小麦抗叶锈基因Lr37 ISSR分子标记

利用ISSR(内部简单重复序列)技术对Thatcher及20个以Thatcher为轮回亲本的小麦(Triticum aestivum)抗叶锈病(Pucciniareconcita f.sp.tritici)近等基因系(NILs)进行分析,发现1个与Lr37基因连锁的ISSR标记.经过多次重复发现,在100个ISSR引物(UBC801-UBC900)中有2个引物UBC812和UBC848在小麦抗叶锈基因Lr37近等基因系间表现多态性.当用这2个引物对已知含Lr37基因的3个抗病材料及其它不含Lr37基因的感病材料进行检测时,多态性标记UBC812-1200可以从3个含Lr37基因的抗病材料中检测到1条1 200bp的多态性带,而在其它感病材料中,均未出现.进一步用UBC812和UBC848对128株(Thatcher× Lr37/6*Thatcher)F2分离群体进行分析,发现标记UBC812-1200与Lr37基因共分离,可作为该基因的分子标记.     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr45的表达序列标签-酶切扩增多态性(EST-CAPS)分析

为了获得与小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗叶锈基因Lr45更多的分子标记,建立更丰富的遗传连锁图谱,本研究利用表达序列标签-酶切扩增多态性(EST-CAPS)标记技术,选择小麦2A染色体短臂的26对EST引物与4种限制性内切酶共104对组合,对小麦抗叶锈近等基因系(near-isogenic line,NILs)TcLr45和感病对照Thatcher进行了多态性分析.EST引物BE426158与BE442876的PCR产物在亲本间存在差异,多态性检出率为7.7％; 104个引物/酶切组合中,CD454036/Msp Ⅰ、CD454036/HaeⅢ、BE406923/Msp Ⅰ和BE425962/RsaⅠ共4组在Thatcher和TcLr45之间呈现多态性,多态性检出率为3.8％.将BE426158标记成功转化为一个更稳定的序列标签位点(sequence tagged site,STS)标记,命名为LR45-1,经在TcLr45×ThatcherF2群体、抗叶锈近等基因系及黑麦品种中验证,LR45-1与Lr45连锁,遗传距离为8.2 cM.研究结果提示,EST-CAPS技术可应用于小麦抗叶锈病基因的多态性分析及分子标记的开发.     

小麦T型细胞质雄性不育恢复基因Rf1和f4的SSR标记分析

为进一步探讨小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育(T-CMS)育性恢复的遗传机理,并为利用T型不育系选育强优势杂交小麦分子辅助育种提供理论与技术支撑,本研究以小麦ms(S)矮抗58/R113的F2代分离群体中的极端可育株和极端不育株分别建立恢复池和不育池,采用分布于小麦第一染色体群(染色体1A、1B和1D)及第六染色体群(染色体6A、6B和6D)上的196对SSR引物进行扩增筛选.结果表明,(1)位于1AS染色体上的3个SSR标记和位于6BS染色体上的4个SSR标记均在亲本和基因池间扩增出了稳定的多态性差异条带;(2)定位群体验证结果表明,恢复基因Rf1与1AS染色体上Xgwm136、Xgpw7062和Xgdm33标记的遗传距离分别为4.8、9.6和13.7 cM,3个标记与Rf1之间的顺序依次为Xgdm33、Xgwm136、f1、Xgpw7062; (3)恢复基因Rf4与6BS染色体上的Xgpw1079、Xgwm193、Xgpw7011和Xgwm508标记的遗传距离分别为3.4、6.8、13.7和21.5 cM,4个标记与Rf4之间的顺序依次为Xgpw 011、Xgpw1079、Rf4、Xgwm19和Xgwm508.研究还表明,T-CMS恢复系R113的育性是由Rf1和f4两对主效恢复基因和多对微效基因共同控制的,筛选的上述7个SSR标记可直接用于T型或者类似T型,如S型杂交小麦分子标记辅助育种,可有效提高对应恢复系的选择效率.     

