基于桤木属转录组测序的SSR分子标记的开发

[目的]基于转录组数据开发适用于桤木属树种的SSR标记,揭示其在转录组序列中的分布类型及特征,为桤木属树种分子标记辅助育种提供有利工具。[方法]利用Micro SAtellite(MISA)软件对所有转录组序列进行SSRs搜索,并对SSR位点的数量、分布特征进行统计分析。设计100对SSR引物,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和毛细管电泳分离检测方法对3种不同倍性桤木属植物(12份材料)进行遗传多样性检测,确定引物多态性及通用性。[结果]85 769条Unigenes序列中发现8 678个SSR位点,分布在8 298条Unigenes中发生频率为9.67%,转录组序列中平均每14.04 kb长度就有一个SSR位点分布。其中,二核苷酸重复类型数量最多,占65.87%。根据转录组Unigenes序列,利用Primer 3软件共设计出4 531对符合要求的引物,挑选出的100对SSR引物中,获得18对多态性高、稳定性好的SSR引物。[结论]本研究可扩增出多态性位点的引物重复单元以二、三核苷酸重复为主。基于桤木属转录组序列的SSR标记开发是可行的,开发的引物为桤木属遗传多样性分析、分子育种、遗传图谱构建和功能基因的挖掘提供了丰富的候选分子标记。     

枣树分子育种研究进展

分子育种包括分子标记辅助选择育种(MAS)和基因工程育种。目前,分子标记辅助选择育种已成功应用于枣树品种鉴定、遗传多样性检测、亲缘关系研究、QTL分析和遗传图谱构建等方面,对枣树优良品种的选育有着重要的作用;而基因工程育种已经完成了枣部分基因的克隆和遗传转化。文中就分子标记和基因工程相关技术在枣研究领域中的应用情况与新的进展进行了综述。     

林木分子标记研究及其在育种中的应用

林木分子标记研究主要包括林木遗传连锁图谱构建、比较基因组研究、数量性状位点定位、标记辅助选择、系统演化及群体遗传变异和多样性等内容。迄今已有近 2 0个树种构建了基因组遗传连锁图谱 ,少数树种进行了目标性状位点定位研究 ,定位了为数不多的与分子标记连锁的数量性状位点。林木分子标记已在育种策略制定、辅助选择育种、基因型鉴别 ,以及目的基因的分离和克隆等分子育种研究中广泛应用。     

油料植物光皮树SSR-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

建立稳定可靠的SSR-PCR反应体系、筛选具有多态性SSR引物,是木本油料植物光皮树分子标记辅助育种与良种选育的重要基础研究。为给SSR标记技术在光皮树遗传图谱构建、亲缘关系鉴定及分子育种等方面的应用研究奠定基础,利用"Cf-05"正反向引物,采用L16(45)正交试验设计和单因素试验相结合的研究方法,对影响光皮树SSR-PCR反应体系的主要因素(模板DNA、引物、d NTPs、Mg~(2+)、Taq聚合酶浓度及退火温度)进行了试验分析。试验结果表明,光皮树SSR-PCR总体积为15μL的最佳反应体系为:模板DNA用量37.5 ng,正反向引物浓度均为0.6μmol·L~(-1),d NTPs浓度为0.3 mmol·L~(-1),Mg~(2+)的浓度为1.5 mmol·L~(-1),Taq聚合酶用量为1.5 U,最佳退火温度为50℃。运用优化了的光皮树SSR-PCR反应体系,可从71对引物中筛选获得11对能适用于光皮树的SSR引物。研究结果表明,试验所建立的反应体系可进一步用于光皮树SSR遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和分子标记辅助育种等方面的研究中。     

RAPD技术在植物遗传资源研究中的应用

RAPD技术具有快捷,灵敏度高,容易检测等优点,在生命科学各领域获得广泛应用。本文综述了近几年RAPD技术在植物遗传资源研究中的应用,如构建分子遗传图谱、分子标记辅助选择育种、基因定位、遗传指纹作图。     

