灌溉方式与秸秆覆盖优化施氮模式对秸秆腐熟特征及水稻氮素利用的影响

以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试验材料,研究不同灌溉方式[淹水灌溉(CK)、干湿交替灌溉、旱作]下氮肥运筹与秸秆覆盖优化管理模式(麦秆覆盖优化施氮模式、油菜秆覆盖优化施氮模式以及无秸秆覆盖优化施氮模式)对水稻根系生长、各时期氮素积累以及产量的影响,探讨各灌溉方式下秸秆腐熟及氮素释放规律,明确秸秆腐熟与氮素释放规律对水稻生长的影响及其相关关系。结果表明,淹水灌溉和干湿交替灌溉均较旱作有效地协调各时期水稻地上部、地下部生长,促进各时期氮素吸收利用,提高稻谷产量;而水分生产效率则以旱作为最优,干湿交替灌溉次之,但差异不显著。麦秆、油菜秆的腐熟与氮素释放效率最高峰均出现在移栽后30 d,但腐熟量与氮素释放量受灌溉方式与秸秆种类的影响;油菜秆腐熟量显著高于麦秆,旱作明显高于干湿交替与淹水灌溉;氮素释放量则以麦秆为最优。秸秆覆盖优化管理模式也对水稻各生长指标具有显著影响;淹水及干湿交替灌溉下,麦秆覆盖氮肥运筹优化管理模式有效协调水稻植株各时期的生长,促进氮素吸收利用,最终实现产量的增加;油菜秆覆盖氮肥运筹优化管理模式则在整个生育期均对水稻生长表现轻微抑制效应;而旱作模式下麦秆、油菜秆优化施氮模式覆盖均呈现显著的促进作用,其中油菜秆覆盖优势明显,可作为生产中水资源不足的情况下参考。秸秆腐熟量及氮素释放量与水稻根干重、氮素吸收利用以及产量的相关性分析表明,移栽后30 d秸秆腐熟量与稻谷产量、氮素吸收均呈显著的负相关关系(r=?0.27*~?0.29*),而齐穗期、成熟期氮素释放量与产量及氮素吸收均呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.31*~0.59**);同时,秸秆的腐熟量与氮素释放对水稻根冠比影响较大,其中以齐穗期最为显著(r=?0.27*~0.42**)。协调水稻各时期秸秆腐熟量及氮素释放,特别是移栽后30 d氮素释放量是保证实现水稻高产、高效的重要措施之一。     

皖草2号和墨西哥玉米氮肥利用效率分析

采用15N同位素示踪技术,进行了皖草2号和墨西哥玉米两种饲料作物对氮素的吸收、积累、分配规律以及氮素利用特性的研究。结果表明,生育期内两者的氮积累量逐渐增加;氮在叶片中的分配比例最高,且随刈割次数的增加逐渐减少,茎鞘中氮分配比例逐渐增加;氮素吸收强度皖草2号逐渐增加,墨西哥玉米呈单峰曲线变化。墨西哥玉米再生草吸收氮素来自肥料的比率为97.6%1～00.0%,在整个生育期呈斜“Z”字型变化;皖草2号逐渐减少。氮肥处理间比较,头茬草一次性施肥处理吸收肥料氮比分次施肥处理分别高18.2%和19.3%;再生草的氮素吸收强度以分次施肥效果较好;氮收获指数两处理间差异不显著。皖草2号各次收获草干重、全氮含量、氮累积量和氮回收率均高于墨西哥玉米,且分次施肥处理高于一次性施肥处理,而墨西哥玉米则相反。生产上皖草2号品种应采用分次施用氮肥,而墨西哥玉米则采用一次性施肥的方式,这样既可提高氮肥利用效率,还可获得优质的牧草。     

Effect of genetic improvement of grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of mid‐season indica rice cultivars

Genetic improvement (GI) of mid‐season indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China has been experienced four typical plant types during the past several decades, i.e., early tall cultivars (ET), dwarf cultivars (DC), semi‐dwarf cultivars (SDC) and super rice cultivars (SR). However, little is known about the changes in fertilizer nitrogen (N) efficiency and their relationships with grain yield during the GI. With 12 representative mid‐season indica cultivars of the four types during GI, the effects of GI on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency were investigated. The results show that GI significantly increased grain yield and agronomic efficiency (AE) of N fertilizer but had no significant effect on recovery efficiency (RE) of N fertilizer. The low percentage of filled grains in modern SR limited its yield potential and the further increase in AE. GI decreased the N uptake from heading to maturity, leading to lower RE in modern rice cultivars. The rapid decline of the activities of root oxidation and nitrate reductase in SR during grain filling might be the physiological reasons for the lower percentage of filled grains and lower N uptake from heading to maturity.     

