马齿苋多糖对雏鸡胸腺免疫功能的影响及其机制

为了观察马齿苋多糖(Portulace oleracea polysaccharide,POP)对雏鸡胸腺免疫功能的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制,试验通过对雏鸡灌注不同剂量的POP,测定雏鸡胸腺指数,应用MMT(四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法)方法测定雏鸡胸腺淋巴细胞转化率,利用流式细胞器测定雏鸡胸腺淋巴细胞周期与胸腺T淋巴细胞亚群的变化.结果表明,POP能显著增加雏鸡胸腺淋巴细胞转化率和胸腺指数(P＜0.05),淋巴细胞增殖指数显著提高(P＜0.05),CD4+T淋巴细胞含量显著增加(P＜0.05),CD8+T淋巴细胞数量变化不明显,CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值显著升高(P＜0.05).POP可通过调节雏鸡胸腺内细胞水平的变化,增强雏鸡细胞免疫功能,促进免疫系统发育.     

实验性鸡马立克氏病免疫病理学研究 Ⅱ:外周血液ANAE~+T淋巴细胞的动态观察

本研究对京毒—1号马立克氏病(MD)强毒接种鸡外周血液中的ANAE~+淋巴细胞及其亚群进行了动态观察。结果表明,感染鸡外周血液的ANAE~+T淋巴细胞总数持续性增高,但这主要是ANAE~+细颗粒型T淋巴细胞亚群显著增加的结果,而代表辅助性T淋巴细胞的ANAE粗颗粒淋巴细胞则处于较低的水平。同时代表B淋巴细胞的ANAE~-淋巴细胞的变化一直未达到有统计学意的义的水平。从而提示,一方面马立克氏病的免疫方式主要是细胞免疫;另一方面鸡马立克氏病时外周血液淋巴细胞的增殖具有多重含义。     

Thymic origin of intestinal alphabeta T cells revealed by fate mapping of RORgammat+ cells

Intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) are likely to play a key role in host mucosal immunity and, unlike other T cells, have been proposed to differentiate from local precursors rather than from thymocytes. We show here that IELs expressing the alphabeta T cell receptor are derived from precursors that express RORgammat, an orphan nuclear hormone receptor detected only in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, fetal lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) cells, and LTi-like cells in cryptopatches within the adult intestinal lamina propria. Using cell fate mapping, we found that all intestinal alphabeta T cells are progeny of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, indicating that the adult intestine is not a significant site for alphabeta T cell development. Our results suggest that intestinal RORgammat+ cells are local organizers of mucosal lymphoid tissue.     

Role of T-bet in commitment of TH1 cells before IL-12-dependent selection

How cytokines control differentiation of helper T (TH) cells is controversial. We show that T-bet, without apparent assistance from interleukin 12 (IL-12)/STAT4, specifies TH1 effector fate by targeting chromatin remodeling to individual interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) alleles and by inducing IL-12 receptor beta2 expression. Subsequently, it appears that IL-12/STAT4 serves two essential functions in the development of TH1 cells: as growth signal, inducing survival and cell division; and as trans-activator, prolonging IFN-gamma synthesis through a genetic interaction with the coactivator, CREB-binding protein. These results suggest that a cytokine does not simply induce TH fate choice but instead may act as an essential secondary stimulus that mediates selective survival of a lineage.     

"增免散"对ND疫苗免疫雏鸡抗体效价和胸腺发育的影响

将300只1日龄雏鸡随机分为空白对照组、中药“增免散”组、环磷酰胺组、环磷酰胺组 左旋咪唑组、环磷酰胺 “增免散”组,雏鸡6日龄时用鸡新城疫(ND)L a Sota疫苗点眼滴鼻,分别于7、14、28、35日龄时测定鸡血液新城疫抗体效价、胸腺器官指数、胸腺组织中CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞浓度、胸腺细胞凋亡率,观察胸腺的组织结构变化,探索中药“增免散”的免疫增强机理。结果表明:中药“增免散”不但能增强ND疫苗的免疫效果,促进雏鸡胸腺发育,提高胸腺组织中CD4 /CD8 T淋巴细胞比值,而且对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制、免疫器官损伤和细胞凋亡有一定拮抗作用。     

