水稻转基因再生植株突变体筛选的研究

在水稻转基因植株抗虫性测定的同时,我们进行了转基因再生植株突变筛选的研究,发现;１．水稻转基因再生植株第１代矮化现象较普遍,但大多数植株可能是受组织培养的影响,在第２代即可恢复原种性,只有少数是变异株;而变异频率较大的性状是生育期,１９９５－１９９６年共获得４株矮化株和１２株早熟株。２．突变体植株遗传具相对稳定性,第２代株系内即表现整齐一致,不分离。３．经过基因转化处理后的再生植株发生突变的频率增     

水稻转基因再生植株突变体筛选的研究

在水稻遗传基因（ＣＰＴＩ） 植株抗虫性测定的同时,我们进行了转基因再生植株突变筛选的研究,发现：①水稻转基因再生植株第一代矮化现象较普遍,但大多数植株可能是受组织培养的影响,在第二代既可恢复原种性,只有少数是变异株;而变异频率较大的性状是生育期,２ 年共获得了４ 株矮化株和１２ 株早熟株;②突变体植株遗传具相对稳定性,第二代株系内即表现整齐一致、不分离;③经过基因转化处理后的再生植株发生突变的频率增大。     

转cry1Ab13基因玉米新种质的创制

【目的】构建包含抗鳞翅目害虫基因cry1Ab13的重组植物表达载体,并利用其创制对玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis具有优良抗性的转基因玉米Zea may L.新种质。【方法】利用同源重组法将cry1Ab13基因连接到表达载体pCAMBIA3300-Bar上,获得以抗除草剂Bar基因为筛选标记的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300-cry1Ab13-Bar。通过农杆菌介导法转化玉米自交系H99幼胚,对再生植株进行逐代除草剂筛选、PCR检测及T2代植株的Southern blotting检测、实时荧光定量PCR检测,并对转基因植株进行田间及室内抗虫性鉴定。【结果】构建了cry1Ab13基因的植物表达载体,转化玉米获得3株高抗玉米螟和1株抗玉米螟的T2代转基因植株。Southern blotting证明cry1Ab13基因已经整合到玉米基因组中,实时荧光定量PCR结果表明cry1Ab13基因已经在玉米植株内表达。抗虫性鉴定结果表明,与对照相比转基因植株对玉米螟的抗性显著提高。【结论】将cry1Ab13基因导入玉米并成功表达,显著提高了转基因玉米对玉米螟的抗性,为抗虫玉米新种质的创制奠定了基础。     

超声波辅助花粉介导法获得转BtCry1Ac基因玉米的研究

为了进一步分析玉米基因功能及基因转化,并为玉米抗虫提供种质资源,利用超声波辅助花粉介导法,将抗虫基因Cry1Ac导入玉米优良自交系昌7-2中,获得大量的转基因植株。结果表明:转基因植株经过草铵膦抗性筛选、PCR检测、BT蛋白试纸条检测和室内抗虫性鉴定等分析,最后获得高抗玉米螟的转BtCry1Ac基因株系9个。培育出了高抗玉米螟的种质资源材料,同时也建立了超声波辅助花粉介导转化玉米的高效转化体系,该方法是简捷、快速有效、无基因型限制的植物转化方法。     

转Bt cry1Ah/cry1Ie双价基因抗虫玉米的研究

构建了含有人工改造的抗虫基因Bt cry1Ah、cry1Ie和耐除草剂基因2mG2-epsps的植物表达载体pMUHUESGM,利用基因枪法将表达盒片段转化玉米愈伤组织,以2mG2-epsps基因为筛选标记基因,经草甘膦异丙胺盐筛选获得24株T0代再生植株,其中PCR检测阳性植株有20株。T0和T1代植株的分子检测结果证明了外源基因已经整合到玉米基因组中并能够稳定遗传和表达,转基因株系在田间生物活性检测中表现出较好的抗虫性,这为培育抗虫玉米新品种提供了参考,同时本研究中采用了基因枪片段转化法,提高了转基因的生物安全性。     

