2016-2017年陕西省小麦区试品种（系）综合抗病性鉴定与评价

为了解2016-2017年陕西省区试的137份小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病的综合抗病水平,以当前我国小麦条锈病主要流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34混合菌株、小麦白粉菌混合菌株和小麦赤霉病强致病力菌株为病原,对区试品种(系)进行成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,137份区试材料中,有2份材料对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病兼具抗性,占供试材料的1.5%,分别为西农238和西农928;6份材料对条锈病和白粉病兼具抗性,占供试材料的4.4%;对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病表现高抗的材料（含免疫/近免疫）分别占供试材料的34.3%、2.9%和0.7%,中抗品种分别占35.0%、4.4%、33.6%,中感品种分别占21.9% 、8.0% 、30.7%,高感品种分别占8.6%、84.7%、35.0%。陕西省区试小麦品种（系）对条锈病的抗性整体较高,对白粉病和赤霉病的抗性相对较差。     

航天诱变小麦衍生系对主要真菌病害的抗性

为了解航天诱变小麦后代衍生系对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病的抗性特点,进而从中筛选出高抗且多抗的抗源材料,分别设置了CYR32和CYR33的混合条锈病鉴定圃、关中混合菌系的白粉病鉴定圃、强致病性混合小种CH1的赤霉病鉴定圃。鉴定结果表明,在供试的74份衍生系中,在条锈病方面,感病选系27个,成株期抗病选系30个,全生育期抗病选系17个;在白粉病方面,高感选系13个,中感选系38个,中抗选系19个,高抗选系4个;在赤霉病方面,高感选系33个,中感选系33个,中抗选系8个。三种病害抗性综合鉴定发现,兼抗条锈病和白粉病的选系有23个,其中包括高抗条锈病、高抗白粉病但高感赤霉病的选系3个,中抗条锈病、中抗白粉病但中感赤霉病的选系10个,兼抗条锈病和赤霉病的选系5个;筛选出1个对三种病害都表现中抗特征的选系SPW57-35。这些高抗和多抗突变体衍生系可作为小麦新型抗源材料。     

2009-2018年陕西省小麦区试品种(系)抗主要病害趋势分析

为了解2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病三种主要病害的抗性变化趋势,对来自陕西省各育种单位提供的1 200份小麦品种(系)进行三种病害的成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,1 200份材料中,879份材料对条锈病表现抗病,303份材料对白粉病表现抗病,295份材料对赤霉病表现抗病,分别占鉴定材料总数的73.25%、25.25%和24.58%。其中,对条锈病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗和中抗的分别有136份、223份和520份,分别占鉴定材料总数的11.33%、18.58%和43.33%;对白粉病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗、中抗的分别有7份、111份和185份,分别占鉴定材料总数的0.58%、9.25%和15.42%;对赤霉病表现高抗、中抗的分别有107份和188份,分别占鉴定材料总数的8.92%和15.67%,没有发现对赤霉病免疫的品种(系)。供试材料除抗条锈病频率10年间保持基本平稳外,抗白粉病和赤霉病以及兼抗频率均表现先上升后下降的趋势。西农837、XC-29、西农223、9916、9925、陕943、惠麦286等20个品种(系)对1～3种病害具有较好抗性,可作为抗病品种推广或作为抗源材料。鉴定结果表明,2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病的抗性水平整体较高,对赤霉病与白粉病的抗性整体较差,应当加强综合抗病育种。     

小麦成株期抗条锈病种质筛选与评价

为了给培育持久性抗条锈病小麦品种提供抗源,利用此前温室鉴定的48份小麦抗病种质于2006~2010年利用多个小麦条锈菌流行小种在陕西杨凌进行分小种、混合小种人工接种抗条锈病鉴定,并在甘肃天水自然发病条件下进行了抗条锈病鉴定。结果表明,供试材料中26份有较好的成株期抗性;结合农艺性状和白粉病抗性的综合表现以及天水自然发病鉴定圃的抗病表现,筛选出16份具有成株期广谱抗条锈性的小麦抗源,其它部分农家种和国外引进种质虽然具有良好的成株期抗条锈性,但其农艺性状、生育期及抗白粉病等需要进一步改造。     

70份小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因推导及检测

为了给小麦品种的合理布局和小麦条锈病防控提供参考信息,选用我国当前流行的条锈菌混合小种对70份小麦品种(系)进行成株期抗条锈性鉴定,利用基因推导的方法对供试品种(系)所含的基因进行分析,结合系谱信息,并采用分子标记进行已知抗病基因验证。结果表明,对条锈菌混合小种(CYR34、CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17和Su-1)表现免疫和近免疫的品种(系)有24份,占供试品种(系)的34.29%;表现高抗和中抗的品种(系)有17份,占24.29%。说明供试小麦品种(系)对当前流行条锈菌混合小种具有良好的成株期抗性,可用于品种布局。基因推导分析结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中18份携带抗条锈病基因 Yr21,20份含 Yr3,11份含 Yr1,8份含 Yr5,3份含YrSD, 3份含 Yr32,6份含 Yr10,1份(烟836)含有YrSu,1份(金禾9123)含有 Yr26。分子标记检测结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)携带的抗性基因分别为 Yr5(11份)、 Yr9(2份)、 Yr10(9份)、 Yr15(1份)和 Yr26(4份)。由于遗传背景和遗传距离等因素,分子标记检测和基因推导结果不完全一致。     