禽霍乱强化苗研究——Ⅲ.疫苗免疫后淋巴细胞活性变化

本试验应用MTT检测法,对禽霍乱强化苗免疫鸡的外周血淋巴细胞活性进行检测。强化苗免疫后1周内试验鸡淋巴细胞增殖强度,Con A组和LPS组与对照组比较差异极显著（P<0.01）,第 3天达高峰,增殖强度分别为 31.8％和 44. 7％。第 14天,ConA组增殖强度恢复正常,而 LPS组仍处于一定水平,与强化苗免疫后第4天试验鸡产生应答,第10天抗体效价几乎达高峰,并维持较长时间相一致,攻毒保护率随着抗体效价升高而提高。说明禽霍乱的免疫性质是以B细胞参与的体液免疫为主,T细胞起辅助作用。     

杨树皮类脂对感染鸡传染性贫血病毒鸡外周血T细胞亚群含量的影响

[目的]从细胞免疫学角度探讨杨树皮类脂(PBL)对改善感染鸡传染性贫血病毒(CIAV)鸡的免疫器官的细胞免疫水平的影响。[方法]以人工感染与未感染CIAV的1日龄SPF鸡作为试验模型,分别连续饲喂PBL 7 d,在第7、27、47天采用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+和CD8+的含量,并计算CD4+/CD8+。[结果]PBL能够增加健康SPF雏鸡外周血的CD4+T淋巴细胞的数量,提高非特异性细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能。[结论]杨树皮类脂对CIAV诱导的免疫抑制雏鸡外周血的CD4+和CD8+T细胞水平的降低具有一定抑制作用。     

中药复方制剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响

选取30头健康奶牛和30头隐性乳房炎奶牛进行中药复方制剂饲喂试验,对奶牛的B淋巴细胞EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数和T淋巴细胞转化率进行测定,观察中药复方制剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响.结果显示,健康奶牛的EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞转化率均显著高于隐性乳房炎奶牛(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);中药复方制剂可以显著提高健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛的EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞转化率(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).试验表明,中药复方制剂可以增强奶牛机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能,促使隐性乳房炎奶牛免疫机能的恢复.     

Activation-induced B cell fates are selected by intracellular stochastic competition

In response to stimulation, B lymphocytes pursue a large number of distinct fates important for immune regulation. Whether each cell's fate is determined by external direction, internal stochastic processes, or directed asymmetric division is unknown. Measurement of times to isotype switch, to develop into a plasmablast, and to divide or to die for thousands of cells indicated that each fate is pursued autonomously and stochastically. As a consequence of competition between these processes, censorship of alternative outcomes predicts intricate correlations that are observed in the data. Stochastic competition can explain how the allocation of a proportion of B cells to each cell fate is achieved. The B cell may exemplify how other complex cell differentiation systems are controlled.     

PHA复方制剂对鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫增强作用

PHA复方制剂由植物血凝素(PHA)为主药组成,为探讨其对鸡新城疫(ND)疫苗的免疫增强作用,将复方制剂按体重0.05、0.2和0.3 g.kg-1三个剂量灌服,对Lasota疫苗免疫鸡ND的抗体效价、免疫球蛋白、血液中T淋巴细胞进行检测,攻毒后计算攻毒保护率。结果表明,PHA复方制剂0.05、0.2 g.kg-1组可显著提高抗体、IgG和IgA(P<0.05),提高血中T淋巴细胞数(P<0.05)和攻毒保护率,显示PHA复方制剂对ND疫苗有免疫增强作用及免疫保护作用。     

In vivo administration of anti-CD3 prevents malignant progressor tumor growth

Malignant progressor tumors are only weakly immunogenic and can evade host recognition and rejection. One approach to therapy involves activation of the host antitumor cellular effector mechanisms. Since monoclonal antibodies to CD3 (anti-CD3) can activate T cells in vitro, an attempt was made to determine if tumor immunity could be achieved by the administration of anti-CD3 in vivo. T lymphocytes from mice injected with anti-CD3 showed increased interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression, increased proliferation to recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), and enhanced reactivity in both an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and a mixed lymphocyte tumor culture. Malignant tumor growth in treated mice was also examined. The anti-CD3 treatment prevented tumor outgrowth that would have killed untreated animals and also stimulated an in vivo response against a malignant progressor tumor providing lasting tumor immunity.     

