饲料用秸秆丝化多频快速压缩成型工艺参数优化

为了进一步探明丝化后干玉米秸秆压缩成型的最佳工艺参数,利用WDW-200微机控制电子式万能试验机,以秸秆含水率、最大压缩力(能够压缩成型的最小压缩力)、压缩次数和压缩速度为影响因子,对饲料用玉米秸秆丝化后压缩成型块的松弛比进行了二次回归旋转组合试验研究。建立并分析了4个影响因子对玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型松弛比的回归模型,并进行了验证试验。结果表明:丝化后玉米秸秆压缩成型最佳工艺条件为:含水率为7.8%~18.3%,能够成型的最小压缩力为6.22 MPa,压缩次数为2~6次,压缩速度为128~337 mm/min。在此工艺条件下,干玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的松弛比在1.2和1.5之间,均能满足实际生产中较低能耗与生产质量的要求。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和了解压缩成型后产品的特性具有参考意义。     

含水率和压缩频率对秸秆开式压缩能耗的影响

为了减少生物质秸秆压缩能耗,优化压缩工艺,以小麦秸秆（品种：农大211）,玉米秸秆（品种：农大108）为研究对象,模拟生物质秸秆压缩成型实际工况,利用INSTRON 3367材料试验机和自制压缩筒组件进行了“开式”压缩试验,研究了含水率分别为15%、35%和55%的小麦秸秆以及25%、45%和65%的玉米秸秆在3个不同压缩频率0.5、0.75和1次/min下的成型压缩比能耗。结果表明：小麦秸秆在含水率55%和压缩频率0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小;玉米秸秆在含水率65%和压缩频率为0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小。统计结果表明,秸秆压缩比能耗随着含水率的增高和压缩频率的降低而减少;含水率和压缩频率对压缩比能耗影响均显著。     

生物质颗粒燃料微观成型机理

为研究生物质颗粒燃料的微观成型机理,以玉米秸秆、木屑为原料利用环模式成型机压缩成生物质颗粒燃料,并对原料、粉碎原料及生物质颗粒燃料进行显微形貌观察,对比不同原料、不同阶段物料的微观形态和散粒体压缩过程的结合形式。结果表明：环模式成型机为间断性压缩,生物质颗粒燃料微观成型机理为分层压缩,层与层间距为25～40?μm;从横截面看分3层：中心层散粒体“平铺”,过渡层扭曲变形,表层“直立”。相同挤压力下秸秆颗粒燃料比木屑颗粒燃料的密度小。为生物质颗粒燃料的成型机具提供重要的设计理论依据。     

秸秆碎料凸向模压成型流变特性的试验研究

采用模拟压缩的方法,研究了低密度秸秆碎料凸向模压成型的流变特性及主要影响因素。结果表明,凸向模压成型时物料充填具有不均匀性和压缩时序性。物料流变以纵向为主,横向流变使充填趋于均匀。横向位移受物料形态影响最大,其次是装料高度和斜面倾角。     

玉米秸秆振动压缩过程的应力松弛试验

中国玉米秸秆资源非常丰富,由于本身松散、密度低的特点,其贮运成本较高,压缩致密是解决这一问题的最有效方法。在压缩过程中,玉米秸秆表现出的流变特性造成能耗高、压缩设备关键部件磨损严重以及生产率较低的问题,是制约其推广应用的主要瓶颈。针对这些问题,该文将振动引入玉米秸秆的压缩过程中,在自行设计的振动压缩试验系统上进行了揉碎后的玉米秸秆叠加振动与不加振动压缩应力松弛的试验研究,利用MATLAB软件的2阶指数方程对试验数据进行拟合,得到玉米秸秆振动压缩过程的2阶Maxwell应力松弛流变模型参数,其拟合度均大于0.9。基于流变模型,对应力松弛速率、应力松弛时间参数进行了分析,其结果为：压缩过程叠加振动,能够提高应力松弛速率、降低应力松弛时间以及成型块内部的残余应力,从而可降低再次压缩的压缩阻力、提高产品质量以及生产率,为解决现有成型设备高能耗低效率等问题提供了新的途径。     