小麦T型细胞质雄性不育恢复基因Rf1和Rf4的SSR标记分析

为进一步探讨小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育(T-CMS)育性恢复的遗传机理,并为利用T型不育系选育强优势杂交小麦分子辅助育种提供理论与技术支撑,本研究以小麦ms(S)矮抗58/R113的F2代分离群体中的极端可育株和极端不育株分别建立恢复池和不育池,采用分布于小麦第一染色体群(染色体1A、1B和1D)及第六染色体群(染色体6A、6B和6D)上的196对SSR引物进行扩增筛选。结果表明,(1)位于1AS染色体上的3个SSR标记和位于6BS染色体上的4个SSR标记均在亲本和基因池间扩增出了稳定的多态性差异条带;(2)定位群体验证结果表明,恢复基因Rf1与1AS染色体上Xgwm136、Xgpw7062和Xgdm33标记的遗传距离分别为4.8、9.6和13.7 cM,3个标记与Rf1之间的顺序依次为Xgdm33、Xgwm136、Rf1、Xgpw7062;(3)恢复基因Rf4与6BS染色体上的Xgpw1079、Xgwm193、Xgpw7011和Xgwm508标记的遗传距离分别为3.4、6.8、13.7和21.5 cM,4个标记与Rf4之间的顺序依次为Xgpw7011、Xgpw1079、Rf4、Xgwm193和Xgwm508。研究还表明,T-CMS恢复系R113的育性是由Rf1和Rf4两对主效恢复基因和多对微效基因共同控制的,筛选的上述7个SSR标记可直接用于T型或者类似T型,如S型杂交小麦分子标记辅助育种,可有效提高对应恢复系的选择效率。     

人工合成小麦衍生品种川麦47的抗条锈病SSR分子标记定位

条锈病是我国小麦最重要的病害之一，严重威胁小麦生产。川麦47是利用高抗条锈硬粒小麦-节节麦人工合成种基因资源与四川高产小麦绵阳26杂交、有限回交育成的高抗条锈病小麦新品种。为明确川麦47抗条锈性遗传基础，将川麦47分别与高感条锈小麦品种台长29杂交，获得杂交F1、F2群体；对川麦47与台长29构建的F2群体(355株)进行了条锈病抗性鉴定和遗传分析，结果表明，川麦47携带一个显性抗条锈病基因；利用SSR分子标记技术和F2分离群体分组分析法研究表明，该抗条锈病基因位于小麦1B染色体上，与微卫星分子标记Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xgwm273和Xgwm498紧密连锁，遗传距离分别为2.2CM，2.2CM，4.5CM，3.9CM。川麦47可用于分子标记辅助育种。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr35相关基因组DNA片段的分离

来源于拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides）的Lr35基因定位于小麦2B染色体上，其抗性二叶期开始表达，六叶期完全表达，是一个十分有效的成株抗叶锈病基因。尚未有报道发现它的表现毒性的菌株存在。本研究利用基于同源序列的候选基因法（homology-based cloning）扩增TcLr35基因组DNA抗病基因同源序列，并结合ISSR分子标记技术筛选Lr35特异性抗病基因类似序列（RGA）片段。     

来自斯卑尔脱小麦新的抗条锈病基因YrSp的分子标记定位

摘要： 利用SSR分子标记技术，鉴定抗源来自斯卑尔脱小麦(Triticum spelta L.)的杂交组合分离群体温6/cp90.0.2.4.1(169/T.sp.al //宝丰7228)所携带抗条锈病(Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritric )基因是否为新基因，并对其进行染色体定位研究。经过对150对微卫星引物的筛选，发现位于3A染色体长臂上的Xgwm155引物所扩主带Xgwm155-147bp 与该基因表现连锁，连锁距离为40.5 cM，说明其位于3A染色体上。由于来自斯卑尔脱小麦的已知抗条锈病基因Yr5位于2B染色体长臂上，研究定位的位于3A染色体上的抗条锈病基因不同于Yr5，暂定名为YrSp。     