Division of labor with a workforce of one: challenges in specifying effector and memory T cell fate

In the course of the immune response against microbes, na?ve T cells proliferate and generate varied classes of effector cells, as well as memory cells with distinct properties and functions. Owing to recent technological advances, some of the most imposing questions regarding effector and memory T cell differentiation are now becoming experimentally soluble: How many classes of antigen-specific T cells exist, and how malleable are they in their fate and in their functional state? How might a spectrum of cell fates be imparted to the clonal descendants of a single lymphocyte? Where, when, and how does pathogen-associated information refine the instruction, selection, and direction of newly activated T cells as they perform their tasks in different locations and times? Some surprising new glimpses ahead on these subjects and other yet-unanswered questions are discussed.     

硒对雏鸡T淋巴细胞转化和自然杀伤细胞活力的影响

将１日龄罗曼系商品代蛋用健康公雏３６０羽随机均分成３组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,补硒Ⅰ组和补硒Ⅱ组在饲喂基础日粮的同时分别添加０．３和０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒。分别于７,２１,３５和４９日龄采用微量全血培养３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法测定雏鸡外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率,ＬＤＨ释放法测定ＮＫ细胞活力,荧光分析法测定血硒含量,化学法测定ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性。定期称重并进行临床观察。结果表明,补硒能显著并持续地增强雏鸡外周血淋巴细胞对ＰＨＡ的应答能力和ＮＫ细胞活力。另外,还对全血淋转试验３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法进行了讨论。     

Cell fate determination by the cell wall in early fucus development

In multicellular plants, development starts with an asymmetric division of the zygote into two differentiated cells. The nature and distribution of fate-determining factors operating during embryogenesis remain largely obscure. Laser microsurgery was used here to dissect two-celled embryos of the alga Fucus spiralis. Removal of protoplasts from the cell wall induced dedifferentiation. However, isolated cells within the walls followed their restricted fate. Moreover, contact of one cell type with the isolated cell wall of the other cell type caused its fate to be switched. The cell wall thus appears to maintain the differentiated state and to direct cell fate in plant development.     

Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals

Intestinal commensal bacteria induce protective and regulatory responses that maintain host-microbial mutualism. However, the contribution of tissue-resident commensals to immunity and inflammation at other barrier sites has not been addressed. We found that in mice, the skin microbiota have an autonomous role in controlling the local inflammatory milieu and tuning resident T lymphocyte function. Protective immunity to a cutaneous pathogen was found to be critically dependent on the skin microbiota but not the gut microbiota. Furthermore, skin commensals tuned the function of local T cells in a manner dependent on signaling downstream of the interleukin-1 receptor. These findings underscore the importance of the microbiota as a distinctive feature of tissue compartmentalization, and provide insight into mechanisms of immune system regulation by resident commensal niches in health and disease.     

Polarized myosin produces unequal-size daughters during asymmetric cell division

Asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle before cytokinesis can produce different-sized daughter cells that have distinct fates. Here, we found an asymmetric division in the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast lineage that began with a centered spindle but generated different-sized daughters, the smaller (anterior) of which underwent apoptosis. During this division, more myosin II accumulated anteriorly, suggesting that asymmetric contractile forces might produce different-sized daughters. Indeed, partial inactivation of anterior myosin by chromophore-assisted laser inactivation created a more symmetric division and allowed the survival and differentiation of the anterior daughter. Thus, the balance of myosin activity on the two sides of a dividing cell can govern the size and fate of the daughters.     

雏鸡感染法氏囊病病毒后免疫器官中T细胞的变化

本项研究对人工感染法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)的1日龄雏鸡和未感染 IBDV 对照雏鸡的免疫器官组织——胸腺、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺和法氏囊中 ANAE~+淋巴细胞总数、颗粒型 ANAE~+淋巴细胞、弥漫型 ANAE~+淋巴细胞和淋巴细胞总数及其分布的动态变化进行了检测。结果表明,1日龄雏鸡感染 IBDV 后,免疫器官组织中 ANAE~+淋巴细胞总数、颗粒型 ANAE~+淋巴细胞数明显低于对照雏鸡,淋巴细胞总数也呈现不同程度的减少。ANAE~+淋巴细胞的上述变化在胸腺髓质、脾脏动脉周围鞘和红髓,盲肠扁桃体弥散区、哈德尔腺集合小管和排泄管周围及法氏囊淋巴小结皮质等区域较明显。表明1日龄雏鸡感染 IBDV 后,机体的细胞免疫机能明显降低。     

