分叶面积的测定。证明在红松与阔叶树复层混交,叶面积指数为5.5的林分内,光能利用率,林分的生物量、生产力和叶面积分布等均较二者单层混交,叶面积指数为4.1的林分为高或者合理。其原因在于前者能有效地吸收和利用太阳辐射能,减少能量的散失,该林分较高的叶面积指数也是提高其林分的生长速度和森林生产力的重要原因。     

红豆树人工林生态系统生产力的研究

采用测定植株全部生物量的方法对红豆树人工林的生产力进行研究。用分层切割法测定10株样木地上部分各器官生物量,壕沟法测定地下部分根系生物量;用“相对变比生长”模型估得23年生红豆树林分生物量为121.488吨/公顷,其中乔木层为118.612吨/公顷;平均净生物量为5.282吨/公顷·年,乔木层为5.157吨/公顷·年;乔木层中树干(包括树皮)、枝、叶和根系的生物量分别为59.923、25.020、4.623和29.046吨/公顷。林分叶面积指数为5.68,叶的净同化率为303.13±30.46克/米~2·年。第23年生时树干年均净生产量与年间生产量曲线尚未相交,该林分仍属生产性生态系统。     

应用航片估测林分单位面积生物量方法的探讨

立木生物量（Ｗ）与树木胸径（Ｄ），树高（Ｈ）和材积（Ｖ）间存在的相关关系，建立最优经验方程，可编制天然林一元和二元立木重量表。在大比例尺的航片上，可判读量测出胸径，树高，冠幅和株数，根据这些判读因子查立木重量表，再利用测定林分单位面积生物量方法之一的略算法，即可实现估算林分单位面积生物量之目的。     

湿地松造纸林主伐年龄的研究

四川省宜宾地区湿地松造纸林的主伐年龄，依据２９１个标准地，１７５８株材积测定样木，编制了该树种的二元立木材积表、材种材率表、现实林分平均生长过程表和模拟林分平均过程表。采用绝对值和相对值两种计算方法，求主伐木数量成熟龄；近材种标准确定材种工艺成熟龄；对不同年龄阶段的造纸工艺理化指标进行了测定分析，造纸工艺成熟龄；采贴现法进行分析，并净现值最大确定经济成熟龄。依据“以材种工艺成熟和造纸工艺成熟为基限     

辐射松人工幼林生物量和生产力研究

本文对岷江上游干旱河谷区引种栽培的5 a生辐射松幼林生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究,用"平均标准木法"和"样方收获法"分别调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本层、苔鲜层和凋落物层的生物量.据调查数据,用"相对生长法则"建立了乔木层单株立木及其各器官干重的回归方程,方程的精度均在97%以上.同时还研究了林分平均净生产量和产量结构.结果表明岷江上游干旱河谷区5 a生辐射松人工林分生物量平均为19.507 t/hm2,净生产量为3 902.40kg/(hm2·a).其中,乔木层生物量为8.510 t/hm2,占林分总量的43.62%;净生产量1.702 t/(hm2·a),占林分净生产量的43.63%.灌木的生物量和净生产量分别为2.171 t/hm2、434.20 kg/(hm2·a);草本的生物量和净生产量分别为8.091 t/hm2、1 618.20 kg/(hm2·a);苔鲜层的生物量和净生产量分别为0.464 t/hm2、92.80kg/(hm2·a);凋落物的生物量和净生产量分别为0.271 t/hm2、54.20 kg/(hm2·a).辐射松人工林与同区域同龄油松和岷江柏相比,其生物量和生产力都远高于它们.     

木麻黄林生产力动态变化的研究

对木麻黄林生物产量随立地条件、林分密度和林龄的动态变化的研究表明,木麻黄林生物量大小在不同立地表现为潮积沙土>风积沙土>残积沙土,立地愈好干材生物量所占比例愈高;15年生木麻黄林生物量随林分密度增大而增加,但干材生物量百分率的变化趋势相反;林分净生产量随林龄而增大,至成熟阶段达到最大,到过熟阶段又趋下降,林俞生产力与叶面积指数呈线性相关。     

Quantitative relationships between fine roots and stand characteristics

Fine roots absorb nutrients and water for photosynthesizing leaves, which in return provide them with hydrocarbon products. Knowledge of the fine root biomass (FRB) at the individual tree level and its relationships with other components related to tree growth, especially leaves aboveground, is scarce. Therefore, we reviewed the FRB of major forest-forming species using a database of 518 forest stands compiled from the literature, including 21 tree species and 16 shrub species, in order to confirm the relationships between environmental or forest stand variables and FRB at the stand and tree levels, and we further determine the relationships between fine roots belowground and leaves aboveground. Correlations between FRB and site characteristics (latitude, elevation, age, density, and basal area) appeared to be species-specific. There were hardly any significant correlations between stand FRB and latitude, elevation, stand age and stand density. Tree FRB was better correlated with tree basal area than stand FRB with stand basal area. There was a significant linear relationship between tree FRB and tree basal area. In addition, individual FRB was significantly linearly related to leaf biomass for all analyzed species. When these species were grouped into coniferous and deciduous, or all species together, there were still significant linear relationships between tree FRB and tree basal area and leaf biomass. The ratios of FRB to leaf biomass varied between and among species and even among regions for the same species. For both Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, the ratio of FRB to leaf biomass was negatively related to the ratio of annual actual evapotranspiration to annual potential evapotranspiration, which was an indicator of water availability.     