盐氮效应对棉花氮素分配、转运和利用效率的影响

探究盐氮效应对棉花氮素动态积累、运转及利用效率的影响机制。以棉花“新陆中68号”为材料,设置土壤盐分含量为S1(2.5~3 g/kg)、S2(5~6 g/kg)和S3(8~9 g/kg),施氮量分别N1(105 kg/hm²)、N2(210 kg/hm²)、N3(315 kg/hm²)处理进行田间小区试验。通过Logistic生长函数模型对各器官生物量氮素累积进行拟合,以V m(最高累积速率)和Δt(持续时间)为2个动态特征指标分析盐氮对棉花生物量氮素快速累积时间和速率的影响。结果表明,营养器官(根、茎、叶)生物量S1N3处理最大,棉铃生物量S1N2处理最大,S3条件下棉铃生物量表现为N3>N2>N1。各营养器官积氮量S2处理均达到较大,在S1和S2中茎积氮量为N2>N3>N1。在S2和S3中叶积氮量为N3>N2>N1,棉铃积氮量为S1>S2>S3和N3>N2>N1,根积氮量N3>N2>N。N1S3处理各营养器官生物量积氮量Δt最小,V m最大。盐分显著抑制棉花各器官生物量和氮素积累量及V m(P<0.5)。施氮量与土壤盐分存在明显的互作效应。氮肥在盐分S1和S2中N2和在盐分S3中氮肥N3最利于生殖器官生物量积累及V m。盐分越高,氮素运转率越低。施氮量促进氮素运转率。各器官积氮量累积和营养器官氮分布使作物氮分布更均衡,导致产量的最优。S1N2产量最大达到6683 kg/hm²。氮肥在盐分S1和S2中N1氮利用效率最优,盐分S3中氮肥N2最利于氮利用效率。因此在盐分<6 g/kg土壤施用氮肥105 kg/hm²或210 kg/hm²,最利于棉花生产和效益。盐分在8~9 g/kg土壤应施用氮肥315 kg/hm²。研究结果为合理利用盐碱土和施肥管理提供科学依据。     

Synthesis of Hydroxy-Sodalite (“Zeolite”) from Waste Coal Ash

Abstract

Nitrogen accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet), of the ear on the main stem of rice plant (Oryza sativa L. var. Sasanishiki) was characterized during grain filling. In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen which started immediately after lowering, proceeded rapidly, and reached the maturation level at 20 d after heading. In the inferior spikelet, however, the amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation was minimal immediately after flowering. It increased when grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost completed. ¹⁵N-labeled ammonia was administered to the plants at different stages of ripening and the amount of incorporation in the spikelets was analyzed at harvest. The labeled nitrogen administered at the early stages of ripening was the main source of the labeled nitrogen incorporated in the superior spikelet. However, the labeled nitrogen incorporated in the inferior spikelet largely consisted of the labeled nitrogen administered at the late stages of ripening. When all the spikelets except for the five inferior spikelets were removed from the ear at various stages of ripening, the amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation increased immediately, irrespective of the stage of ripening.

These results indicate that dry matter and nitrogen partitioning among spikelets of the ear is highly regulated during ripening and their accumulation in the inferior spikelets at the early stage of ripening is suppressed by some unknown factor(s) which can be eliminated by the removal of the superior spikelets.     