利用分子标记辅助选择培育转 Bt基因抗虫水稻

为培育转Bt基因抗虫水稻品种材料,以传统杂交的方法将3个Bt明恢63中的Bt基因cry1C*、cry2A*和cry1Ac/Ab,转育到水稻品种秀水123、湘晴、旱恢3号和沪旱1B中;以回交二代自交三代（BC2F3）水稻叶片为材料,利用分子标记辅助选择、田间除草剂筛选和试纸条检测方法,以获得新型转Bt基因株系。并在全生育期实行除不喷施农药外的正常田间管理的转基因植株的田间抗虫鉴定方法筛选出抗虫性良好、农艺性状优良的株系,为后续抗虫育种提供材料。 BC2 F3代PCR检测及试纸条检测的结果显示分别获得cry1C*和cry2A*基因的沪旱1B、秀水123和湘晴的纯合株系。同时,在田间自然诱发虫害条件下,转基因株系对稻纵卷叶螟虫表现出强抗性。     

兼抗虫、除草剂、干旱转基因玉米的获得和鉴定

【目的】培育抗玉米螟、抗草甘膦、抗旱的转基因复合性状玉米种质。【方法】通过农杆菌介导的玉米茎尖遗传转化法,把重组到同一植物表达载体的cry1AcM、epsps、GAT和ZmPIS转入玉米骨干自交系9801和齐319（Q319）,获得转基因植株。通过逐代除草剂筛选、分子检测和抗虫性鉴定,从大量转基因株系中优选出6个优良玉米株系。在此基础上,以非转基因自交系9801、Q319为对照,在严格控制条件下对6个转基因株系进行抗虫、抗除草剂和抗旱性检测。由于不同生长时期植株对玉米螟危害的敏感程度有差异,在抗虫性检测试验中,对不同生长阶段的转基因玉米的抗虫性,分别进行了田间和室内玉米螟接种试验,并以灌浆期玉米的籽粒和苞叶饲喂玉米螟幼虫检测其杀虫性。在草甘膦抗性鉴定试验中,对6叶期田间玉米植株喷洒大田除草用量的草甘膦溶液评估其应用价值;采用3倍应用剂量的草甘膦溶液喷施3叶期玉米植株测试其草甘膦耐受力。在抗旱性鉴定试验中,对10叶期玉米植株进行干旱胁迫处理,观测转基因植株的表型变化并测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光等参数。【结果】选择出6个遗传稳定的兼抗亚洲玉米螟、抗草甘膦和抗旱性提高的转基因玉米株系,其中株系L1-L3来自自交系9801,Q1-Q3来自自交系Q319。通过RT-PCR检测4个转基因的转录强度,证明它们在转基因植株中有效表达;利用Western blot方法检测cry1Ac蛋白的表达水平,确定其在玉米植株中稳定表达。植株抗虫性鉴定结果显示这6个株系在玉米营养生长期和灌浆期的抗虫能力均显著高于未转基因自交系。在草甘膦抗性测试中,转基因植株表现出明显高于未转基因自交系的草甘膦抗性。在干旱控水期间,转基因植株能维持较强的光合能力和光系统Ⅱ活性,对干旱胁迫的抗性显著高于对照植株。【结论】将cry1AcM、epsps、GAT、ZmPIS一同转入玉米,赋予了植株抗玉米螟、抗除草剂草甘膦特性,提高了植株的抗旱性,达到生产中应用标准。培育出具有优良复合性状的转基因玉米新材料。     

