小麦种质资源BJ399抗条锈病基因的分子标记定位

条锈病是影响小麦产量和品质的一种世界性病害。种质资源BJ399对小麦条锈病具有良好的苗期和成株期抗性,为明确其条锈病抗性基因,利用BJ399和高感条锈病品种铭贤169杂交,获得BJ399/铭贤169的F_1、BC_1和F_2代分离群体,并利用我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种条中34号(CYR34)进行温室苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明,BJ399对CYR34的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂命名为 YrBJ399。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xwmc296、Xgwm425和Xgwm558,且3个标记位于抗病基因的同一侧,距离目的基因最近的标记为Xwmc296,其遗传距离为9.5 cM,标记Xgwm425和Xgwm558与目的基因 YrBJ399的遗传距离分别为14.3 cM和18.0 cM,并初步将抗病基因定位于小麦染色体2AS上。根据抗病基因来源和染色体定位结果推测, YrBJ399可能是一个抗条锈病新基因。     

小麦种质WS4-8苗期抗条锈性遗传分析及分子作图

条锈病是小麦生产中的主要病害之一,研究和利用抗病种质是小麦抗条锈病育种的基础.为明确小麦体细胞无性系4-8(WS4-8)的抗条锈病基因及其遗传规律,用条锈菌生理小种CYR33对WS4-8和感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代群体进行了苗期接种鉴定和抗条锈基因遗传分析.结果表明,WS4-8对CYR33表现抗病,其抗性由1对显性基因控制.利用BSA法对构建的F2代遗传作图群体进行了SSR标记分析,标记Xgpw5281、Xcfd35和Xgwm341与抗性基因具有连锁关系,且都为共显性标记,与抗病基因之间的遗传距离分别为6.8、7.2和21.8 cM.根据作图结果,将WS4-8所携带的对CYR33的抗条锈病基因定位于小麦3DS染色体上.基于该基因的作图位置与分子标记结果,认为该基因可能是一个新的抗条锈病基因,暂命名为YrWS4-8.     

小麦新抗源Centrum抗条锈性特征及遗传分析

为了明确小麦种质Centrum的抗条锈性特征及抗性遗传规律,分别在杨凌和天水两地对其进行成株期抗条锈性评价,并以CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-7、CH42等8个条锈菌生理小种对其进行苗期抗谱分析,以CYR29和CYR32对Centrum与感病亲本Avocet S构建的BC1、F2和F3群体进行苗期抗条锈病遗传分析。结果表明,Centrum在杨凌混合小种圃和天水自然诱发圃成株期均为免疫反应,苗期对所有参试小种均表现为免疫或近免疫;抗病遗传分析表明Centrum对CYR29和CYR32的抗性分别由同一对显性基因控制。     

小麦种质P10078的成株期条锈病抗性特征及遗传规律

为明确小麦抗病种质P10078的抗条锈病特征及抗病遗传规律,利用4个小麦条锈菌小种CYR32、CYR33、V26/CM42和Sull-7对P10078进行了苗期分小种鉴定,并分别在陕西杨凌人工接种病圃和甘肃天水自然诱发病圃连续多年对P10078与感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代(F_1、F_2、F_(2∶3))进行成株期抗条锈病鉴定。结果发现,P10078苗期对CYR32、V26/CM42表现为感病(IT:7~8),对V26/CM42和Sull-7表现为抗病(IT:2),成株期对混合小种表现为高度抗病(IT:1,S:1%),表明P10078为包含全生育期抗病基因的成株期抗病品种;F_2抗感分离比为3∶1,F_(2∶3)抗感分离比为1∶2∶1,表明P10078成株期抗性由一对显性主效基因控制。P10078所含抗条锈基因为未知抗性基因。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr9的分子标记及其检测

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr9来源于小麦-小伞山羊草(Aegilops umbellulata)T6BS · 6BL-6U# 1L染色体易住,对我国叶锈菌优势生理小种THT和PHT表现高度抵抗.为了给小麦抗叶锈病育种提供依据,本研究利用从美国引进的含有Lr9基因的叶锈抗源Arthur 71与高感叶锈病普通小麦品系薛早杂交产生的F2群体及F2:3家系,研究了Lr9基因的遗传特性,通过集群分离分析方法筛选到与Lr9基因连锁的6个SSR标记(Xwmc179 、Xbarc1 46 、Xbarc198 、Xcfa2110 、Xbarc24和Xbarc178),1个EST-STS标记(BE443156)和1个ESTSSR标记(XMAG799),其中Xwmc179、Xbarc146、XMAG799和BE443156为显性的分子标记,Xbarc198、Xca2110 、Xbarc24和Xbarc178为共显性的分子标记,Lr9基因位于6BL染色体末端,与EST-STS标记BE443156共分离,与SSR标记Xbarc178的遗传距离为3.4 cM.证实STS标记J13/1+2和SCAR标记SCS5550与Lr9基因共分离,可作为Lr9基因分子标记辅助选择的重要工具,而本研究鉴定出的SSR标记可以作为重要的遗传背景选择标记.利用“滚动式加代回交转育”对Lr9基因抗源材料进行了遗传改良和分子标记检测,获得了含有Lr9基因且生育期、千粒重等性状显著改善的抗叶锈病新品系.     