基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化

为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。     

碎玉米秸秆卷压过程的流变行为试验

为青贮圆捆打捆机的设计和工艺提供基础的力学数据,需要探明碎玉米秸秆卷压过程的流变规律,在分析卷压成型原理的基础上,搭建了碎玉米秸秆卷压试验台,对碎玉米秸秆进行了卷压试验和应力松弛试验。研究了卷压过程中碎玉米秸秆的流变学特征,采用线性黏弹性理论,构建了伯格斯模型,用残数法对应力松弛曲线进行拟合,获得了应力松弛模型及其参数,计算其决定系数。利用相关公式求解,进一步得到伯格斯模型中的黏弹性参数E1=18.33kPa、k1=994.81kPa、E2=27.64kPa、k2=2342.49kPa。由于黏性系数远大于弹性模量,可以初步判断碎玉米秸秆卷压过程的流变行为偏向于流体,这对于深入研究碎玉米秸秆的卷压工艺,实现工艺和装备的优化设计,具有积极作用。     

玉米秸秆压缩加载条件对其裂纹和机器功耗的影响

针对中国北方刚收获的玉米秸秆含水率高需进行调质处理的情况,为设计玉米秸秆调质装置,该文通过单因素试验,研究了压缩调质时加载方式(单点直压和三点弯曲)、加载位置(节间和节部)和加载方向(长轴和短轴)对相同含水率玉米秸秆压缩裂纹、载荷和功耗的影响。结果表明:施压过程中,2种加载方式的秸秆表皮均沿轴向产生4条主裂纹,且其呈上、下、左、右对称分布。加载位置和加载方向相同时,三点弯曲和单点直压开始产生各主裂纹的压下位移相近,但前者的载荷和功耗均低于后者。当达到最佳调质压下位移(18 mm)时,三点弯曲载荷和功耗的均值较单点直压分别显著降低约55.5%和25.5%(α=0.05)。研究结果为玉米秸秆收获调质装备关键部件的设计提供依据。     

农业有机废弃物压制绿化基质砖成型机理与试验

为了解决农业有机废弃物污染,促进其综合开发和高值化利用,以发酵腐熟后的水稻秸秆和牲畜粪便为主要原料,利用特制的压缩成型模具和试验机,以基质原料含水率、压缩应力、压缩时间、牛粪质量分数为试验因素,对绿化基质砖压缩成型机理和工艺参数进行了试验研究。通过有限元分析、孔隙通道模型构建等方法,分析了压缩成型过程中力的变化、位移变化和微观结构变化;在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析了不同成型条件对绿化基质砖成型质量的影响,获得绿化基质砖成型最优工艺参数：基质原料含水率75.7%,压缩应力0.29 MPa,压缩时间2.5 min,且牛粪质量分数为30%时能够充分获得营养,绿化基质砖成型效果好。该研究为绿化基质砖的生产和农业有机废弃物综合利用及城市绿化产品升级提供了依据。     

玉米秸秆成型燃料生命周期评价

为了定量解释以秸秆为原料的成型燃料的节能和温室气体减排潜力,从能源消耗和环境排放出发,分析了玉米秸秆的生长、运输、压缩成型,成型燃料运输、燃烧利用等单元过程,建立了秸秆成型燃料的生命周期能源消耗、环境排放分析模型。以5 000 t/a的秸秆成型燃料生产厂为例,评价了其生命周期能耗和环境排放。结果表明：秸秆运输、压缩成型、成型燃料运输等环节都需要消耗能源,其中,压缩成型的能耗最大;秸秆固定的二氧化碳量为生命周期排放出二氧化碳的96.6%,在很大程度上减少了温室气体的排放。利用生命周期分析秸秆成型燃料,得出其相比化石燃料具有较大的减排优势,为秸秆成型燃料利用提供了基础性数据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.