包膜复合酸化剂对东乡绿壳蛋鸡养分代谢率和血清抗氧化的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮中添加不同水平包膜复合酸化剂对东乡绿壳蛋鸡养分代谢率和血清抗氧化的影响,并确定其在饲粮中的适宜添加水平。选择48周龄健康东乡黑羽绿壳蛋鸡150羽,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复6羽,分别在基础日粮中添加0(对照组)、100、250、500和1000 mg/kg的包膜复合酸化剂作为试验饲粮,试验期28d。结果表明:(1)500和1000 mg/kg组分别提高产蛋率14.44%(P0.05)、12.50%(P0.05),分别降低料蛋比13.80%(P0.05)和14.14%(P0.05)。(2)500、1000mg/kg的酸化剂分别提高干物质的表观代谢率12.37%(P0.05)、12.35%(P0.05),250、1000mg/k的酸化剂分别提高能量表观代谢率18.44%(P0.01)、20.70%(P0.01),分别提高钙代谢率36.70%(P0.01)、36.79%(P0.01)。(3)250和500mg/kg酸化剂分别提高血清GSH-Px14.67%(P0.01)、18.59%(P0.01),分别提高T-AOC水平51.52%(P0.01)、25.33%(P0.01),分别降低MDA含量32.75%(P0.01)、41.74%(P0.01),增强了机体抗氧化能力。综合考虑,产蛋期东乡绿壳蛋鸡饲粮中包膜复合酸化剂的适宜添加量250~500mg/kg。     

包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁对夏季蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对夏季产蛋高峰期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量以及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。试验采用2×4双因子完全随机试验设计,其中饲粮中包膜酸化剂设2个添加水平,小肽螯合铁设4个添加水平。选用576只38周龄健康罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分成8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。A、B、C和D组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0(对照组)、0.04%、0.08%和0.12%小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg);E、F、G和H组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0、0.04%、0.08%和0.12%的小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg)。预试期1周,正试期6周。结果表明:1)包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对第3周和第6周蛋鸡的平均日采食量、产蛋率和料蛋比均无显著影响(P0.05)。G组第3周和第6周的平均日采食量均显著高于对照组和C、D组(P0.05);B组第6周的产蛋率显著高于对照组和D、E组(P0.05),且料蛋比显著低于D组(P0.05)。包膜酸化剂对第3周末蛋鸡的蛋重、第6周末的蛋黄指数和哈氏单位有显著影响(P0.05);小肽螯合铁对第6周末的蛋黄指数有显著影响(P0.05),小肽螯合铁和包膜酸化剂的交互作用对第6周末的蛋黄指数有极显著影响(P0.01),对第6周末的哈氏单位有显著影响(P0.05)。第3周末,G组的蛋重显著高于B组(P0.05),G和H组的蛋黄指数显著高于C组(P0.05);第6周末,C、D和G组的蛋重显著高于对照组(P0.05),F组的蛋黄指数显著高于C、D和E组(P0.05),E、F和G组的哈氏单位显著高于D组(P0.05)。2)小肽螯合铁及包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对第3周和第6周末蛋鸡蛋黄中铁元素含量有极显著影响(P0.01)。B、C、D、F、G和H组第3周和第6周末蛋黄中铁元素含量极显著高于对照组和E组(P0.01),且H组第3周末蛋黄中铁元素含量显著高于B和F组(P0.05);H组第3周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于F组(P0.05),B组第6周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于D组(P0.05)。3)包膜酸化剂对蛋鸡血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性有极显著影响(P0.01),对血清丙二醛(MDA)含量有显著影响(P0.05);包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对血清T-SOD活性有极显著影响(P0.01)。C组血清免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),D、E、F、G和H组血清T-SOD活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01);B、F和G组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组和E组(P0.05)。综合考虑,饲粮中单独添加0.04%和0.08%的小肽螯合铁或与300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂复合添加均有利于维持和延长蛋鸡夏季的产蛋高峰期,改善蛋品质,增加蛋中铁元素的富集,增强机体抗氧化能力。     

