非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

为制备非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）p62蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,并初步应用于感染组织样品中ASFV抗原的免疫组化（IHC）检测,本研究以杆状病毒表达的非洲猪瘟病毒重组p62蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合获得杂交瘤细胞。结果显示：基于纯化的p62蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法对杂交瘤细胞进行筛选和亚克隆,获得了18株可稳定分泌抗非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。经IFA检测,制备的单克隆抗体均与非洲猪瘟病毒反应,且不与猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等猪源常见病毒反应,特异性良好。抗体识别蛋白的鉴定结果显示,3株MAbs识别p35蛋白,15株MAbs识别p15蛋白。14株MAbs重链亚类为IgG1型,4株MAbs重链亚类为IgG2a,轻链均为κ链。利用18株MAbs对ASFV感染猪的肺、扁桃体、淋巴结等组织进行IHC检测,结果显示5株MAbs均能够与感染ASFV的组织发生特异性的免疫反应。本研究获得的非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体可为非洲猪瘟病毒免疫学检测方法的建立及p62蛋白的结构功能等基础研究提供重要的生物材料。     

非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

为制备非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)p62蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,并初步应用于感染组织样品中ASFV抗原的免疫组化(IHC)检测,本研究以杆状病毒表达的非洲猪瘟病毒重组p62蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合获得杂交瘤细胞。结果显示:基于纯化的p62蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法对杂交瘤细胞进行筛选和亚克隆,获得了18株可稳定分泌抗非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。经IFA检测,制备的单克隆抗体均与非洲猪瘟病毒反应,且不与猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等猪源常见病毒反应,特异性良好。抗体识别蛋白的鉴定结果显示,3株MAbs识别p35蛋白,15株MAbs识别p15蛋白。14株MAbs重链亚类为IgG1型,4株MAbs重链亚类为IgG2a,轻链均为κ链。利用18株MAbs对ASFV感染猪的肺、扁桃体、淋巴结等组织进行IHC检测,结果显示5株MAbs均能够与感染ASFV的组织发生特异性的免疫反应。本研究获得的非洲猪瘟病毒p62蛋白单克隆抗体可为非洲猪瘟病毒免疫学检测方法的建立及p62蛋白的结构功能等基础研究提供重要的生物材料。     

单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光检测猪瘟病毒方法的建立

以作者制备的抗猪瘟病毒单克隆抗体(anti-CSFV McAb)为一抗、荧光素标记羊抗小鼠IgG为二抗,通过反应条件的优化,建立检测猪瘟病毒抗原的间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测方法。确定IFA最佳工作条件:CSFV最佳接种浓度和培养条件为CSFV 10-3倍稀释后接种PK15细胞,37℃5%CO2恒温箱中培养36 h;McAb最适工作浓度为1∶1 000倍稀释;荧光素标记的羊抗小鼠IgG荧光抗体的最适工作浓度为1∶50倍稀释。特异性试验表明,用建立的IFA检测方法检测CSFV感染PK15细胞为阳性,而检测伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪2型圆环病毒(PCV-2)感染PK15细胞均为阴性。结果表明,建立的检测细胞培养中CSFV抗原的IFA检测方法具有敏感特异、简便快速等优点,可用于CSFV感染的实验室诊断及CSFV在感染细胞中的定位和动态分布研究。     

分泌抗猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的制备与鉴定

用纯化的猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)免疫Balb／c小鼠，应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术．取脾细胞与NSn骨髓瘤细胞融合，经间接ELISA筛选，3次有限稀释法克隆，得到1株能稳定分泌抗猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株：6Pg。经鉴定，该单抗为IgG1亚类，杂交瘤细胞的平均染色体数目为99条，杂交瘤细胞培养上清及小鼠腹水单克隆抗体的ELISA效价分别为1：256和1：20480。经Western-blot鉴定为针对N蛋白的单抗。6Pn株单克隆抗体与伪狂犬病毒、猪瘟病毒、猪细小病毒均不发生交叉反应，显示出良好的特异性。连续培养20代后能稳定分泌抗体。此单克隆抗体的获得为PRRSV的研究及快速诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

