岭南槭不同种源家系种子形态和幼苗生长变异

[目的]探讨不同种源家系岭南槭种子形态、种子萌发与幼苗生长的特性,分析它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。[方法]对广东省岭南槭天然分布区的3个种源18个家系的种子表型性状、发芽特征、幼苗生长性状和叶色表现进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]表明:肇庆黑石顶(HSD)种源的种子最厚、最宽,深圳七娘山(QNS)种源的种子最薄、最窄,惠州南昆山(NKS)种源的种子最长,种子千粒质量最高;翅长与翅宽呈极显著正相关(P0.01),种子千粒质量与发芽率显著正相关(P0.05);岭南槭1年生幼苗地径与苗高成正比,幼苗生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响;在色彩表现方面,QNS3、QNS13家系的明度L*值较大,QNS13色相b*值显著高于其他家系,NKS14家系幼苗的色相a*值最大。[结论]种子千粒质量越高,发芽率越高;幼苗的地径苗高生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响。NKS14家系幼苗红叶特征最明显,色彩表现较好。     

凤凰木种源与家系种子育苗试验研究

2013-2014年进行凤凰木不同种源与家系的种子育苗试验研究,结果表明:不同种源与家系间的千粒重、种子发芽能力与1年生苗木的地径及苗高生长存在较大差异,而冠幅生长差异不明显。经相关分析,凤凰木种源与家系间种子的发芽率与千粒重、平均发芽率分别呈极显著正相关和显著负相关;苗高生长与地径、平均发芽率分别呈较显著正相关和显著负相关。     

旱冬瓜不同家系种子发芽能力比较

为探明不同家系旱冬瓜种子的发芽能力,通过对9组不同半同胞家系的种子进行实验性测定和发芽试验,对其净度、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势和平均发芽时间进行比较,评价不同家系的旱冬瓜种子储藏后的发芽能力。结果表明:9个家系的旱冬瓜种子的净度、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势和平均发芽时间均存在极显著差异,其中‘思茅2号’种子的净度(88.9%)最高,‘宁洱1号’的千粒重(0.3999 g)最高,‘思茅1号’的发芽率(72.65%)和发芽势(61.00%)最高,‘思茅2号’和‘江城2号’的平均发芽时间(6.5天)最短。综合筛选出‘思茅1号’的半同胞家系为最优。通过低温储藏延长种子生活力,可以灵活调节播种时间。     

秃杉不同家系种子品质及1年生苗木生长变异分析

对90余个秃杉家系种子品质及1年生苗木生长的观测分析表明:秃杉家系种子千粒重平均为1.342 g,变异呈连续的数量性状,近似于对数正态分布曲线;家系的场圃发芽率平均为10.56%,变异呈连续的数量性状,近似于泊松分布曲线;千粒重、场圃发芽率和苗高间呈正相关关系,而千粒重、场圃发芽率与地径相关不密切;1年生苗高和地径在家系间和家系内差异均显著或极显著,而在种源间则苗高差异极显著、地径差异不显著,苗高和地径均大于对照的有19个家系。     

乐东拟单性木兰种源和家系种子苗木培育试验

乐东拟单性木兰是优良的园林绿化和珍贵用材树种。2006年10月,收集湖南长沙12个和江西7个优良单株（家系）种子进行苗木培育试验。结果表明：乐东拟单性木兰种子千粒重在84．75～187．10g之间,平均千粒重为132．1g,湘10最重。始发天数在18～87d之间,平均始发天数为27d,以湘11最长,赣1、赣3和赣6最短。场圃发芽率在43．6％～75．6％之间,平均场圃发芽率为56．16％,湘2最高,赣5最低,最高家系比最低家系的场圃发芽率高73．4％。出苗期在84～136d之间,平均出苗期为113d,湘11最长,湘8最短,最长家系出苗期比最短的多52d。苗木保存率在69．23％～93．60％之间,平均保存率86．22％,湘7最高,赣4和赣6最低;湘种源家系保存率86％,赣种源家系保存率74．29％。苗高生长家系间及重复间差异均达极显著水平,平均苗木高14．5cm,高生长在10．8～19．5cm之间,以湘7最高,达19．5cm,其次是湘9和湘4,赣种源家系平均苗高为11．2cm,湘种源家系平均苗高比赣种源高36．6％。千粒重与苗高、发芽率及保存率呈负相关。     

