小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr2c的SSR标记

选取抗叶锈病基因位于2D染色体上的TcLr2c等7个小麦（Triticum aestivum）近等基因系、感病亲本Thatcher及215株TcLr2c与Thatcher杂交F2代为材料,研究抗叶锈病基因Lr2c SSR分子标记。从筛选的29对位于小麦2D染色体的SSR引物中获得4对能够揭示Lr2c多态性的分子标记,通过215株TcLr2c × Thatcher F2群体验证,结果表明Xgwm261和Xgwm296与Lr2c紧密连锁,其距目的基因的遗传距离分别为1.9和3.6 cM,可用于小麦抗叶锈病分子辅助育种。     

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr37 ISSR分子标记

利用ISSR(内部简单重复序列)技术对Thatcher及20个以Thatcher为轮回亲本的小麦(Triticum aestivum)抗叶锈病(Pucciniareconcita f.sp.tritici)近等基因系(NILs)进行分析,发现1个与Lr37基因连锁的ISSR标记.经过多次重复发现,在100个ISSR引物(UBC801-UBC900)中有2个引物UBC812和UBC848在小麦抗叶锈基因Lr37近等基因系间表现多态性.当用这2个引物对已知含Lr37基因的3个抗病材料及其它不含Lr37基因的感病材料进行检测时,多态性标记UBC812-1200可以从3个含Lr37基因的抗病材料中检测到1条1 200bp的多态性带,而在其它感病材料中,均未出现.进一步用UBC812和UBC848对128株(Thatcher× Lr37/6*Thatcher)F2分离群体进行分析,发现标记UBC812-1200与Lr37基因共分离,可作为该基因的分子标记.     

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr44的AFLP分子标记

Lr44基因来源于小麦的一个近缘种一斯佩耳特小麦，与Lr33连锁，尚未在生产中广泛使用。该基因在我国小麦资源谱中苗期和成株期抗叶锈良好，具有较大的应用潜力。目前尚未见到关于Lr44基因分子标记的报道。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr35相关基因组DNA片段的分离

来源于拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides）的Lr35基因定位于小麦2B染色体上，其抗性二叶期开始表达，六叶期完全表达，是一个十分有效的成株抗叶锈病基因。尚未有报道发现它的表现毒性的菌株存在。本研究利用基于同源序列的候选基因法（homology-based cloning）扩增TcLr35基因组DNA抗病基因同源序列，并结合ISSR分子标记技术筛选Lr35特异性抗病基因类似序列（RGA）片段。     

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr24的分子标记辅助选择研究

小麦抗叶锈基因Ｌｒ９、Ｌｒ２４对目前我国叶锈菌优势致病类型均表现高度抵抗。本研究选用抗叶锈育种圃高代品系,利用ＰＣＲ方法对Ｌｒ９和Ｌｒ２４基因进行分子标记诊断,探索分子标记在小麦抗叶锈育种中进行标记辅助选择的可行性。结果表明,在４８份供试材料中,可扩增出与Ｌｒ９基因连锁的１ｋｂＤＮＡ片段的１７份材料均表现抗病,表明它们携带有抗叶锈基因Ｌｒ９;可扩增出与Ｌｒ２４基因连锁的０．３５ｋｂＤＮＡ片段的１２     

甘蓝S位点受体激酶基因（SRK）编码区的甲基化分析

克隆了位于自交不亲和型甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)S位点受体激酶基因(SRK)上第一编码区中包含两个CCGG位点的目的片段,通过甲基化敏感限制性内切酶-PCR法,利用对甲基化敏感性不同的Msp Ⅰ和HpaⅡ分别对柱头乳突和花药基因组DNA及其PCR产物进行交叉组合式的酶切与电泳,首次对SRK基因编码区的特定DNA区段进行了甲基化分析.使用相同的SRK基因特异性引物时,柱头乳突和花药基因组DNA作为模板均可以扩增出清晰目标谱带,且目标谱带经Msp Ⅰ/Hpa Ⅱ完全酶切后可产生预期的谱带类型;而经Msp Ⅰ/Hpa Ⅱ完全酶切后的此二基因组DNA再作为模板进行PCR,均无特异性的目标谱带扩出.这些结果初步表明,自交不亲和型甘蓝花粉的SRK基因可能不存在甲基化封闭.     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M8657-1抗条锈病基因遗传分析与SSR标记