PCV2感染性分子克隆的制备及体内外感染性试验

将猪圆环病毒2型（Type2 porcine circovirus，PCV2）JXL株cDNA插入到载体pMD18-T中，获得的pMDT-PCV转染猪肾细胞PK15细胞系，盲传4代后，利用PCV2阳性猪血清进行间接免疫荧光抗体试验（IFA），能检测到特异性荧光。将pMDT-PCV质粒DNA腹股沟淋巴结注射40日龄仔猪2头，分别接种2、3次，接种剂量500μg／次，首次注射35d心脏放血致死。在体内感染性试验期间，动物未出现明显临床症状。试验结束，病理切片结果显示，不同淋巴组织中分别存在淋巴细胞缺失或增多的现象；肾小球、扁桃体、空肠淋巴结和股前淋巴结等冰冻组织切片中存在大量PCV2病毒抗原；血清中PCV2特异性的ELISA抗体效价迭1：2560，IFA效价为1：1280；通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）可以分别从体外感染PK15细胞和体内感染动物及同圈饲养的空白对照猪的淋巴组织中扩增到病毒特异性基因片段。本研究证明含有单拷贝PCV2的重组质粒pMDT—PCV在体内、外均具有感染性，能衍生出病毒，并产生符合自然感染PCV2的大体病变和组织病理学变化，并激发较强的体液免癌应答。     

检测伪狂犬病病毒双抗体夹心间接ELISA方法的建立与应用

以猪伪狂犬病病毒（PrV）Ea株特异性单克隆抗体576株为捕获抗体，纯化的抗PrV IgG为检测抗体，建立了检测PrV抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA方法。最佳反应条件为，单克隆抗体576株的包被浓度为12．2μg／mL，IgG的工作浓度为16．0μg／mL，对PrV的检测灵敏度达15．6ng（0．156μg／mL），与乙型脑炎病毒（JEV）、猪瘟病毒（HCV）、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪细小病毒（PPV）和猪流感病毒（SIV）等无交叉反应。批间和批内变异系数较小，分别为6．39％和4．1％。应用本方法对人工感染PrV的40日龄仔猪组织进行检测，肺和脑PrV抗原检出率最高，其次是脾、心、肝和肌肉。应用该方法和PrV对159份临床样本进行平行检测，发现二者的符合率可达到77．4％，比PCR敏感。实验结果表明：双抗体夹心间接ELISA方法具有敏感性高、特异性强和重复性好的特点，可广泛应用于动物组织中PrV的检测。     

猪δ冠状病毒胶体金试纸条检测方法的建立

为建立一种方便、快捷、实用的检测猪δ 冠状病毒(PDCoV)方法,本研究利用原核表达猪δ 冠状病毒N 蛋白,以纯化的N 蛋白免疫BALB/C小鼠,利用杂交瘤细胞技术研制2株分泌PDCoV N 蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为E8、A10。2株杂交瘤细胞分泌单克隆抗体敏感性及特异性良好,E8亚类为IgG2a,A10亚类为IgG1。以E8作为金标抗体,A10作为检测抗体,兔抗鼠作为质控线抗体,制备猪δ 冠状病毒胶体金检测试纸条,检测猪δ 冠状病毒敏感性为100TCID50,检测猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪瘟病毒、猪圆环病毒、猪δ 冠状病毒阴性对照均为阴性。本研究建立的胶体金试纸条检测方法敏感性及特异性良好。该检测方法的建立,为猪δ 冠状病毒(PDCoV)流行病学调查提供一种方法,同时为规模化养殖集团及基层兽医组织提供一种检测猪δ 冠状病毒产品。     

二甲基亚砜在猪瘟病毒培养中的应用

猪瘟病毒能在猪肾细胞和其它一些哺乳动物细胞内增殖。感染性最强的是PK15和ST等几株猪肾和猪睾丸细胞系[1]。本实验室保存的ST细胞株易形成复层,长时间培养形成组织块突起,细胞团易脱落,无法长期连续收获猪瘟病毒。二甲基亚砜(DMSO)不仅可以影响细胞代谢促进蛋白合成[2]而且DMSO对猪瘟病毒囊膜中的脂质和脂蛋白有稳定作用[1]。     

猪圆环病毒1型阴性的PK-15细胞株的筛选

PK15是猪肾传代细胞系,其父母代源自1955年美国Stice提供的成年猪肾细胞PK2a,后被美国ATCC收藏(收藏号为ATCCCCL33)[1].PK15细胞现已广泛应用于猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒等的分离、体外增殖以及多种兽用疫苗的生产.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的制备抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)单克隆抗体并对其生物学特性进行鉴定。方法以纯化的PRRSV全病毒抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体,并测定其免疫球蛋白亚类、效价和特异性。结果成功获得2株能稳定分泌抗PRRSVM蛋白的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞,命名为3C3、3D2,经鉴定亚类均为IgG2a、kappa链。2株单克隆抗体腹水ELISA效价达105～107,IPMA效价达1:2560～1:10240,与猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒等无交叉反应。结论获得特异性针对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的单克隆抗体,为研究该病的快速诊断技术奠定基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.