米老排人工林生物量研究

采用相对生长方程模拟从南亚热带引种的米老排林分生物量。结果表明:15年生米老排人工林分的生物量为195.972 t.hm-2,其中乔木层为194.772 t.hm-2,林分平均净生产量为15.610 t.hm-2a-1,其中乔木层为15.185t.hm-2a-1。乔木层中树干(包括树皮)、枝、叶和根系的生物量分别为99.664 t.hm-2、24.829 t.hm-2、5.074 t.hm-2和65.165 t.hm-2。乔木层叶面积指数5.274,叶的净同化率为329.2 g.m-2a-1。极端最低气温-8℃左右对生物量的增长产生负面影响。     

马尾松人工林生物量及生产力变化规律研究Ⅱ.不同林龄生物量及生产力

采用以空间代时间的径级标准木收获法,研究了从幼林到成熟林的5种不同林龄的林分生物量.结果表明:树木干物质是按一定比例分配到各器官,其比例与径阶大小无关,而与发育阶段有关.林分平均木及林分各器官生物量均随林龄增加而增加,平均木在18 22a生物量年增加速率最大,而林分是在12 18年生.树干生物量所占百分比(占48%以上)随林龄增加而增加,而枝、叶、皮刚好相反,18年生以前,根所占百分比随林龄增加而下降,此后趋于稳定.各器官所占百分比由大到小依次为:干、枝、根、皮、叶.8、12、18、22、30年生的林分乔木层生物量分别为:33.94、89.94、204.51、223.71、234.14t.hm-2,净生产力为:6.24、11.14、15.63、14.07、11.93t.hm-2.a-1.中龄前,生物量按径阶分布的规律与株数按径阶分配规律相似,多呈左偏态,此后呈右偏态,峰值比株数按径阶分布向右移动1 2个径阶.培育纸浆材林,在18年生前利用最佳.     

Relative importance of photosynthetic physiology and biomass allocation for tree seedling growth across a broad light gradient

Studies of tree seedling physiology and growth under field conditions provide information on the mechanisms underlying inter- and intraspecific differences in growth and survival at a critical period during forest regeneration. I compared photosynthetic physiology, growth and biomass allocation in seedlings of three shade-tolerant tree species, Virola koschynii Warb., Dipteryx panamensis (Pittier) Record & Mell and Brosimum alicastrum Swartz., growing across a light gradient created by a forest-pasture edge (0.5 to 67% diffuse transmittance (%T)). Most growth and physiological traits showed nonlinear responses to light availability, with the greatest changes occurring between 0.5 and 20 %T. Specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen per unit leaf mass (N mass) decreased, maximum assimilation per unit leaf area (A area) and area-based leaf N concentration (N area) increased, and maximum assimilation per unit leaf mass (A mass) did not change with increasing irradiance. Plastic responses in SLA were important determinants of leaf N and A area across the gradient. Species differed in magnitude and plasticity of growth; B. alicastrum had the lowest relative growth rates (RGR) and low plasticity. Its final biomass varied only 10-fold across the light gradient. In contrast, the final biomass of D. panamensis and V. koschynii varied by 100- and 50-fold, respectively, and both had higher RGR than B. alicastrum. As light availability increased, all species decreased biomass allocation to leaf tissue (mass and area) and showed a trade-off between allocation to leaf area at a given plant mass (LAR) and net gain in mass per unit leaf area (net assimilation rate, NAR). This trade-off largely reflected declines in SLA with increasing light. Finally, A area was correlated with NAR and both were major determinants of intraspecific variation in RGR. These data indicate the importance of plasticity in photosynthetic physiology and allocation for variation in tree seedling growth among habitats that vary in light availability.     

Biomass and net productivity for spruce plantation

SiteandmethodThesiteislocatedintheSuiIingDistrictofHeiIong-jiangProvincefromN47"26'toN48"o6',E127"37'toE128"28'.TheaveragesIopeis15".Themeanelevationis349m.ThemeanannuaItem-peratureis-o.4t.TheaccumuIatedtemperatureof31ooCis1986C-Theamountofprecipitationisfrom6ooto8oomm.Thefrost-freeseasonisabout13od.ThemainsoilisdarkbrownsoiI.The17plots(o.o4hm')fordifferentages,differ-entsitesweremeasured.OnesampletreewasseIectedineverypIot,ThefalIenstemanalysistreesweredividedwithonemeterortwometer…     

Impacts of increased fire frequency and aridity on eucalypt forest structure,biomass and composition in southwest Australia