小鹅瘟病毒VP3真核表达质粒与弱毒疫苗诱导鹅体免疫应答的比较

 【目的】比较小鹅瘟病毒（GPV）VP3基因疫苗（pcDNA-GPV-VP3）和弱毒疫苗免疫鹅体内的免疫应答,以期为进一步研究和阐明pcDNA-GPV-VP3免疫发生机理、免疫持续期等提供基础数据。【方法】将pcDNA-GPV-VP3和小鹅瘟弱毒疫苗分别免疫30日龄四川白鹅,用免疫组织化学方法检测免疫鹅体内GPV抗原的分布,用淋巴细胞增殖实验和间接ELISA分别检测免疫鹅的细胞免疫水平和血清抗体滴度,比较GPV基因疫苗与弱毒疫苗诱导鹅体免疫应答的能力。【结果】①弱毒疫苗组于免疫鹅的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、哈氏腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、直肠、盲肠、胰腺、大脑及注射部位肌肉均中检测到GPV抗原;基因疫苗组于免疫鹅的心、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、直肠、盲肠及注射部位肌肉中检测到GPV抗原。②弱毒疫苗免疫雏鹅外周血T淋巴细胞14 d后对ConA的反应开始增强,35 d达到最高值后下降;基因疫苗免疫雏鹅外周血T淋巴细胞OD值先下降,14 d后开始上升并高于空白质粒对照鹅和PBS对照鹅,35 d时达最大值,以后又逐渐下降,第21-63天极显著（P＜0.01）高于PBS对照鹅和空白质粒对照鹅,第21-63 天时极显著（P＜0.01）高于弱毒疫苗免疫鹅。③弱毒疫苗免疫鹅血清抗体第3天开始高于PBS对照鹅,第28天达到最大值后逐渐下降;基因疫苗免疫鹅血清体从第14天开始高于PBS对照组,第28天达最大值,第21-217天显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）高于PBS和空白质粒对照鹅;基因疫苗免疫鹅血清抗体除第28天极显著(P＜0.01)高于GPV弱毒疫苗免疫鹅外,其余时间与弱毒疫苗免疫鹅差异不显著。【结论】pcDNA-GPV-VP3免疫雏鹅后能在免疫部位皮肤、心肌和各肠段中表达并能够诱导鹅体产生良好的细胞免疫和体液免疫,基因疫苗诱导鹅体产生免疫应答的能力优于弱毒疫苗,结果为阐述pcDNA-GPV-VP3的免疫机制和临床应用提供了数据资料。     

猪附红细胞体病家兔感染模型的免疫指标检测

[目的]观察家兔人工感染猪附红细胞体后的免疫指标的变化。[方法]采用猪附红细胞体阳性血样,以腹腔注射的方式人工感染家兔。模型建立后,通过血液压片镜检及PCR方法检测。感染家兔进行红细胞免疫功能的测定、T淋巴细胞百分率检测,并利用淋转实验等对家兔感染后的免疫指标进行监测。[结果]家兔感染附红细胞体后,RBC-C3b和RBC-IC花环率明显下降,外周血ANA;E+T淋巴细胞百分率显著降低,淋巴细胞的转化功能差异不明显。[结论]猪附红细胞体人工感染家兔后可引起家兔的细胞免疫,造成红细胞免疫功能下降。     

增益素对鸡细胞免疫功能的影响

给8周龄鸡人工感染传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV),破坏鸡的法氏囊器官,从而造成鸡的免疫缺陷。在9周龄时,实验组1饲喂增益素,实验组2接种鸡新城疫(ND)油乳剂疫苗,通过测定淋巴细胞转化率来监测细胞免疫效果。结果表明,饲喂过增益素的鸡外周血T淋巴细胞活化指数增加的百分数高于仅接种ND疫苗的鸡(P<0.01),说明增益素对感染了传染性法氏囊病病毒的鸡细胞免疫有增强作用。