为明确小麦(Triticum aestivum)-柔软滨麦草(Leymus mollis(Trin.)Hara)易位系M8657-1的抗条锈性,用中国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiform f.sp.stritici)流行小种条中30号、条中31号、水源11-4和水源11-11生理小种,对M8657-1和铭贤169的杂交后代进行苗期抗条锈性遗传分析.结果表明,易位系M8657-1对条中30号和水源11-11的抗条锈性均1对隐性核基因控制;对条中31号的抗条锈性由2对显性核基因(互补作用)控制;对水源11-4的抗条锈性由1对显性核基因控制.将控制水源11-4抗病性的基因暂时命名为YrElm1-4,以接种水源11-4的F2正交群体为研究对象,应用BSA法进行了SSR分析.从320对SSR引物组合中筛选到3个与主效抗病基因YrElm1-4连锁的多态性微卫星标记,它们分别是Xgwm636、Xwmc522和Xwmc453,根据3个微卫星标记位点的染色体位置,推出YrElm1-4位于小麦2AS染色体上,这3个标记可用丁分子标记辅助育种.     

利用生物信息学方法进行基于表达序列标签的玉 米单核苷酸多态性标记的开发

针对简单重复序列（SSR）标记密度不足、单核苷酸多态性（SNP）标记开发一般只基于2种基因型的序列差异,用以检测其他基因型的材料时多态性不高,不能满足玉米基因精细定位需要的现状,本研究从公共数据库下载来自不同遗传背景的玉米表达序列标签（EST）,结合运用各种生物信息学软件,开发基于EST序列的高多态性SNP标记。通过对2018530条EST序列的比对分析,拼接发掘出遍布全基因组的80363个SNP位点。在SNP位点两侧保守序列上设计PCR引物,开发出12388 个SNP标记（www.sicau.edu.cn/web/yms/snp/snp.html）,包含34721个SNP位点。其中,6008个标记只含单一SNP位点,12762个位点的多态性信息含量（PIC）大于04,具有高度多态性。     

小麦叶锈菌毒性及分子多态性分析

以来自河北、江苏两地的22株小麦叶锈菌作供试菌株，用27个小麦抗叶锈近等基因系品系作为鉴别寄主进行毒性测定。毒性多态性分析结果为：22个菌株通过聚类被分为两组，第一组17个菌株主醚自河北，第二组5个菌株全部来自江苏，表明毒性与地理来源密切相关；菌株间遗传相似系数较高并且差异不大，为0.6296-0.9259之间，说明两地的小麦叶锈菌所含的毒性基因差异不大，应用RAPD技术，从65个随机引物中筛选了12个扩增多态性较好的随机引物，用于分子多态性分析，共扩增出DNA条带102条，其中多态性条带54条，RAPD分析结果为：22个菌株被分为两组，第一组菌株主要来自河北，第二组菌株主要来自江苏，说明DNA多态性与地理来源间具有一定的相关性；菌系间遗传相似系数相差较大，为0.3889-0.9074之间，说明两地小麦叶锈菌群体遗传结构丰富而复杂，比较22株小麦叶锈菌在27个鉴别品系上的毒性特征和54个RAPD标记建立的聚类分析树状图，发现以RAPD标记为基础的分子多态性与毒性多态性相关性不强。     

花生抗青枯病种质微卫星DNA的分离

提取抗青枯病花生材料基因组DNA,分别经Hae Ⅲ、Rsa Ⅰ酶切后,与生物素标记的6条微卫星探针杂交,富集微卫星DNA。测序分析后,得到非冗余序列180条,其中微卫星序列133条、小卫星序列47条,成功设计出141对引物。其中40对引物用于检测29份花生材料,发现5对为多态性引物,能很好地揭示野生种与栽培种四大类型的...     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.