杉木速生优良无性系选育

在杉木优良种源的基础上,选育出一批杉木速生优良无性系。通过13 a的研究表明,各无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积差异极显著,且具有较大的广义遗传力。根据杉木无性系培育目标,选育出18个杉木速生优良无性系,入选12 a生无性系的平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为11．03 m、16．98 cm和0．135 6 m3,与对照相比,树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传增益依次为10．71％、37.97％和113．08％;现实增益分别为14．25％、47．61％和140．01％。     

巨桉与柳桉、邓恩桉杂种子代测定初报

对巨桉与柳桉、邓恩桉22个组合杂种子代测定林适应性和生长性状、耐寒性状及其遗传变异规律进行分析表明,杂种桉子代成活率、保存率和耐寒指数差异极显著,树高、胸径、单株材积差异显著。耐寒指数和树高受中等偏强遗传力控制,胸径、单株材积受中等偏弱遗传力控制;变异系数材积胸径树高。以7年生保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和4年生耐寒指数为选择指标,初选3个优良组合及10个优良单株杂种桉,优良组合平均单株材积比对照巨桉增长9. 76%～20. 41%,耐寒指数比对照柳桉高0. 31;优良单株耐寒指数均为5,平均单株材积0. 34947 m3,比对照平均值增长110. 31%。     

火炬松半双列子代生长性状的配合力分析

对火炬松13年生6×6半双列子代进行测定,结果表明：组合间的树高、胸径、材积上的差异极显著,一般配合力效应亦然;树高生长主要受加性方差控制,而胸径和材积主要受显性方差控制;树高、胸径、材积的单株遗传力（广义和狭义）分别为介于0．35～0．45和0．09～0．27,家系遗传力分别为0．68～0．76和0．38～0．62;选出2个优良亲本和3个优良组合;利用优良亲本建立几个无性系的控制授粉种子园或单系种子园,是行之有效的良繁手段;而优良组合中的优良单株是入选高世代育种群体的理想材料。     

晋东南杨树品种苗期选育研究初报

选择了30个杨树无性系品种进行苗期试验,调查了其1 a的胸径、树高生长量,初步评价了30个杨树无性系的适应性。结果表明：杨树各无性系胸径、树高生长量均达到极显著水平;按分层聚类法将杨树品种分为4类,优良种和良种占到66%,其平均树高、胸径分别高出群体平均值9.18%,20.48%;群体无性系胸径遗传力为0.90,单株遗传力为0.76;树高遗传力为0.94,单株遗传力为0.84;胸径、树高无性系遗传增益分别为2.6%,6.3%.     

湿地松半同胞家系松脂产量选择研究

为选择湿地松优良家系,对13个湿地松半同胞家系的产脂量、树高、胸径、材积进行测定。结果表明:产脂量、树高、胸径、材积在家系间均有显著差异,且产脂量家系变异系数较大;产脂量和生长量相关性显著,与树高、材积相比,胸径与产脂量相关系数最大(R2=0.731);产脂量、树高、胸径、材积的家系遗传力与单株遗传力均较高,其中树高家系遗传力与单株遗传力分别为0.826 9和0.973 6,产脂量家系遗传力与单株遗传力分别为0.775 7和0.552 2;Duncan多重比较显示,产脂量与生长量均表现良好的家系为7、6、4、12、15。     

赤桉优良家系选择分析

以8年生赤桉种源试验林的141个家系为材料,进行3个生长性状遗传变异分析,并根据各家系单株材积表现进行优良家系选择,结果表明：树高、胸径、材积3个性状在家系水平存在极显著的差异;家系遗传力与单株遗传力具有同样的规律：胸径遗传力〉树高遗传力〉单株材积遗传力。由遗传相关系数来看,以家系单株材积表现进行赤桉优树选择比其他性状更具指导意义。以表现水平法和T检验,2个不同参照标准,选择出103、106、108号等13个优良家系,其中前3名家系单株平均材积分别达0.1120m3、0.0944m3和0.0936m3。     

杉木改良代无性系种子园子代测定林营建与评价

以阳新县七峰山林场杉木改良代无性系种子园自由授粉子代半同胞家系为研究对象,分析其树高、胸径、材积等生长性状,发现家系间存在极显著差异,说明杉木改良代无性种子园半同胞家系,经初级种子园子代测定林的选择,仍存在着较为丰富的变异,具选育潜力。其树高、胸径和材积间呈紧密相关关系。树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力分别是0.4187、0.3315、0.4988,单株遗传力分别是0.2113、0.1329、0.2494,均为材积>树高>胸径,具有较强遗传力。按照33.3%的入选率,树高、胸径和材积入选10个家系均相同,其遗传增益分别是6.15%、7.21%、26.06%,可作为营建高世代种子园和进行人工交配进行全同胞测定的优良家系。     

21年生杉木无性系生长与遗传评价

对来源于湖南省的38个杉木无性系在广西柳州市21年生试验林各生长性状进行了调查与分析,发现中林龄杉木无性系间的胸径、树高、单株材积及树冠指标生长量均存在显著或极显著的差异;无性系树高、胸径、材积、枝下高、冠长及冠幅等性状重复力为58.65%87.19%,均达50%以上,表现为中等以上重复力,说明杉木无性系生长性状及树冠性状具有较高的遗传稳定性;无性系生长性状胸径、树高及材积与树冠性状冠长、冠幅均呈显著或极显著正相关;从38个供试杉木无性系中筛选出88号、68号、300号等3个优良杉木无性系,单株材积分别达0.494 8、0.438 9、0.412 9 m3,较优良种源、改良代种子园种子及优良家系组成的5个实生对照平均值分别高出43.59%、27.37%和19.82%。     

尾巨桉等桉树无性系生长特性分析及选择

对尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)、巨尾桉(E.grandis×E.urophylla)、尾叶桉(E.urophylla)无性系试验林生长性状和干形进行了分析,为选择优良无性系提供科学依据。结果表明,不同无性系及同一无性系在不同林龄时的胸径、树高、单株材积生长率均有所不同,总体上QL4、QL7无性系生长率较大,而QL1、QL2无性系的生长率则较小;林龄1.5年及6.5年时无性系间胸径、单株材积均有显著差异,而无性系间树高仅在林龄1.5龄时差异显著;其余林龄无性系间的差异均不显著。用6.5年生参试无性系胸径、树高、单株材积、干形观测值对各无性系进行综合评定,结果QL7无性系的综合评定结果最佳,被评为优良无性系,其6.5年生时平均胸径、树高、单株材积分别是16.83 cm、21.42 m、0.233 1 m~3;而QL1无性系综合评定排最后一位;因此,不同无性系及同一无性系在不同阶段的生长表现均有所不同,无性系间胸径、单株材积在其生长的早期及后期均存在显著差异,而树高则在早期差异显著,所选择的QL7优良无性系可在试验地所在区域推广种植。     

24年生马尾松种子园自由授粉子代测定及家系选择

以24年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种子园自由授粉的81个子代家系为研究对象,通过测定树高、胸径等生长因子,在统计学分析的基础上,进行遗传力、表现稳定性分析和优良家系选择。结果表明,家系间胸径存在显著差异,树高、材积间均存在极显著差异,24年生马尾松半同胞家系树高、胸径、材积的遗传力分别为0.079、0.027、0.048,均属低等遗传力。以材积为指标,采用综合法选择优良家系,共选出7个优良家系,30株优良单株,单株材积遗传增益达到18.26%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.