基于沙棘转录组序列开发EST-SSR分子标记

[目的]本研究通过对蒙古沙棘"向阳"品种的转录组序列进行SSR引物开发,为沙棘亲本分析、遗传多样性和遗传育种等研究提供支持。[方法]利用已测得的转录组序列进行分析和筛选,整理具有SSR位点的序列,进行引物设计,随机挑选179条引物进行验证。[结果]得到具有SSR位点的EST序列17 383条,其中,单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复基元分别占62.77%、21.82%和13.77%;二核苷酸重复基元类型以AT和AG为主,三核苷酸重复基元类型以AAG、ATC和ATA为主。9 291条序列设计出扩增EST-SSR位点的引物,随机合成的179对引物中,142对扩增成功,选取其中92个位点的扩增产物上机检测,40个SSR位点(43.48%)呈现多态。对扩增稳定且峰图清晰的17个多态位点的进一步分析,得到蒙古沙棘天然群体在各位点的观测杂合度(HO)为0.083 0.875,期望杂合度(HE)为0.180 0.750。[结论]本研究开发出的EST-SSR标记,为后期进行沙棘属植物遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建及分子育种等研究提供了重要支持。     

白皮松EST-SSR序列分布特征及引物开发

为解决白皮松分子标记资源相对匮乏的问题,对其针叶转录组测序结果进行检测分析及引物开发,结果在针叶转录组数据中共检测到精确型SSR位点3 268个以及复合型SSR位点104个,序列长度为10～27 bp的短序列(2 954,93.36%)占主导地位;SSR重复单元的重复次数在4～30次之间,重复次数为9次的重复单元数量最多,所占比例最大(684,20.93%);在所有142个重复单元中,A/T所占比例最大(1 508,46.14%),其次为AT/CA(280,8.57%)和TA/TC(245,7.50%);从所设计的1 151对引物中,随机选择60对EST-SSR引物,对来自不同地区的50株白皮松优树进行PCR扩增,有28对引物能扩增出清晰的条带,有效扩增率为46.67%,其中多态性引物2对,引物多态率为7.14%,多态性信息含量PIC分别为0.375、0.305。为了检验引物的多态性,又选择了7对已发表的对白皮松基因型具有多态性的SSR引物进行验证分析,结果发现,这7对引物均能扩增出清晰的条带,但对50株白皮松优树均无多态性,也侧面说明了白皮松基因序列的相对保守性。该研究结果为白皮松种质资源评价、分子标记辅助育种等方面的研究提供了参考。     

枸杞分子标记辅助育种技术体系建立及应用

正(2017年自治区财政林业科技项目)该项目是自治区林业推广基础研究项目,在引进美国密苏里州立大学葡萄分子标记辅助筛选和应用及西南大学棉花分子标记育种研究成果的基础上,通过消化吸收和自主创新,对宁夏优势特色植物枸杞进行分子标记辅助育种。通过项目的实施,开发用于枸杞品种鉴定的     

植物近等基因系培育及在林木遗传改良上的应用探讨

近等基因系是分子遗传图谱构建、数量性状基因定位及分子标记辅助育种的重要基础。近等基因系选育主要有连续多次回交选育法、从突变体中分离获得、结合分子标记技术检测连续回交选育法、杂交高世代群体材料中分离选育等方法。本文介绍了主要农作物近等基因系构建及应用的研究进展,并结合林木植物的特点,提出了选择生长周期较短的木本植物柳树为材料,构建近等基因系,在此基础上形成林木遗传学研究模式树种的观点。     

分子标记技术在林木遗传育种中的应用

分子标记是一种新型的遗传标记,它为包括林木在内的植物遗传育种研究提供了新的手段,在缩短育种周期、提高育种效益等方面展现了广阔的应用前景。本文着重介绍分子标记技术在林木遗传育种中的应用：（１）指纹图谱绘制和基因型鉴定;（２）种质资源和育种群体的遗传结构分析;（３）遗传连锁图谱构建;（４）数量性状定位;（５）分子标记辅助选择;（６）目的基因定位与分离。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.