断奶日龄对仔猪消化器官的发育和生产性能的影响

将１２窝三元杂交仔猪随机分为４组，即第１，２，３和４组，分别于１７，２１，２８和３５日龄断奶，测定各组仔猪断奶前后０－５６日龄的体重，采食量和胃，胰腺，肝脏重量。结果有：不同断奶日龄仔猪断奶后一周生长停滞，断奶后两周相对生长率以２８日龄 断奶猪高于２１日龄前的断奶猪。     

超早期断奶应激对仔猪内分泌的影响

为研究超早期断奶应激对仔猪内分泌的影响,试 验从２ 窝１４ 日龄杜大长三元杂交商 品猪中各选体重相似公猪２ 头,其中１ 头分至断奶组,另１ 头留为哺乳组,每组２ 个重复（ 栏） , 每重复１ 头猪,试验共用猪４ 头。分别于断奶当天（１４ 日龄） 及断奶后连续９ 天 内早上８ ：００ ,对试猪前腔静 脉采血,采用放免法测定血清皮质醇、 Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 浓度。试验结 果表明,在断奶后１ ～４ 天内,与哺乳仔猪相比, 断奶应激使断奶仔猪血清皮质醇浓度降低, Ｔ４ 浓度升高, Ｔ３ 浓度接近哺乳仔猪,且表现出 Ｔ４ 较 Ｔ３ 更能反映应激效应。在断奶第４ 天以后,皮质醇浓度呈不规则变化, Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 浓度下降,至断奶后第９ 天, Ｔ４ 浓度上升。     

复合非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究不同复合木聚糖酶和β-甘露聚糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,选择72头体重(6.75±0.26)kg"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪,对照组饲喂基础日粮(CT),试验1组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%复合酶1(E1),试验2组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%复合酶2(E2)。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验1组能显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05),试验2组能显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05)、降低料肉比(P<0.05);试验1组能显著提高断奶仔猪血清总蛋白、白蛋白浓度(P<0.05),降低血清尿素氮浓度(P<0.05);试验2组能显著提高断奶仔猪血清总蛋白(P<0.01)、白蛋白浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),降低血清尿素氮浓度(P<0.05)。说明日粮中添加酶制剂可以调节血清中蛋白质代谢相关指标,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。     

鲁莱配套系断奶仔猪对赖氨酸需要量的研究

试验采用112头(35±2)日龄的鲁莱配套系断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复7头猪,研究饲粮不同赖氨酸水平(Lys:1.05%、1.15%、1.25%、1.35%)对鲁莱断奶仔猪生产性能和血清尿素氮的影响,确定鲁莱断奶仔猪赖氨酸的需要量。结果表明,当赖氨酸水平为1.15%时,料肉比和血清尿素氮浓度显著低于1.25%、1.35%组(P<0.05),鲁莱断奶仔猪的赖氨酸需求参数为饲粮的1.15%。     

断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响

为研究不同断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响,试验选取受试仔猪24头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,各处理仔猪分别在14日龄、21日龄、28日龄和35日龄断奶,所有仔猪在42日龄宰杀取样.测定仔猪相应组织的MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性.结果表明,随着断奶日龄的推迟,仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌中MDA含量逐渐降低,35日龄断奶组仔猪心肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）,28日龄和35日龄断奶组背最长肌和半腱肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）;与28日龄和35日龄断奶组相比,14日龄断奶组心肌T-SOD、GSH-Px活性（P＜0.05）以及半腱肌GSH-Px活性均显著降低（P＜0.05）,各断奶日龄组仔猪背最长肌抗氧化酶活性无显著差异.以上结果提示,仔猪断奶日龄越早,其肌肉组织脂质过氧化反应越强,抗氧化功能越低.     

早期断奶对仔猪血清肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素-2含量的影响

本文旨在研究仔猪血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量的变化规律,以及早期断奶、免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白对TNF和IL-2含量的影响。试验选用约克夏仔猪,试验1分别在1、7、14、21和28日龄选取2头仔猪;试验2仔猪分别在14、18和35日龄断奶;试验3选取16头仔猪,分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复;试验4选取32头仔猪,分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复。结果表明:(1)血清TNF(P<0.01)、IL-2(P<0.05)含量从1日龄到7日龄显著降低,14日龄又上升,并维持一定水平。(2)与35日龄断奶仔猪相比,早期断奶仔猪断奶14和35 d血清IL-2含量显著降低(P<0.05),14日龄断奶仔猪血清TNF含量也表现出降低的趋势。(3)饲喂血浆蛋白粉和特异性免疫卵黄日粮仔猪血清TNF含量显著提高(P<0.05)。(4)饲喂2、10和20 mg/kg乳铁蛋白仔猪血清TNF、IL-2含量均表现出提高的趋势。由此得出结论,早期断奶降低了仔猪血清IL-2含量,饲喂血浆蛋白粉和特异性免疫卵黄日粮可以提高血清TNF含量。     