小麦苗期耐盐相关性状的QTL分析

以小麦敏盐品种太空6号和耐盐品种德抗961杂交形成的F2和F2:3家系为试验材料,选取小麦8条染色体上的321对SSR引物进行亲本间多态性的筛选,在太空6号和德抗961之间表现多态性的SSR引物为52个,位点为54个,其中barc172和cfa2121两个引物分别有两个多态性位点。对这54个位点进行连锁分析,构建了包含42个SSR标记、覆盖小麦基因组8条染色体的遗传连锁图,共704.5cM,标记间平均间距为16.8 cM。采用复合区间法进行耐盐QTL分析。对于4个性状共定位到6个QTL,分别位于5A,5B,5D染色体。对于发芽率,检测到1个QTL,位于染色体5D上,在标记cfd40~gwm182之间,贡献率为7.68%,表现加性效应;对于苗高,检测到2个QTL,分别位于染色体5D和5A上,在标记gwm182~wmc215及barc141~wmc415之间,贡献率分别为9.3%和8.14%,分别表现为显性和部分显性;对于根长,检测到2个QTL,均位于染色体5B上,在标记gwm234与wmc326及barc140与barc142之间,贡献率分别为8.74%和8.40%,分别表现为部分显性和超显性;对于鲜重,检测到1个QTL,位于染色体5D上,在标记wmc215~cfd29之间,贡献率为12.60%,表现超显性。与所得的QTL位点距离较近的SSR标记,如barc141等,可望为耐盐小麦品种的分子标记辅助选择提供参考信息。     

小麦赤霉病抗源望水白的QTL定位

236对SSR引物中共有74对在小麦（Tritium aestivum）抗、感亲本之间有多态性,多态性频率达31.7%.对小麦望水白/安农8455群体的SSR分析表明,在2年资料中都出现的与抗小麦赤霉病（Fusarium head blight）连锁的SSR标记有14个,主要分布在染色体3B和2A上.利用Map Manager QTX软件构建连锁图和QTL定位,有38个标记主要分布于5条染色体上（3B、2A、5A、6B和7B）;根据3年的抗性资料分析,3B上的QTL分别位于XBarc133～Xgwm389、XBarc133～Xgwm389和Xg-wm533.1～Xgwm493之间,LOD为2.58、6.49和2.45,分别能解释10%、23%和9%的表型变异.2001年和2003年的抗性资料分析表明,2A上存在2个抗性QTL,都位于Xgwm95～Xgwm372之间,LOD分别为2.82和2.93,均能解释11%的表型变异.     

14份小麦种质资源抗麦长管蚜遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用SSR分子标记在分子水平探讨小麦种质资源抗麦长管蚜的遗传多样性,为高效节本型和环境友好型的抗蚜育种的研究和利用提供理论依据和技术支持。结果表明：在小麦的A、B和D 3组同源染色体组上的175对SSR分子标记鉴定出了有多态性的32对引物,其中在D同源组中小麦抗蚜性的遗传多样性较高,同时在21对染色体中7D染色体上遗传...     

Transfer of leaf rust and stripe rust resistance from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops umbellulata</Emphasis> Zhuk. to bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Aegilops umbellulata acc. 3732, an excellent source of resistance to major wheat diseases, was used for transferring leaf rust and stripe rust resistance to cultivated wheat. An amphiploid between Ae. umbellulata acc. 3732 and Triticum durum cv. WH890 was crossed with cv. Chinese Spring Ph ^I to induce homoeologous pairing between Ae. umbellulata and wheat chromosomes. The F₁ was crossed to the susceptible Triticum aestivum cv. ‘WL711’ and leaf rust and stripe rust resistant plants were selected among the backcross progenies. Homozygous lines were selected and screened against six Puccinia triticina and four Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes at the seedling stage and a mixture of prevalent pathotypes of both rust pathogens at the adult plant stage. Genomic in situ hybridization in some of the selected introgression lines detected two lines with complete Ae. umbellulata chromosomes. Depending on the rust reactions and allelism tests, the introgression lines could be classified into two groups, comprising of lines with seedling leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 and with new seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes. Inheritance studies detected an additional adult plant leaf rust resistance gene in one of the introgression lines. A minimum of three putatively new genes—two for leaf rust resistance (LrU1 and LrU2) and one for stripe rust resistance (YrU1) have been introgressed into wheat from Ae. umbellulata. Two lines with no apparent linkage drag have been identified. These lines could serve as sources of resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in breeding programs.     