结球甘蓝抗虫转基因植株及其后代的抗性表现

应用农杆菌介导法将含有豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂 (CpTI)基因和新霉素磷酸转移酶 (NPTⅡ )基因的重组质粒导入结球甘蓝栽培品种春甘蓝“鸡心 2 3”和秋甘蓝“黑叶头”。对转基因当代植株 (T0 )及其自交后代 (T1、T2 、T3)群体进行卡那霉素抗性、抗虫性鉴定和分子检测。经PCR DNA分子杂交检测 ,确认抗虫基因———豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因已整合到受体植株的基因组中 ,并在有性生殖过程中传递给后代。卡那霉素抗性和抗虫性状在T0 代植株上得到表达 ;T1代植株中发生分离 ;T2 代中呈现出 3种不同类型的株系 :抗性纯合、杂合型和敏感性纯合株系 ;从T3 代中获得卡那霉素抗性和抗虫性纯合的株系。试验结果显示 ,卡那霉素抗性和抗虫性状在转基因植株自交后代中的表现基本符合显性单基因的分离规律。在T2 、T3 代抗虫性纯合的株系中 ,鳞翅目小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的 1～ 2龄幼虫校正死亡率为 6 %～ 10 0 % ,从中选出一批校正死亡率达 80 %左右的单株     

农杆菌介导抗虫基因Cry1Ac/Ab转化大豆的研究

利用农杆菌介导的子叶节遗传转化体系,将Cry1Ac/Ab融合抗虫基因表达载体导入栽培大豆品种GP03-8-23中,通过Cry1Ac/Ab融合基因在大豆中的表达,获得了抗虫转基因大豆新材料。试验共转化子叶节外植体1 540个,再生转化苗经PCR、Southern杂交和Bar试纸条检测,获得85株阳性转基因植株,平均转化率为5.47%。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同株系及不同组织中的表达量。结果表明:不同转基因株系表达量存在显著差异,目标基因在大豆根、茎、叶、子粒中均有表达,在叶中的表达量最高,根中的表达量较高,茎和子粒中的表达量最低。经室内抗食叶性害虫离体鉴定,获得抗虫性较好的T1代转Cry1Ac/Ab基因大豆材料,其中1份表现为高抗,抗虫性显著优于对照,可为培育抗虫大豆新品系提供新的种质材料。     

利用回交转育培育黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻新品系

利用黄淮稻区主栽品种圣稻13、圣稻15、镇稻88为受体亲本,选择以籼稻明恢63为背景的转基因抗虫材料TT51(cry1Ab/1Ac)、T2A-1(cry2A)、T1C-19(cry1C)和以粳稻中花11为背景的转基因抗虫材料RJ-5(cry1C)为供体,分别进行杂交和多代回交。每一世代后代单株,通过涂抹Basta抗性筛选,结合PCR鉴定跟踪抗虫目的基因以及田间抗虫性鉴定、农艺性状选择,培育出来源于TT51带有cry1Ab/1Ac基因的抗虫稳定株系3个,来源于T2A-1带有cry2A基因的稳定株系2个,来源于T1C-19带有cry1C基因的稳定株系3个,来源于RJ-5带有cry1C基因的抗虫稳定株系2个。这些株系于田间均表现出很好的抗虫性状和优质丰产性状,为黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻育种奠定了基础。     

Susceptibility of Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bt Corn Under Long-Term Laboratory Selection