不同施氮水平下不同氮利用效率小黑麦植株氮素积累分配特性

采用土培盆栽试验,以小黑麦氮高效利用品种‘Clxt82’、‘PI429186’和氮低效利用品种‘Clxt74’为材料,研究0(不施氮)、0.033 g(N)·kg-1(低氮)和0.066 g(N)·kg-1(正常氮)3个不同施氮水平下,各生长时期氮素在器官间和器官内不同功能性氮素分配的特性。结果表明:氮高效利用品种在氮素不足的条件下优势更明显,抽穗期高效利用品种和低效利用品种间生物量的差异随施氮量的增加而减小,在不施氮、低氮和正常供氮时‘Clxt82’、‘PI429186’地上部生物量分别为‘Clxt74’的1.55倍、1.19倍、1.06倍和1.79倍、1.35倍、1.30倍。不同生育时期,小黑麦氮积累量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,低氮和正常供氮处理,在分蘖期、拔节期氮高效利用品种氮积累量均显著高于低效利用品种,而在抽穗期差异则不大。随施氮量的增加,氮素在叶片和穗部的分配比例减小,在茎的分配比例增大;分蘖期和拔节期,氮高效利用品种茎中氮素分配比例小于低效利用品种,叶片氮素分配比例则大于低效利用品种。抽穗期氮高效利用品种穗部氮素分配比例大于低效品种,而叶部则相反。各生育时期各器官不同形态氮素含量总体上随施氮量的增加而增加。不施氮和低氮处理,拔节期氮高效品种‘Clxt82’、‘PI429186’叶片营养性氮含量是低效品种‘Clxt74’的1.31倍、1.76倍和1.12倍、1.35倍,而结构性氮含量则是低效品种的86.12%、64.01%和80.82%、71.51%;抽穗期氮高效品种‘Clxt82’、‘PI429186’叶片营养性氮含量是低效品种‘Clxt74’的1.01倍、1.11倍和1.04倍、1.13倍,结构性氮含量为低效品种‘Clxt74’的74.99%、63.08%和75.78%、62.84%;各时期品种间功能性氮素含量差异不大。低氮条件下氮高效利用品种通过降低结构性氮素含量、增加营养性氮素含量来满足氮素的利用和体内循环。     

Influence of nitrogen application rate and timing on grain protein composition and gluten strength in Swedish wheat cultivars

The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate (0 vs. 70 vs. 140 kg N ha^–1) and timing (early = at sowing vs. late = at sowing and before heading) on the amount of protein groups, amount and size distribution of mono‐ and polymeric proteins, and gluten strength was investigated in one set of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Due to their genetic background, the cultivars had different protein concentrations and gluten strengths. Despite this, all of them reacted similarly on rate and timing of nitrogen application. The rate of nitrogen fertilizer increased the variation in protein concentration, gluten strength, and also the variation in most of the investigated protein components. Higher nitrogen fertilizer rate increased protein concentration, decreased gluten strength, and increased the total amount of glutenins and gliadins as well as the amounts of most mono‐ and polymeric proteins. Timing of fertilizer did not influence protein concentration. The gluten strength and the relations of proteins were changed by the timing of fertilizer. Early nitrogen feritilizer applications led to higher gluten strength and a higher percentage of total unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein and large unextractable polymeric protein in the total large polymeric protein, compared to late nitrogen fertilizer applications.     

小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响

田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm^-2、180 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。     

Comparisons among cultivars of wheat,hulless and hulled oats: Dry matter,N and P accumulation and partitioning as affected by N supply

A better understanding of the impact of fertilizer nitrogen (N) on biomass and N accumulation, and their partitioning into different plant components is needed to optimize crop yield and quality. A field experiment with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), hulless (Avena nuda), and hulled (Avena sativa) oats was conducted for 3 years in Ottawa, ON, Canada, to determine the crop responses to N addition (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha^–1). Biomass, N, and phosphorus (P) accumulation and partitioning into different plant components were examined during the growth season. Lodging score was determined for all crops when it occurred and again at harvest. During the growth season, both hulless and hulled oats and the wheat cultivar showed almost similar patterns of N and P accumulation with maximum contents at late grain filling or at harvest. Plant N concentration was up to 60 g kg^–1 during the seedling stage, decreased gradually with advancing growth stages, and was lowest at harvest. Nitrogen treatments significantly increased plant N and P contents. At heading stage, N treatments enhanced dry matter (24%–45%), N (35%–135%), and P (27%–45%) contents in plant components (i.e., culm, leaf, and head), but also enhanced crop lodging, especially in oats. Both hulled and hulless oats had higher total plant N (5%–35%), N : P ratio, and dry‐matter content in leaf (6%–43%) and head (0%–129%) along with higher P (up to 27%) in culm than the wheat cultivar. The wheat cultivar accumulated greater dry matter and higher N content in kernels than both hulled and hulless oats at harvest. Both hulled and hulless oat cultivars exhibited similar lodging susceptibility to N addition (75 or 150 kg N ha^–1), produced lower dry weight and lower kernel N, and hence lower grain yield than the wheat cultivar. The larger vegetative dry‐matter accumulation at heading coupled with higher P content in culms under high‐N‐supply conditions may be related to severe lodging in oat cultivars.     