包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁对夏季蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素 量及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对夏季产蛋高峰期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量以及血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响.试验采用2×4双因子完全随机试验设计,其中饲粮中包膜酸化剂设2个添加水平,小肽螯合铁设4个添加水平.选用576只38周龄健康罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分成8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡.A、B、C和D组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0(对照组)、0.04％、0.08％和0.12％小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg);E、F、G和H组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂以及0、0.04％、0.08％和0.12％的小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg).预试期l周,正试期6周.结果表明:1)包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其交互作用对第3周和第6周蛋鸡的平均日采食量、产蛋率和料蛋比均无显著影响(P＞0.05).G组第3周和第6周的平均日采食量均显著高于对照组和C、D组(P＜0.05);B组第6周的产蛋率显著高于对照组和D、E组(P＜0.05),且料蛋比显著低于D组(P＜0.05).包膜酸化剂对第3周末蛋鸡的蛋重、第6周末的蛋黄指数和哈氏单位有显著影响(P＜0.05);小肽螯合铁对第6周末的蛋黄指数有显著影响(P＜0.05),小肽螯合铁和包膜酸化剂的交互作用对第6周末的蛋黄指数有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对第6周末的哈氏单位有显著影响(P＜0.05).第3周末,G组的蛋重显著高于B组(P＜0.05),G和H组的蛋黄指数显著高于C组(P＜0.05);第6周末,C、D和G组的蛋重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),F组的蛋黄指数显著高于C、D和E组(P＜0.05),E、F和G组的哈氏单位显著高于D组(P＜0.05).2)小肽螯合铁及包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对第3周和第6周末蛋鸡蛋黄中铁元素含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01).B、C、D、F、G和H组第3周和第6周末蛋黄中铁元素含量极显著高于对照组和E组(P＜0.01),且H组第3周末蛋黄中铁元素含量显著高于B和F组(P＜0.05);H组第3周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于F组(P＜0.05),B组第6周末蛋黄中锌元素含量显著高于D组(P＜0.05).3)包膜酸化剂对蛋鸡血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对血清丙二醛(MDA)含量有显著影响(P＜0.05);包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁的交互作用对血清T-SOD活性有极显著影响(P＜0.01).C组血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),D、E、F、G和H组血清T-SOD活性极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);B、F和G组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组和E组(P＜0.05).综合考虑,饲粮中单独添加0.04％和0.08％的小肽螯合铁或与300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂复合添加均有利于维持和延长蛋鸡夏季的产蛋高峰期,改善蛋品质,增加蛋中铁元素的富集,增强机体抗氧化能力.     

酵母硒和苜草素联用对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质、抗氧化能力和胆固醇代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平酵母硒和苜草素联用对产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋品质、抗氧化能力和胆固醇代谢的影响。试验选取756只69周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为7组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.2 mg/kg酵母硒+500 mg/kg苜草素、0.2 mg/kg酵母硒+1 000 mg/kg苜草素、0.6 mg/kg酵母硒+500 mg/kg苜草素、0.6 mg/kg酵母硒+1 000 mg/kg苜草素、1.0 mg/kg酵母硒+500 mg/kg苜草素和1.0 mg/kg酵母硒+1 000 mg/kg苜草素。试验预试期2周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)饲粮添加酵母硒和苜草素可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率(P0.05),显著降低料蛋比(P0.05),有提高鸡蛋蛋壳强度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位的趋势。2)饲粮添加酵母硒和苜草素极显著提高蛋鸡血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和总超氧化物歧化酶活性、肝脏GSH-Px活性以及肝脏GSH-Px1、硫氧还蛋白还原酶1 mRNA表达量(P0.01);极显著降低蛋鸡肝脏甘油三酯含量和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶mRNA表达量(P0.01),极显著提高肝脏胆固醇7α-羟化酶和固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c mRNA表达量(P0.01);极显著提高蛋黄硒含量(P0.01)。3)添加0.6 mg/kg酵母硒+1 000 mg/kg苜草素可极显著提高蛋鸡血浆总抗氧化能力(P0.01),极显著降低蛋鸡血浆丙二醛含量(P0.01),极显著降低蛋黄胆固醇和甘油三酯含量以及肝脏胆固醇含量(P0.01)。综上,饲粮中添加酵母硒和苜草素可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、抗氧化能力及胆固醇代谢功能,以0.6 mg/kg酵母硒+1 000 mg/kg苜草素组合效果最佳。     