断奶对仔猪肠上皮间淋巴细胞、杯状细胞数量的影响

试验选用12窝0～56日龄仔猪,以断奶日龄为主要因素,随机分成17、21、28、35日龄断奶4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复为一窝仔猪。试验期间,实行三阶段饲养,7日龄开始补饲,7～28日龄采食日粮Ⅰ,29～42日龄采食日粮Ⅱ,43～56日龄采食日粮Ⅲ。17日龄断奶组分别于断奶后12小时、4天、4天+1周、4天+2周,22、28日龄断奶组分别于断奶后12小时、1周、2周、3周,35日龄断奶组于断奶后12小时、1周、2周剖杀,每次每个重复分别剖杀1头;同时35日龄断奶组作为对照组,分别在17、21、28日龄断奶组剖杀时间点的相同日龄,每次每个重复也各剖杀1头,共计剖杀54头。剖杀取得的样品用于测定仔猪小肠上皮间淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量。结果表明:断奶日龄和日龄对仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量、杯状细胞数量均有显著影响(P<0 05),28日龄断奶组仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量显著高于其它3组(P<0 05),而21日龄断奶组仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量显著低于其它3组(P<0 05)。断奶越早、日龄越小的仔猪肠上皮间杯状细胞数量显著升高(P<0 05)。     

早期断奶仔猪日粮中适宜蛋白质及赖氨酸水平的研究

本试验采用玉米—豆粕—鱼粉型日粮,研究不同蛋白质和赖氨酸水平对仔猪生长性能及小肠粘膜组织形态的影响。试验采用２５±３日龄断奶仔猪７２头,按２×３因子水平试验设计,即两个蛋白质水平（１８％,２０％）和三个赖氨酸水平（１．０％,１．３％,１．６％）,分为６个处理,每个处理设３个重复,试验期为２８天。于试验第１１天,每个重复选取一头仔猪,屠宰后取小肠组织样品,测定小肠各段的粘膜厚度、绒毛高度及隐窝深度。结果表明：在本试验条件下,仔猪断奶后的营养水平应分阶段供给：断奶早期,即仔猪日龄为２５～３５天、体重为６．７８～８．９２ｋｇ时,宜采用较高营养水平,即粗蛋白２０％和赖氨酸１．３％;断奶后期,即仔猪日龄为３６～５３天、体重为８．９８～１７．５２ｋｇ时,可采用较低营养水平,即粗蛋白１８％和赖氨酸１．０％;高蛋白水平导致小肠绒毛缩短及隐窝加深（Ｐ＜０．０５）,有提高仔猪腹泻率的趋势。     

断奶日龄对五指山仔猪抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同断奶日龄对五指山仔猪血清抗氧化性能的影响。选取出生日龄相近、体重相近的五指山仔猪96头,随机分成4组,每组设4个重复,每个重复6头猪,分别为21日龄断奶组,28日龄断奶组,35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组,试验时间为21至56日龄,分别于28、35、42、49、56日龄检测血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:21日龄断奶组GSH-Px、CAT、MDA变化幅度较大,恢复时间较长。与21日龄断奶组相比,35日龄和42日龄断奶组GSHPx、CAT活性在28~35日龄时显著提高(P0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P0.05),49日龄后,各处理组GSH-Px、CAT活性已无显著差异(P0.05),56日龄后,各处理组MDA含量无显著差异(P0.05)。各处理组SOD活性差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果显示,断奶日龄可显著影响仔猪抗氧化功能,且断奶日龄越早,机体抗氧化功能降低的程度越大,恢复时间越长。     

长白断奶仔猪预混料饲养效果试验

试验选用２１窝３５日龄的断奶长白仔猪,随机分为３组,分别采用Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３种预混料。结果表明,３组断奶１周日增生分别为０．２７２、０．２８９和０．３７ｋｇ;断奶２周日增重分别为０．３６６、０．２９９和０．４６４ｋｇ,Ｃ组与Ａ、Ｂ两组差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）;３５～６１日龄日增重分别为０．４２１、０．３６８和０．４６３ｋｇ,３组间日增重差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）;３５～６１日龄饲料利用率分别为１．９０、     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.