几种有机和无机氮肥对草莓生长及其氮素吸收分配影响的差异

通过不同生育时期植株各部位的氮素分析,研究了不同商品有机肥和有机无机复混肥对大田草莓(FragariaAnanassa.c.v.Dutch.)植株生长及氮素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用不同肥料品种均可促进植物氮素吸收,提高氮素积累速率,促进氮素向果实中分配。在施等量氮素养分条件下,草莓器官的氮素吸收状况对不同氮肥品种反应不一。尽管无机肥处理的氮素积累速率和地上部全氮含量较高,但施用商品有机肥较无机氮肥或有机无机复混肥更能促进草莓生长发育和草莓果实产量的增加,说明无机氮不宜作为草莓基肥一次性施用。结果还表明,施肥处理氮素的日均积累量平均为10.8.mg/plant,而不施肥处理仅为5.1.mg/plant。在果实采收末期,不同处理草莓各器官的氮素分配趋势为果实茎和叶柄叶片根系。施用纯有机肥(OFA和OFB),果实中吸收的氮素超过植株吸收总量的一半,分别占53.5%和51.7%,无机氮肥处理(UN)和有机无机复混肥处理(OIF)的果实氮素分配率分别只有46.1%和39.8%。     

机器学习结合高光谱植被指数与SPAD值估算冬小麦氮含量

冬小麦叶片氮含量与叶片光合作用和营养状况密切相关，直接影响植株生长发育，而茎秆中的氮含量与茎秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的比例和含量密切相关，直接影响茎秆质量及植株的抗倒伏能力。然而，有关对冬小麦茎秆氮含量估算研究较为有限，限制了从氮含量角度判断茎秆质量及对倒伏的预测能力。为精准估算冬小麦不同器官（叶片、茎秆）氮含量，该研究通过2年田间试验，获取冬小麦4个关键生育期（拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期）和3种施氮水平条件下（N1、N2和N3）的冠层光谱反射率、叶片、茎秆氮含量及叶片SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development， SPAD)值。分析了不同生育期和施氮水平条件下高光谱植被指数对叶片和茎秆氮含量的敏感性，并结合5种常用的机器学习算法：随机森林回归（random forest regression，RFR）、支持向量回归（support vector regression，SVR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression，PLSR）、高斯过程回归（gaussian process regression，GPR）、深度神经网络回归（deep neural networks，DNN）构建冬小麦叶片和茎秆氮含量估算模型。结果表明：高光谱植被指数对叶片和茎秆氮含量的敏感性受到生育期和施氮水平的影响。在灌浆期，最佳植被指数双峰冠层植被指数 DCNI（double-peak canopy nitrogen index）对叶片氮含量的敏感性最高，R²为0.866。对茎秆氮含量，在抽穗期的敏感性最高，最佳植被指数归一化叶绿素比值指数 NPQI（normalized phaeophytinization index）与氮含量相关系数R²＝0.677。施氮水平的提升增加了光谱植被指数对茎秆氮含量的敏感性。结合SPAD值的机器学习算法提升了氮含量的估算精度，对叶片氮含量，在不同生育期和施氮水平条件下估算精度提升了1%～7%，其中在全生育期的归一化均方根误差NRMSE从0.254提升到0.214，抽穗期的NRMSE提升最大，从0.201提升到0.128。对茎秆氮含量，全生育期的NRMSE从0.443提升到0.400，抽穗期的NRMSE提升最大，从0.323提升到0.268。在全生育期，结合SPAD值的DNN模型对叶片（R²=0.782、NRMSE=0.214）和茎秆（R²=0.802、NRMSE=0.400）氮含量的估算精度最佳。研究说明，SPAD值与光谱植被指数结合有利于提升冬小麦不同生育期和施氮水平条件下叶片和茎秆氮含量的估算精度。     