包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其互作对38~44周龄蛋鸡夏季产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁及其互作对38~44周龄蛋鸡夏季产蛋性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。采取2×4完全随机试验设计,在基础饲粮设2个包膜酸化剂添加水平(0和300 mg/kg)和4个小肽螯合铁添加水平(0、0.04%、0.08%和0.12%)。试验选用38周龄、健康的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡576只,随机分成8组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只。A、B、C和D组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0 mg/kg包膜酸化剂和0(对照组)、0.04%、0.08%或0.12%小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg),E、F、G和H组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂和0、0.04%、0.08%或0.12%的小肽螯合铁(铁含量分别为0、60、120和180 mg/kg)。预试期1周,正试期6周。结果表明:1)包膜酸化剂以及包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁互作对哈氏单位有显著影响(P0.05)。B、H组总产蛋数较对照组分别提高了4.57%、4.45%(P0.05),F组蛋壳厚度显著大于对照组(P0.05),B、H组料蛋比显著小于G组(P0.05),E、F和G组哈氏单位显著高于D组(P0.05)。2)包膜酸化剂对血清中各生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05),小肽螯合铁对血清中钙、磷、铁含量有显著影响(P0.05),包膜酸化剂和小肽螯合铁互作对血清中总胆固醇、钙、磷含量有显著影响(P0.05)。D组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),H组血清中总胆固醇含量显著低于B、C组(P0.05),并较对照组降低了15.48%(P0.05),B、F组血清中钙含量显著高于E组(P0.05),C组血清中磷含量显著高于E组(P0.05),C组血清中铁含量显著高于对照组和E、H组(P0.05)。综合考虑,在饲粮中单独添加0.04%小肽螯合铁或与300 mg/kg包膜酸化剂复合使用,均有利于提高38~44周龄蛋鸡夏季的产蛋性能,并可改善蛋品质和血清生化指标。     

不同剂型丁酸钠对笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质和血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同剂型丁酸钠对笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质和血清免疫指标的影响。选取48周龄"神丹2号"蛋鸭840只,随机分为7组(每组6个重复,每个重复20只):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加500、1 000、2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠和250、500、1 000 g/t包膜丁酸钠,试验期56 d。结果表明:1)53～56周龄,相比对照组,饲粮中添加250 g/t包膜丁酸钠极显著提高了蛋鸭的产蛋率(P0.01),显著降低了蛋鸭的料蛋比(P0.05)。2)相比对照组,饲粮中添加2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠极显著提高蛋重(P0.01),饲粮中添加不同水平包膜丁酸钠均显著提高蛋重(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加不同水平和剂型丁酸钠均可提高血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgA、IgM含量,与对照组相比,添加250和500 g/t包膜丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgG(P0.05)和IgM含量(P0.01),添加1 000 g/t包膜丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgG(P0.01)、IgA(P0.05)和IgM含量(P0.05),添加2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgM(P0.01)和IgA含量(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加丁酸钠可改善蛋鸭生产性能,提高蛋品质和免疫水平,且包膜丁酸钠的效果优于制粒丁酸钠。     