普通小麦品种科成麦2号抗条锈病基因鉴定及分子作图

普通小麦品种科成麦2号（咸阳大穗/E10//多花1号/3/贵农20/4/绵阳26）,对我国目前流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32和水源11-4表现免疫或近免疫,而科成麦2号的近等基因系CD1438对条中32和水源11-4高感。为了给小麦抗条锈病育种提供参考依据,对科成麦2号/CD1438杂交组合的F1材料以及F2、F3群体进行了抗病性鉴定与遗传分析,结果表明,科成麦2号对条中32的抗性受细胞核内的显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrKC2。利用集群分离分析法（BSA）和简单重复序列（SSR）分子标记分析,发现了7个与YrKC2连锁的SSR标记并构建连锁标记遗传图谱,其中Xcfd65/Xgwm11紧邻YrKC2,遗传距离为1.7 cM;Xgwm18、Xbarc187/Xwmc406、Xwmc419、Xwmc216依次排列,与YrKC2的遗传距离分别为2.5、3.3、6.0、9.2 cM。根据SSR分子标记的遗传图谱,将YrKC2定位在小麦的1B染色体短臂上。通过系谱分析和分子标记分析,推测YrKC2可能来源于小麦品种贵农20。基因等位性鉴定表明,YrKC2可能与Yr26、Yr24和YrCH42互为等位基因。     

小麦抗条锈病基因 Yr69连锁标记在育种中的应用评价

由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp.tritici Eriks.,Pst)引起的小麦条锈病是严重威胁小麦生产的重大病害之一。为促进抗条锈病基因 Yr69在小麦育种中的应用,利用8个与 Yr69连锁的分子标记对推广品种长4738与 Yr69的载体品系CH7086构建的F_2群体为材料进行检测,利用小麦条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、CYR34混合小种(1∶1∶1)接种F_(2:3)家系进行抗病性鉴定,并评价 Yr69连锁标记在育种中应用的有效性。结果表明,4个共显性标记Xgwm636、Xgwm210、Xwmc382和X2AS33对 Yr69具有较好的检测效果,其检测准确率随着分子标记与目标基因遗传距离的减小而提高。其中,X2AS33的检测准确率高达96.7%,是分子辅助育种中检测 Yr69的较理想连锁标记。     

小麦新抗源抗锈性评价和SSR位点遗传多样性

为了解小麦条锈病新抗源兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355的抗病性及遗传基础,对其苗期和成株期分别进行抗条锈性鉴定,并以小麦全基因组SSR标记为工具分析了新抗源与四个感病材料(Avocet S、铭贤169、790-149-34、中国春)间的遗传多样性。结果表明,兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355对当前条锈病流行小种具有全生育期或成株期抗性; 在975个SSR多态性位点共有3 390个等位性变异,每个位点平均等位变异3.48;全基因组和A、B、D基因组范围聚类结果基本一致,8个材料可分成三类,其中品冬34遗传背景与其他材料差异较大;随机抽取部分标记进行标记数量累加聚类,标记数量愈多,聚类结果愈稳定可靠。     

西藏青稞和小麦品种的条锈病抗性鉴定

为明确西藏青稞、小麦品种的条锈病抗性水平,以合理利用抗病品种防控条锈病,采用常规接种法,利用当前西藏大麦条锈菌的流行菌系PSH1和PSH2、小麦条锈菌的流行小种CYR33和CYR32,分别对供试的15个青稞、26个小麦品种在温室进行苗期、成株期抗条锈病鉴定,并分析其抗性水平与抗性类型。结果发现,15个供试青稞品种中,仅喜马拉21号对大麦条锈菌菌系PSH1、PSH2兼具苗期和成株期抗性,15个均对小麦条锈菌小种CYR33、CYR32表现抗病。26个供试小麦品种中,19个对小麦条锈菌小种CYR33和CYR32兼具苗期抗性和成株期抗性,所有供试小麦对大麦条锈菌菌系PSH1、PSH2均表现抗病。     

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3抗条锈（条中30、31）性状的遗传分析

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30(CYR30)和条中31(CYR31)免疫-高抗。为明确SWAHEN3抗条锈性状的遗传规律，将SWAHEN3与高感硬粒小麦品种Kappli杂交，获得杂种F     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.