Effect of air temperature after heading of rice on the arsenic concentration of grain

ABSTRACT

High air temperatures during the grain-filling stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) decrease grain yield and quality. Temperatures above the optimal growth temperature impair dry matter production due to reduced grain size. Since the arsenic (As) concentration in grain is determined by the As accumulation and the grain weight, we focused on the effect of air temperature before and after rice heading on the As concentration in grain. Rice plants have been planted in the same field every year since 1974 with a similar set-up and water management. We analyzed the As concentrations in stored rice grains produced in 1995–2014 and evaluated the possible relationships with the meteorological data for the associated production year. The average daily mean air temperatures (DMTs) from 2 weeks after the heading day to 4 weeks after the heading day were significantly correlated with the inorganic As concentrations in the grains, whereas there was no significant correlation between the grain As concentration and the average DMT during 1 week after the heading day or 3 weeks before the heading day. These findings indicate that high air temperature is more effective at increasing As in grain in the late ripening stage of rice than before the ripening stage or in the early ripening stage. Further experiments are necessary to clarify why As concentrations in grain increase when high air temperatures occur in the late ripening stage of rice.     

稻虾共作对稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

稻虾共作是水稻种植与克氏螯虾共作形成的互利共生的稻田种养复合生态模式。目前对稻虾共作模式稻田反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响尚不清楚。本研究以江汉平原常规中稻模式(MR)为对照,设置连续3年(2014—2016年)稻虾共作模式(CR)为处理,通过特异引物提取中稻抽穗期稻田土壤nirK基因,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,探讨稻虾共作模式对稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明:稻虾共作模式显著提升水稻抽穗期稻田土壤中硝态氮、全氮及全碳的含量,对土壤碳氮比、碱解氮和铵态氮含量没有显著影响。稻虾共作模式显著增加稻田土壤nirK基因微生物的丰富度指数,但对nirK基因微生物的多样性指数影响不显著。稻虾共作模式改变了nirK基因微生物在目、科、属、种水平的群落组成,较常规中稻模式,稻虾共作模式在各分类水平组成类群均减少;稻虾共作模式较常规中稻模式改变了目的种类,对共有目相对丰度没有显著性改变。RDA分析表明稻虾共作模式对土壤nirK基因菌群的群落结构有一定的改变,但稻虾共作模式与常规中稻模式在群落结构上仍保留着一定的相似性。硝态氮含量是影响nirK反硝化细菌群落结构的主效因子。可见,稻虾共作模式对微生物多样性指数没有显著影响,但显著增加了微生物丰富度指数,改变了稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物在目、科、属、种的群落结构。     

粳稻硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应及其基因型差异

以15个常规粳稻品种为材料,设置0 、150、225、300 kg/hm2四种氮素水平,研究水稻硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应及其基因型差异。结果表明,不同生育时期,硅在水稻各器官、全株中的积累量均随氮素水平的提高而增加。随氮素水平的提高,水稻在移栽-拔节和抽穗-成熟阶段的积累比例增加而拔节-抽穗阶段的积累比例减少,在茎鞘中的分配比例减少而叶片和穗中的分配比例增加。不同生育时期,硅在茎鞘、叶片和全株中的含量均随氮素水平的提高而下降,抽穗和成熟期,穗中的硅素含量随氮素水平的提高而下降,至中肥最低,高肥条件下略有回升。不同氮素条件下,水稻硅素的积累与分配特性存在显著的基因型差异,同时各基因型硅素积累与分配对氮素的反应也存在差异。其中,武育粳7号、华粳3号、武香粳9号、香粳20-18、武育粳3号、晚粳4003、早丰9号、华粳2号的硅素积累效率具有随氮素水平的提高保持稳定或相对提高的特性,对于氮肥用量不断增加条件下水稻植株的抗逆性改良具有较好的遗传潜力。     

The fate of markerAzospirillum lipoferum inoculated into rice and its effect on growth,yield and N2 fixation of plants studied by acetylene reduction,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques

Summary A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,¹⁵N₂ feeding and¹⁵N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.¹⁵N₂ feeding of OS4 at heading showed more¹⁵N₂ incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,¹⁵N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N₂ fixation.     