苜蓿多糖对夏季高温环境下蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季高温环境下在饲粮中添加苜蓿多糖对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。将540只156日龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250、500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖的试验饲粮。试验期为6周。结果显示:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加不同水平苜蓿多糖对平均蛋重、平均日采食量、不合格蛋率和死淘率均无显著影响(P0.05),而添加500、1 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖显著提高了蛋鸡的产蛋率(P0.05),添加500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖显著降低了料蛋比(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加不同水平苜蓿多糖对蛋白高度和哈夫单位均无显著影响(P0.05);250 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);500 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);1 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4和6周末的蛋壳颜色显著加深(P0.05),第1、2和4周末的蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第1和6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、2、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第1和4周末的蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4周末的蛋壳颜色显著加深(P0.05)且蛋壳强度显著提高(P0.05),第1和4周末的蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05)。结果表明,夏季高温环境下,在饲粮中添加适量的苜蓿多糖可以有效缓解蛋鸡的热应激,提高蛋鸡的生产性能,改善蛋品质,且适宜添加量为1 000 mg/kg。     

蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡消化酶活性、蛋黄微量元素沉积、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡消化酶活性、蛋黄微量元素沉积、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响。选取540只海兰白蛋鸡,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组分别在基础饲粮中添加70、140、350、700、1 400 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期8周。结果表明:与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠淀粉酶(AMY)、蛋白酶(PT)和回肠PT活性显著提高(P0.05),血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P0.05),血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著升高(P0.05),Ⅳ、Ⅴ组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),而Ⅳ组十二指肠淀粉酶、PT和回肠PT活性极显著降低(P0.01),血清和肝脏MDA含量极显著升高(P0.01),CuZn-SOD活性及T-AOC极显著降低(P0.01),血清IgA和IgG含量极显著降低(P0.01);与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组蛋黄锌含量显著升高(P0.05),而Ⅵ组蛋黄锌含量极显著升高(P0.01),蛋黄铜、铁含量极显著降低(P0.01)。二次曲线拟合分析得出,蛋鸡获得较高的消化酶活性和较好的抗氧化、免疫性能时,蛋氨酸锌的适宜添加水平为60~100 mg/kg。     

添加不同水平丝氨酸对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同浓度的L-丝氨酸对粉壳蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和暗斑蛋的影响。采用单因子完全随机设计,选用41周龄"农大3号"商品蛋鸡144只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂标准基础饲粮,试验组分别添加500、1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸。预试期6 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:饲粮中添加500 mg/kg L-丝氨酸可极显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋率(P<0.01),添加500 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸组的日采食量和蛋重均极显著高于对照组(P <0.01);添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时可极显著提高蛋黄颜色(P<0.01);添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时能极显著降低存放7 d后的暗斑蛋产生率(P<0.01)。结果表明,蛋鸡饲料中添加L-丝氨酸可以增加蛋鸡产蛋率、采食量和平均蛋重;添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时可以提高蛋黄颜色,能有效降低存放7 d后的暗斑蛋产生率。     

艾蒿水提物对肉仔鸡血清细胞因子含量及小肠诱导型一氧化氮合成酶mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的艾蒿水提物对肉仔鸡血清细胞因子含量及小肠诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(i NOS)mRNA表达量的影响。选取192只健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000、2 000 mg/kg艾蒿水提物的试验饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,21日龄时,2 000 mg/kg添加组的血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)的含量显著升高(P0.05),500 mg/kg添加组的血清IL-4含量和1 000 mg/kg添加组的血清IL-2含量极显著升高(P0.01);42日龄时,500 mg/kg添加组的血清IL-2含量显著升高(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,21日龄时,500 mg/kg添加组的血清一氧化氮(NO)含量和i NOS活性及十二指肠、空肠和回肠的i NOS mRNA表达量差异不显著(P0.05),1 000 mg/kg添加组的血清NO含量和回肠i NOS mRNA表达量显著升高(P0.05),2 000 mg/kg添加组的回肠i NOS mRNA表达量极显著升高(P0.01);42日龄时,500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg添加组血清NO含量和i NOS活性及空肠i NOS mRNA表达量显著或极显著升高(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加艾蒿水提物可以促进肉仔鸡免疫细胞因子的分泌和NO的生成,且与i NOS mRNA的表达增强有关。     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.