Water stress and fire disturbance can directly impact stand structure, biomass and composition by causing mortality and influencing competitive interactions among trees. However, open eucalypt forests of southwest Australia are highly resilient to fire and drought and may respond differently to increased fire frequency and aridity than forests dominated by non-eucalypt species. We measured the variation in stem density, basal area, stand biomass, sapwood area, leaf area and litterfall across 16 mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest stands along an aridity gradient in southwest Australia that had variable fire histories. Fire frequency was defined as the total number of fires over a ∼30-year period and aridity as the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to annual precipitation. Total stand biomass and sapwood area were predicted from diameter at breast height of individual jarrah and marri trees using allometric equations. Leaf area was estimated using digital cover photography. More arid and frequently burnt stands had higher stem density, especially of smaller trees, which were mainly jarrah. Overall, both standing biomass and leaf area decreased at more arid sites, while sapwood area was largely unaffected by aridity, suggesting that these stands respond to increased water limitation by decreasing their leaf area relative to their sapwood area. Biomass of marri was reduced at more arid and, to a lesser extent, at more frequently burnt stands. However, total stand biomass (jarrah and marri) and leaf area index did not vary with fire frequency, suggesting that less marri biomass (due to slower growth rates, higher mortality or less recruitment) was compensated by an increase in the density of jarrah trees (regeneration). We conclude that increased fire and drought shift tree species composition towards more fire-resistant species and result in denser stands of smaller trees. In contrast, total stand biomass declines with increasing aridity, but has no association with fire frequency.     

Aboveground biomass and net primary production of semi-evergreen tropical forest of Manipur, north-eastern India

The aboveground biomass dynamics and net primary productivity were investigated to assess the productive potential of Dipterocarpus forest in Manipur, Northeast India. Two forest stands (stand I and II) were earmarked randomly in the study site for the evaluation of biomass in the different girth classes of tree species by harvest method. The total biomass was 22.50 t·ha-1 and 18.27 t·ha-1 in forest stand I and II respectively. Annual aboveground net primary production varied from 8.86 to 10.43 t·ha-1 respectively in two forest stands (stand I and II). In the present study, the values of production efficiency and the biomass accumulation ratio indicate that the forest is at succession stage with high productive potential.     

Canopy dynamics and aboveground production of five tree species with different leaf longevities

Canopy dynamics and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were studied in replicated monospecific and dual-species plantations comprised of species with different leaf longevities. In the monospecific plantations, leaf longevity averaged 5, 6, 36, 46 and 66 months for Quercus rubra L., Larix decidua Miller, Pinus strobus L., Pinus resinosa Ait. and Picea abies (L.) Karst., respectively. Specific leaf area, maximum net photosynthesis per unit mass (A/mass), leaf N per unit mass (N(leaf)/mass) and maximum net photosynthesis on a leaf N basis (A/N(leaf)) were inversely correlated to leaf longevity (r(2) = 0.92-0.97, 0.91, 0.88 and 0.80, respectively). Maximum net photosynthesis per unit area (A/area) was not correlated to leaf longevity, whereas leaf N per unit area (N(leaf)/area) was positively correlated to leaf longevity (r(2) = 0.95). For a similar-diameter conifer, species with long-lived foliage supported a greater foliage mass than species with short-lived foliage; however, Quercus rubra did not follow this pattern. At the stand level, total foliage mass ranged from 3.3 to 30.5 Mg ha(-1) and was positively correlated (r(2) = 0.97) to leaf longevity. Leaf area index (LAI) was also positively correlated (r(2) = 0.82) to leaf longevity. Production efficiency (ANPP/LAI) was inversely related to leaf longevity and positively related to A/mass. Aboveground biomass and net primary production differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the five species but were not correlated to leaf longevity, total foliage mass or leaf area. In monospecific plantations, stem NPP for Larix decidua was 17% greater than for Pinus strobus and 14% less than for Picea abies, but in mixed-species plantations stem NPP for Larix decidua was 62 and 85% greater than for Pinus strobus and Picea abies, respectively. Similar aboveground net primary production rates can be attained by tree species with different leaf longevities because of trade-offs resulting from different structural and physiological leaf and canopy characteristics that are correlated to each other and to leaf longevity.     

Competition-density effect of tree organs in Acacia auriculiformis stands

The competition-density (C-D) effects for mean mass for tree, stem, branch and leaf were analyzed in Acacia auriculiformis stands. Mean tree mass-density and mean organ mass-density were well explained by the C-D equation of tree and the C-D equation of tree organ, respectively. An equation describing the relationship between mean leaf area u and density was formulated that fit the u-data well. The relationship between mean tree mass w and the ratio of each organ to mean tree mass (wo/ w) was examined. With increasing w, the stem mass ratio wS/w increased, whereas the branch mass ratio wB/w and the leaf mass ratio wL/w decreased. The yield difference between the lowest-density stand and the high-density stand became greater with stand growth. However, the yield of the mid-density stand was slightly lower than the yield of the high-density stand during the experimental period. To produce the most desirable combination of demanding individual-tree size and relative high stem yield, the mid-density is recommended as proper planting density for future management of A. auriculiformis stands.