华北落叶松8个优良家系的种子萌发及苗期生长特性

为了比较华北落叶松初选优良家系的种子萌发特性和苗期生长性状,对8个家系和种子园混合株系、母树林及人工林种子的千粒重、饱满率等表型性状,室内发芽率和圃地发芽率等萌发特性,2a生苗的苗高、地径、生物量等生长性状进行了测量分析,结果表明:华北落叶松家系46、家系75、家系9和家系74的发芽率分别为96.00%、78.00%、90.00%和94.67%,苗高分别为35.6cm、33.0cm、32.8cm和31.4cm,地径分别为5.43mm、6.06mm、5.47mm和5.39mm;这4个家系在发芽指数、苗高和地径方面综合表现好于种子园、母树林和人工林,其隶属函数值为人工林的4倍以上,较母树林和种子园也高出35%以上。     

杉木数量性状相关性的研究

研究表明:杉木种子性状间、发芽率与优良度、发芽率与发芽势为极显著相关,而优良度与千粒重为显著相关;千粒重与苗期、幼林的生长性状间的线性相关不显著;同一家系年重复与千粒重之间虽显著线性相关,其它性状相关则不显著;同一家系同年份,苗高、侧枝数有较高的空间重复性,而地径、顶芽数空间的重复性较差;相同家系,树高、胸径和材积生长在不同的地点表现出不同程度的相关系数。树高与胸径生长的相关系数γ值为0.6—0.7;相同家系在不同年份重复中,胸径生长相关显著。     

乐昌含笑种源与家系种子育苗试验

2003~2004年对广东、广西、湖南、江西乐昌含笑的14个种源与广东的15个家系种子进行育苗试验,结果表明:乐昌含笑平均种子千粒重143.9 g,乐两16家系千粒重最大,达202 g,千粒重在家系间差异较在种源间差异大。平均始发天数57 d,种源间的差异较家系间差异大。平均播种总天数为155 d,总平均发芽期为100 d,广东乐昌大源种源、乐两12与乐两16家系的平均发芽期在种源、家系中均为最短,家系间播种总天数和平均发芽期总体上比种源间短。场圃平均发芽率为48.05%,种源为24.85%~73.70%,家系为17.93%~88.44%,其中乐两16家系最高,达88.44%,场圃发芽率种源间及家系间的差异均很明显,以家系间的差异尤其明显。1年生苗木平均高48.6 cm,平均地径0.71 cm,广东乐昌九峰种源的苗高和湖南醴陵王仙种源的地径在种源中分居首位,乐两14家系的苗高和乐两4家系的地径在家系中分居第一位。场圃发芽率与种子千粒重、平均发芽期分别呈较显著正相关和极显著负相关,平均发芽期与播种总天数呈极显著正相关,苗高与地径、始发天数分别呈较显著正相关和显著负相关。聚类分析将29个种源与家系分为5类,综合评价以乐大1、乐两16、乐两12、乐两15家系种子质量最优。     

黄冕林场江南油杉优树子代林测定

对来自广西、福建的31个江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis)家系进行种子品质测定、育苗和造林试验。结果表明,江南油杉不同家系间种子千粒重、饱满度、发芽率的差异极显著(P 0.01),分别为125.67～196.58 g、37.87%～77.63%、44.14%～88.19%,变异系数分别为20.42%、42.39%、41.39%。31个家系的生长性状差异也达到极显著水平(P 0.01),平均地径为1.68～6.46 cm,变异系数为3.24%～58.71%;平均树高为1.32～4.28 m,变异系数为2.11%～47.40%。3年生子代测定初步结果表明,参试家系可分为4个类型,其中35号为Ⅰ类家系,是表现最优秀的家系,地径和树高分别为群体均值的2.15和2.08倍,平均遗传增益分别为99.05%和97.03%;其次是32号,为Ⅱ类家系,地径和树高分别为群体均值的1.71和1.63倍,平均遗传增益分别为61.37%和56.82%。     

印度紫檀不同种源的苗木培育

通过对不同种源印度紫檀种子处理和苗木的培育方法,得出(普文)印度紫檀平均千粒重为80.1648g,平均发芽率为79%,(海南)印度紫檀千粒重为74.096g,平均发芽率为73%;普文种源比海南种源种子早出芽3天,普文种源地上部分(平均茎)为5.24cm,地下部分(根长)平均为3.27cm;海南种源地上部分为4.62cm,地下部分平均为2.72cm。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。