Identification of powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat varieties from the Caucasus, Central and Inner Asia

225 wheat varieties from Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia were analysed for their resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust diseases. A set of 11 different Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolates was used to test for powdery mildew resistance and a set of 10 different Puccinia triticina isolates for leaf rust. 115 cultivars/lines were susceptible to powdery mildew and 32 cultivars/lines showed an intermediate resistance response. 21 cultivars/lines revealed the response pattern of individual resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, pm5, Pm6, Pm8, Pm9, Pm17 and Pm22, respectively, therefrom three line showed a combination of two resistance genes and two varieties a combination of three genes. 50 cultivars/lines showed resistance to some specific isolates but an assignment to known resistance genes or gene combinations was not possible, whereas seven lines were completely resistant to all used isolates. The leaf rust test showed that 83 cultivars/lines were susceptible and 11 lines revealed intermediate resistance response. 62 cultivars/lines could be assumed to possess major resistance genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr23 and Lr26, respectively, therefrom seven cultivars possessed a combination of two resistance genes. Lr3 was the most widespread resistance gene, occurring in 42 cultivars/lines. 13 lines were completely resistant to all used isolates, however, the response patterns of 56 cultivars/lines did not match to any known gene or gene combination. In 13 varieties the T1BL·1RS wheat-rye translocation could be identified, in five cultivars resistance gene Pm8 was suppressed.     

小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的SSR分子标记与定位

利用SSR技术,对小麦粘类CMS（细胞质雄性不育）的1对近等基因系（NILs）和回交群体（BC₁'）进行分析,筛选与粘类CMS育性恢复基因相连锁的分子标记并进行恢复基因定位,以进一步探讨小麦粘类CMS育性恢复的遗传机理。结果表明：在18对位于1BS上的SSR引物中,有6对引物在近等基因系间扩增出了稳定的多态性差异;经分离群体验证表明,恢复基因与4对SSR引物的扩增位点Xwmc406、Xbarc8、Xwmc611和Xgwm273有连锁关系,遗传距离分别为2.7、2.8、21.4和26.2cM,这些标记可稳定应用于小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的辅助选择;研究还表明,小麦粘类雄性不育系的育性恢复主要受1BS上的1对主效恢复基因及一些微效基因共同控制;本研究标记出的恢复基因应为Rfv1;上述4个标记与该主效恢复基因Rfv1之间的位置顺序依次为Xwmc406、Rfv1、Xbarc8、Xwmc611、Xgwm273。     

小麦-顶芒山羊草2M染色体系的鉴定与评价

为了研究小麦-顶芒山羊草新种质材料的染色体组构成及开发其在育种中的利用价值,本研究利用分子标记和荧光原位杂交对小麦-顶芒山羊草杂交新种质进行鉴定,并通过小麦主要病害生理小种接种和农艺性状调查等方法对鉴定的材料进行综合评价。分子标记和原位杂交结果显示,所鉴定材料分别为小麦-顶芒山羊草2M附加系、2M(2D)代换系、2AS-2ML.2MS易位系和2DS-2ML.2MS易位系;抗病性鉴定结果表明,含2M染色体的材料均高抗小麦条锈病,其小麦亲本则高感条锈病,表明2M染色体上可能含有抗条锈病新基因;农艺性状调查分析结果表明,2M染色质导入小麦,可影响其小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重等产量性状。因此,在创制和利用抗条锈病的小麦-顶芒山羊草2M染色体小片段易位系时,应加强对上述农艺性状的考察,并利用当前主栽品种进行回交改良。本研究鉴定出的抗条锈病小麦-顶芒山羊草2M染色体系丰富了小麦抗病基因库,为小麦育种提供了新抗源。     