南农92R系列小麦种质在甘肃陇南的条锈病和白粉病抗性表现及其利用价值

为了解南农92R系列小麦种质在甘肃陇南抗条锈病和白粉病的表现及其利用价值，本研究以南农92R系列小麦种质92R137、92R178为供试材料，以铭贤169为对照小麦品种，于2009年和2018年进行苗期和成株期抗条锈病和白粉病人工接种鉴定，于1999－2019年进行条锈病和白粉病自然诱发鉴定。结果发现，人工接种鉴定试验中，两个种质在2009年对条锈菌供试小种（菌系）在苗期、成株期的反应型均为0型，抗病性表现为免疫，2018年对条锈菌供试小种（菌系）CYR32、CYR33和中4的反应型为0型，抗病性表现为免疫，对CYR34及G22-14和混合菌的反应型为3~4型，表现为中感或高感； 2009年和2018年两个种质对白粉病均保持免疫到中抗水平。自然诱发试验中，自2012年始，两个种质对条锈病的反应总体上均呈感病趋势，反应型最高为4型；但两个种质对白粉病的抗性表现稳定，一直保持免疫到中抗水平。这些结果表明，92R137和92R178在甘肃陇南已不能作为抗条锈病种质资源利用，但仍可作为抗白粉病一线资源材料利用。     

部分小麦种质资源材料对白粉病和锈病的抗性鉴定及分析

为了挖掘新的抗病基因资源,对82份小麦种质材料分别进行了苗期和/或成株期白粉病、秆锈病和条锈病抗性鉴定.结果表明,苗期抗白粉病材料占供试材料的46.34%;抗秆锈病材料占79.03%;抗条锈病材料占53.33%.一粒小麦MO2、MO5、BO1、BO3、BO9、BO104,二粒小麦 PS5,普通小麦黔麦15、沈免2059、捷克G377、丰优3号、Fr81-12 和兰考5号对白粉病和秆锈病均表现抗病.栽培一粒小麦MO5和野生一粒小麦 BO1、BO3、BO9 对三种病害均表现中等以上抗性.对部分材料进行了田间成株期鉴定的结果表明,对秆锈病均表现高抗,与苗期一致;条锈病、白粉病表现与苗期抗性有差别.研究结果说明,供试材料对不同病害的抗性存在明显差异,一粒、二粒小麦对白粉病抗性较好,骨干亲本和外引材料及辽宁省区域试验参试品系对秆锈病抗性较好.     

134份四川小麦品种(系)的条锈病抗性评价

小麦条锈病是四川小麦生产中的第一大病害。为了系统掌握四川小麦品种和后备品系的条锈病抗性水平,给四川乃至全国小麦抗条锈病育种及品种的合理布局提供参考信息,利用7个条锈菌流行小种对134份四川审定品种和后备品系的苗期和成株期条锈病抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,四川小麦品种(系)在苗期对7个条锈菌小种CYR31、Su11-7、CYR29、Su11-4、CYR32、CYR33和V26(新致病类型)的抗性频率分别为92.4%、92.5%、89.3%、89.4%、87.3%、85.0%和82.8%;其中,76份品种(系)抗所有小种,占56.0%;此外,条锈菌新致病类型V26对四川小麦品种(系)的毒性已经超过当前的优势小种CYR32和CYR33。根据抗谱分析结果,将所有品种(系)分为四大类。其中,66.4%的品种(系)为全生育期抗性,17.9%为成株期抗性,9.7%表现为苗期抗性,6.0%表现为感病。表明四川小麦品种(系)整体抗性水平较高,但抗病类型相对单一。因此,需要进一步拓宽抗源,提高抗病基因的多样性;同时应逐步开展全生育期抗病基因和成株期抗病基因聚合育种,以提高品种抗病的持久性。     

小麦抗源南农790成株期抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确小麦抗锈种质南农790条锈病抗性特征和抗病遗传规律,以5个条锈菌生理小种CYR23、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33对其进行苗期抗谱鉴定,并以CYR32和CYR33混合小种对南农790、Avocet S及南农790与Avocet S正交所获得的F1代、F2代和F2∶3群体进行混合小种成株期抗条锈性鉴定及遗传分析。抗病鉴定结果显示,南农790苗期对CYR32和CYR33表现为中度感病(IT:6~7),对其余小种表现为抗病(IT≤2),成株期对混合小种表现为近免疫(IT≤2,S≤5%),表明南农790具有成株期抗条锈性;各世代抗病遗传分析结果表明,其成株期抗病性由一个显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrNan;采用集群分离分析法(BSA),以SSR分子标记对F2代分离群体进行分子作图,发现了6个与YrNan连锁的SSR标记(Xgwm11,Xbarc187,Xbarc181,Xgwm273,Xwmc419和Xwmc216),并将其定位于小麦的1BL染色体,两侧最近的标记分别为Xbarc181(1.3cM)和Xgwm273(6.3cM)。研究结果为南农790抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择及在育种上的应用提供了依据。     

2019-2023年度陕西省科企联合体小麦区试品种抗病性鉴定与评价

为掌握陕西省科企联合体小麦区试品种抗病性水平,对2019—2023年度连续5年参加联合体区试的114份品种,采用大田人工接种的方法进行小麦条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病、叶锈病和纹枯病等5种病害的抗性鉴定与评价。结果表明,供试的114份品种对鉴定的5种病害抗性程度差异较大,表现为对条锈病抗性水平较高,对白粉病和赤霉病抗性水平最差。供试品种中,对条锈病表现免疫-中抗的品种61份,占供试品种的53.51%;对白粉病表现免疫-中抗的品种27份,占供试品种的23.68%;对赤霉病表现抗-中抗的品种21份,占供试品种的18.42%;同时鉴定出2份对5种病害均表现抗病的品种,分别为西农968和金麦207。对21份高感条锈病的品种均按陕西省区试品种试验要求终止了试验。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.