The susceptibility of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation and Bt corn was evaluated using insect bioassays for 6 years. Four strains of O. furnacalis were developed by laboratory selection from the laboratory strain reared on a non-agar semi-artificial diet. The RR-1 strain was exposed to a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) incorporated into the artificial diet, the RR-2 strain was exposed to Bt corn (MON810)tissue incorporated into the diet, and the SS-1 and SS-2 strains were reared on the standard diet with or without non-Bt corn tissues material. Decreasing susceptibility of O. furnacalis to Bt and to Bt corn were found in each selected strain although the ED50 and larval weight fluctuated from generation to generation. The resistance of Bt-exposed strain (RR-1)to Btk increased 48-fold by generation 39; the Bt corn-exposed strain (RR-2) increased its resistance 37-fold to Btk by generation 24. No larvae of SS-1 survived when they were exposed to the leaves of Bt corn, Bt1 1 and MON810. However,2-54% of the RR-1 (generation 46) and RR-2 (generation 20) larvae survived a 3 day-exposure to the leaves of Bt1 1 and MON810. The survival of both selected strains on Bt corn silk increased by 10-69%, and the larval weights after many generations selection were increased by 15-22% compared with the unselected susceptible strain. The young larvae were much more susceptible to Bt than older larvae. The highest mortality occurred when the larvae were exposed to Bt at the neonate stage. All of the results suggested that ACB could not only develop resistance to Bt preparation but also to Bt corn. Bt had significant effects on the growth and development of Asian corn borer than on the larval mortality. In order to maintain the long-term effectiveness of Bt pesticide and Bt corn, the resistance management should pay much attention to the larvae that may have opportunities to grow and developed on non-Bt corn or alternate hosts before they attack the Bt corn plants and the survival of larvae after Bt application.     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Asian Corn Borer Resistance in Maize Population Mc37×Zi330

Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis （Guen6e）, is the most important pest of maize in China and Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to understand the genetic basis for Asian corn borer resistance. The study included 162 F2：3 populations derived from Mc37 （resistant） × Zi330 （susceptible） and field data were collected in 2004 and 2005. A linkage map was constructed from 118 SSR markers. Combined quantitative trait loci （QTL） analysis combined across environments was performed by composite interval mapping method （CIM）. Four QTLs with additive effects were detected for resistance to Asian corn borer leaf feeding damage in chromosome bins 1.08, 2.04/05, 4.01, and 10.04. Three putative QTLs were detected for Asian corn borer stalk damage in chromosome bins 1.01, 2.05, and 9.01. Maize resistance to Asian corn borer and European corn borer, O. nubilalis （Hubner）, may share a common mechanism. Genes responsible for DIMBOA biosynthesis are in chromosome bin 4.01 and may increase the observed resistance to Asian corn borer leaf feeding.     

玉米Bt转基因植株抗虫性鉴定研究初报

经室内喂虫和田间接种,鉴定了Ｍｏ１７,４７８等４个常用自交及其与９１－１－８杂交的抗虫转基因杂种Ｆ１的抗虫性。结果表明,不同转基因材料之间以及同一转基因材料的不同单株间抗虫性差异很大,有少量植株表现高度抗性,个别植株几乎没有抗性。     

Acquisition of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Maize Harboring a Truncated cry1Ah Gene via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

A novel insecticidal gene cry1Ah was cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8 previously for plant genetic engineering improvement. Truncated active Cry1Ah toxin has a toxicity level similar to that of the full-length Cry1Ah toxin. In this study, plant expression vector pMhGM harboring truncated cry1Ah gene was transformed into maize (Zea mays L.) immature embryos by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation at which maize alcohol dehydrogenase matrix attachment regions (madMARs) were incorporated on both sides of the gene expression cassette to improve gene expression. A total of 23 PCR positive events were obtained with a transformation efficiency of 5% around. Bioassay results showed that events 1-4 and 1-5 exhibited enhanced resistance to the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis). These two events were further confirmed by molecular analysis. Southern blot suggested that a single copy of the cry1Ah gene was successfully integrated into the maize genome. Western blot and ELISA showed that the foreign gene cry1Ah was expressed stably at high level in maize and could be inherited stably over generations. The results of a bioassay of T1-T4 transgenic maize plants indicated that the transgenic plants were highly toxic to the Asian corn borer and their resistance could be inherited stably from generation to generation. Thus, events 1-4 and 1-5 are good candidates for the breeding of insect-resistant maize.     