缓/控释肥对双季稻产量、氮素吸收和平衡的影响

在江西省双季稻区连续2年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮(CK)、分次优化施肥(OPT)、一次性基施缓/控释肥(100CRF)和一次性基施80%缓/控释肥(80CRF)4个施肥处理,研究施用缓/控释肥对双季稻产量、氮素吸收与利用、土壤矿质氮累积以及系统氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:与OPT处理相比,100CRF、80CRF处理2年4季水稻产量均无显著差异,但100CRF处理水稻吸氮量显著提高(P0.05),在2013年早晚稻分别提升32.58%(P0.05)和15.41%(P0.05),80CRF处理与OPT处理无显著差异。施用缓/控释肥与分次优化施肥比较,能提高早晚稻氮肥表观利用率、氮肥表观残留率,降低土壤氮素损失率。在双季稻连作体系,土壤中矿质氮含量在同生育期均表现为早稻高于晚稻,100CRF、80CRF处理与OPT处理在分蘖期、抽穗期、成熟期均无显著差异,但土壤NO–3-N在晚稻成熟期100CRF处理显著高于OPT处理(P0.05)。2年平均100CRF和80CRF处理氮损失量比OPT处理分别减少65.34 kg/hm2(33.08%)和90.64 kg/hm2(45.89%)。氮盈余量分别减少51.63 kg/hm2(29.41%)和85.13 kg/hm2(48.49%)。因此缓/控释肥施用可促进双季稻获得高产,增加植株氮素吸收,维持了较高的土壤氮素水平并减少氮素损失,当前生产条件下,缓/控释肥减量20%,双季水稻在维持高产的同时氮肥利用率最高,氮素损失最低,是一种较为合适的施肥方式。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

Distribution of Nitrogen between Crop and Weeds in Spring Cereals

Abstract

The nitrogen content of the above-ground biomass of crop and weeds was assessed one week after crop heading in the beginning of July in spring barley and spring wheat. Crops were sown with a combined sowing and fertilizing machine at five seed rates. The trial plots received nitrogen, 90 kg ha^?1. No herbicides were applied. In spring barley sown at a normal seed rate, less than 5% of the nitrogen in the above-ground biomass was accumulated in weeds. In spring wheat stands the corresponding amount averaged 10–15%. The nitrogen concentration in the crop biomass averaged 1.8% of the dry weight and that in mixed weed species 3.2%. Under normal growth conditions the N concentration in crop and weeds was relatively constant at the time of crop heading. Variations in N accumulation between crop plants and weeds are explained by the different biomass production of the plants.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in saline soil in the Hai River Basin,China

Background and Objectives  

Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻-N) accumulation is related closely to NO₃ ⁻ leaching, which is an important issue in groundwater pollution, especially in intensive agricultural areas with saline soils where volumes of water are used in irrigation to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone. However, in the saline environment in Hai River Basin, China, the importance of detailed research into NO₃ ⁻-N distribution in the root zone has not been adequately recognized. Considering the impacts of eco-environmental system N and crop production, the present study aimed at contributing to an understanding of the effects of N application rate on soil NO₃ ⁻-N distribution, NO₃ ⁻-N residue, N loss, and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in this region.     

Nutrition Accumulation,Remobilization, and Partitioning in Rice on No-Tillage Soil

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of no-tillage (NT) on nutrient uptake, remobilization, and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results showed that nitrogen (N) concentrations in stem and panicle in NT were lower than those in conventional tillage (CT). However, leaf N concentration was relatively higher in NT plants after heading stage. No significant difference was found in phosphorus (P) concentration between two tillage treatments before heading stage. However, at mature stage, NT had higher P concentration in panicle. The NT plants had higher potassium (K) concentrations in both leaf and stem than CT ones before heading stage. At maturity stages, the difference about the nutrient accumulation between the two tillage treatments varied with plant organs. The NT plants had significantly higher stem and leaf nutrient accumulations than CT ones at late stages, while at early stage, the difference between the two tillage treatments varied with location and year. Both N and K harvest index (NHI and KHI) was significantly higher in NT plants than in CT plants, but the difference between the two tillage treatments in P harvest index (PHI) was changeable over year and location. The NT plants had lower nutrient utilization efficiency in comparison with CT plants.