Molecular characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum militinae</Emphasis> derived introgression lines carrying leaf rust resistance

Triticum militinae Zhuk. et Migusch. belongs to timopheevii [Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.] group of wheats with 2n = 4x = 28 chromosomes and genome formula A^tA^tGG. Triticum militinae Zhuk. et Migusch. is known to carry resistance to fungal diseases including rusts and powdery mildew. Genes from timopheevii wheat can be incorporated into cultivated wheat by either direct hybridization or through development of amphiploids. Three T. militinae derived introgression lines (ILs) Triticum Militinae Derivative (TMD) 6-4, TMD7-5 and TMD11-5 were selected for the current study based on cytological stability. All three ILs showed resistance against wide spectrum of Indian pathotypes of leaf rust. More than 1200 SSR markers were used for genotyping of ILs and parental lines. The ILs showed variable and multiple introgressions in different chromosomes of A, B and D genome of wheat. The introgression points were distributed mostly in the distal regions though significant introgressions were also observed in proximal regions of some chromosomes. The extent of introgression in ILs TMD6-4, TMD7-5 and TMD11-5 was 2.8, 8.3 and 8.6% respectively. The set of ‘informative markers’ in the Molecularly Tagged Chromosome Regions (MTCR) of T. militinae origin can also be used in future for tagging of genes associated with traits of economic importance apart from leaf rust resistance. The transferability of Triticum aestivum L. SSR markers to T. militinae was 96.4% for A genome, 95.8% for B genome and 84.3% for D genome. Transferability of wheat SSR markers to T. militinae can be used in preparing genetic maps in timopheevii group of wheats.     

小麦远缘杂交种质资源创新

小麦近缘种是改良小麦的一个重要基因库, 具有许多栽培小麦所不具备的优良特性。我们通过远缘杂交、染色体工程的方法创制了一大批不同类型的材料, 经基因组原位杂交GISH、多色FISH 和特异分子标记鉴定, 抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病鉴定, 品质、营养性状以及产量性状鉴定, 共选育出10 类可为育种家利用的抗病、优质、富含微量营养元素、氮高效、丰产性状优良的远缘杂交新种质和新不育系种质; 开发了414对黑麦基因组专化的EST 引物, 31 个黑麦染色体(臂)专化的EST 分子标记, 可应用于分子标记辅助育种, 或追踪检测小麦背景中的黑麦染色体或染色体片段; 进行了抗病新基因的遗传分析和分子标记定位工作。利用新种质, 选育出了一批表现突出的抗病、营养高效的小麦-黑麦、小麦-冰草远缘杂交新品系     

Characterization of a new T2DS.2DL-?R translocation triticale ZH-1 with multiple resistances to diseases

In the present study, we report on a new triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) ZH-1, derived from the progeny of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. MY15?×?Chinese Weining rye (Secale cereale L.). ZH-1, exhibiting shorter plant height and higher tillering ability compared to MY15, is immune to both powdery mildew and stripe rust and has stable fertility. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and C-banding revealed that the chromosome composition of triticale ZH-1 was 14 A-genome (1A-7A), 12 B-genome (1B-2B, 4B-7B), 12 R-genome (1R, 3R-7R), chromosomes 6D and T2DS.2DL-?R. Moreover, the PCR results of PLUG and EST-SSR markers also strongly supported the above stated chromosome composition of triticale ZH-1. In addition, the physical mapping of chromosome T2DS.2DL-?R showed a minute chromosomal fragment derived from rye was attached at the distal end of 2DL. The new triticale ZH-1 could be a valuable source for wheat improvement, especially for resistance to disease.