用花粉管通道法将慈姑蛋白酶抑制剂基因(API)导入水稻获得转基因植株

采用花粉管通道法遗传转化技术,将慈姑蛋白酶抑制剂基因(API)导入水稻品系9311中,获得了转基因植株。抗虫性鉴定结果表明:部分转基因植株对水稻螟虫的抗性比对照明显提高;PCR扩增获得了与引物扩增片段长度相同的DNA片段,证实API基因已整合到受体植株的基因组中。遗传分析表明,API基因能在有性生殖过程中传递给后代,并于T4代分离出抗性纯合的株系。     

含Cry1Ab和Xa21基因抗病虫水稻选育研究及其田间表现

 以稳定遗传的含Cry1Ab基因的抗虫水稻品种镇稻88和含Xa21基因的抗白叶枯病水稻品种圣稻301为亲本进行杂交，利用选择标记基因（bar基因和gus基因）和Southern杂交分析研究了转基因在杂交后代中的遗传分离规律和遗传稳定性。实验结果表明，在杂交后代中选择标记基因bar基因和gus基因分别与抗性基因Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因紧密连锁并协同表达。Basta抗性检测和GUS活性的组织化学染色检测显示，Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因在F2代中遵循9∶3∶3∶1的孟德尔遗传规律，F3代的部分株系中Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因已稳定纯合；对F3代和杂交亲本的Southern杂交分析表明，Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因可稳定地遗传。通过田间选育，获得了农艺性状优良的双抗（抗螟虫、白叶枯病）转基因水稻新品系SK-1、SK-2、SK-3，3个品系均对二化螟和白叶枯病菌表现出显著的抗性，产量高于镇稻88和圣稻301近20%，品质与镇稻88和圣稻301相近，部分指标优于这两个品种。     

水稻抗稻瘟病Pib基因的分子标记辅助选择与应用

 【目的】为探索抗稻瘟病Pib基因的分子标记用于水稻抗稻瘟病辅助选育,36个四川地方稻瘟病菌株被用来检测Pib基因的抗性。同时利用检测感病等位基因Pib的显性标记Lys145,并结合前人报道的检测抗病等位基因Pib的显性标记Pibdom组成一套水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pib显性分子标记。【方法】利用这套水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pib显性分子标记对122个杂交稻亲本或材料进行分子鉴定,并分别采用稻瘟病菌株05-12（ZB13）和05-30（ZC15）单小种接种试验进行致病性测试。【结果】所检测的122个杂交稻亲本或材料中,只有7个杂交稻亲本或材料含抗病基因Pib,且对稻瘟病菌菌株ZB13和ZC15表现抗病反应。此外,利用这套水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pib显性分子标记对600个杂交F2代单株进行早期筛选,得到185个抗病基因Pib纯合的单株,田间抗性调查结果与抗病基因分子检测结果一致。【结论】该套显性分子标记可应用于水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pib的分子标记辅助选育。     

杂交水稻抗性育种策略探讨

文章介绍了水稻稻瘟病、白叶枯病、稻飞虱和螟虫等主要病虫害的抗性遗传和育种进展,探讨了当前广西杂交水稻病虫害抗性育种策略。抗稻瘟病育种强调新抗源的发掘、抗性基因的聚合及长期的病区自然诱发筛选;抗白叶枯病育种强调Xa23基因的利用;抗稻飞虱育种要利用bph14、bph15和bph18等新鉴定的抗性基因,后代选择以分子标记和抗性鉴定相结合;抗螟虫育种以转基因材料为供体,开展转基因抗虫水稻的杂交转育。     

杂交水稻抗性育种策略探讨

文章介绍了水稻稻瘟病、白叶枯病、稻飞虱和螟虫等主要病虫害的抗性遗传和育种进展,探讨了当前广西杂交水稻病虫害抗性育种策略。抗稻瘟病育种强调新抗源的发掘、抗性基因的聚合及长期的病区自然诱发筛选;抗白叶枯病育种强调Xa23基因的利用;抗稻飞虱育种要利用bph14、bph15和bph18等新鉴定的抗性基因,后代选择以分子标记和抗性鉴定相结合;抗螟虫育种以转基因材料为供体,开展转基因抗虫水稻的杂交转育。