猪肺炎支原体的免疫原蛋白及疫苗的研究进展

猪肺炎支原体是引起猪支原体肺炎的主要病原,严重危害着养猪业的发展。本文综合国内外猪肺炎支原体主要免疫原及疫苗的研究进展,从而为猪肺炎支原体致病机理的进一步研究及该病的防治提供新思路。     

弱毒疫苗免疫在猪气喘病防控中的重要作用

猪气喘病的免疫是个世界性难题。本文主要介绍了该病的综合预防措施以及国内外应用免疫疫苗的主要种类和疫苗免疫防控猪气喘病的重要措施,并肯定了灭活疫苗的明显效果。此外,本文还报告了猪肺炎支原体兔化弱毒疫苗在突破母源抗体、占位效应、刺激黏膜免疫和细胞免疫的最佳效果;并分析了国内外在猪肺炎支原体及猪支气管肺炎的研究方面存在一定问题及未来防控猪气喘病的展望。     

我国市场上猪支原体肺炎疫苗现状及应用效果

目前,市场上猪支原体肺炎疫苗主要为常规的全菌体疫苗,根据我国猪支原体肺炎产品注册情况,本文主要从猪支原体肺炎疫苗的制备技术、免疫程序及免疫效果三个方面对国内报批、销售的猪支原体肺炎疫苗进行比较研究,并简要分析各疫苗产品的特点。     

猪肺炎支原体的研究进展

猪支原体肺炎是一直困扰养猪业发展的重要疾病之一。本文综合国内外对其病原一猪肺炎支原体的最新研究情况，从其对猪生长性能的影响、防治动向、检测、主要抗原的研究、基因工程疫苗研制等五个方面进行讨论。     

猪支原体肺炎疫苗研究进展

猪肺炎支原体是引起猪支原体肺炎的病原,该病呈世界性流行,死亡率虽然不高,但由于长期性和消耗性的流行,使饲料转化率降低,并引起猪的多种并发病,是造成养猪业经济损失最重要的疾病之一.目前疫苗免疫是预防猪支原体肺炎和减少经济损失最有效的手段之一,猪支原体肺炎疫苗主要有灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗.这些疫苗已得到广泛的应用,并在临床上...     

猪肺炎支原体疫苗与猪瘟疫苗联合免疫试验

猪瘟和猪呼吸道病综合征（PRDC）给当前猪场造成重要威胁,猪瘟疫苗和猪肺炎支原体疫苗是重要的防制工具。由于两种疫苗同时注射有利于减少猪群应激并减轻劳动强度,本试验旨在探讨仔猪3周龄时同时注射猪瘟疫苗和肺炎支原体疫苗对猪瘟抗体滴度变化的影响。选择3头同期分娩母猪,将每头母猪所产12头仔猪随机平均分到A、B、C、D这4个组。4个组都在3、8周龄注射猪瘟疫苗。A组只注射猪瘟疫苗;B组和C组在1、3周龄接种猪肺炎支原体疫苗,3周龄时猪肺炎支原体疫苗与猪瘟疫苗同时注射,B组为两种疫苗分点注射,C组为混合注射;D组在2、4周龄注射猪肺炎支原体疫苗。统计分析表明,10周龄和13周龄时4个组猪瘟抗体滴度差异不显著,说明猪肺炎支原体疫苗与猪瘟疫苗同时注射并不干扰猪瘟抗体的生成。另外发现,在母源抗体水平较高的情况下,3周龄接种猪瘟疫苗会受到母源抗体的部分干扰。     

如何应用疫苗控制猪呼吸道疾病综合征

猪呼吸道疾病综合征（PRDC）的三个主要病原是指猪肺炎支原体、圆环病毒2型（PCV2）、猪繁殖与呼吸道疾病综合征病毒（PRRSV）,对养猪业危害较大,对猪生产造成损失巨大。PRRSV与猪肺炎支原体可以加剧PCV2相关性病变,无论猪群中是否感染了PRRSV或猪肺炎支原体,PRRSV或猪肺炎支原体疫苗都可以增强PCV2病毒血症水平。另一方面,猪肺炎支原体可以加剧PRRSV引起的肺炎严重程度;在猪肺炎支原体和PRRSV共感染的情况下,单独接种猪肺炎支原体疫苗可以减轻PRRSV病毒血症水平和PRRSV引起的肺部病变。猪呼吸道疾病综合征的这三种主要病原体的相互作用影响着猪呼吸道疾病的发生,研究猪这三大呼吸道病原体共感染的情况下怎样使用疫苗来控制猪呼吸道疾病综合征的发生,对这三种病原的疫苗怎么联合使用才能达到最好的效果对养猪生产十分重要。     

皮下接种猪肺炎支原体

本试验目的是检测无针皮下接种疫苗所诱导的猪对临床疾病的抗性,并比较肌肉和皮下接种猪肺炎支原体疫苗时的血清学反应。材料与方法:在每一组试验中,猪都曾接种过1次或2次猪肺炎支原体疫苗,并且检测其血清学反应都为阴性。通过DAKO猪肺炎支原体EL ISA反应试剂盒来检测肌肉和皮下接种疫苗时的血清学反应,皮下接种疫苗的效果通过猪肺炎支原体异源强毒菌株的试验性呼吸激发来检测。试验结果:所有疫苗注射点的副反应都是最小的。猪通过有针和无针皮下接种疫苗与肌内接种疫苗相比,前者具有较高的猪肺炎支原体抗体滴度。无针皮下接种与不接种疫苗的猪相比,前者更具有低的肺病变分数和在支气管肺泡灌洗液中有较高的IgA和IgG滴度。单一皮下接种疫苗21 d后机体建立了免疫保护。无针皮下接种猪肺炎支原体疫苗较安全且有效,不需要剃毛或者其他的皮肤准备工作。结论:如果配制小剂量的疫苗(如0.2 m l)对猪进行无针皮下注射是可行的。     

猪支原体肺炎疫苗效力检验常见问题与质量控制

为了更规范、标准地评价猪支原体肺炎疫苗，本研究对近年来猪支原体肺炎疫苗检验进行了系统性分析。结果发现，效力检验作为疫苗质量的核心内容，是检验中最易出现问题参数。对效力检验相关方法、常见问题进行分析，有助于研发过程中规避问题，提高疫苗质量继而保障养殖业发展。     

猪肺炎支原体疫苗的一针or两针免疫、皮内or肌肉接种

新闻回顾：近日，默克动物保健公司宣布其所研发的“猪肺炎支原体疫苗”已获得欧盟的上市许可证明。这是首个皮内接种、一针免疫对抗猪肺炎支原体的疫苗。据报道，新疫苗与目前的猪肺炎支原体疫苗的区别在于：新疫苗只需一针免疫，并配套有无针头皮内注射装置（IDAL）；新疫苗批准允许皮内注射使用，而目前已上市的疫苗均是肌肉注射接种。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.