香蕉假茎象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用日立S-3000N型扫描电镜对香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄成虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果表明:香蕉假茎象甲触角为膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。触角表皮普遍具有波浪形刻纹,共有4种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器和芽孢形感器,其中,毛形感器有3种类型,刺形感器有2种类型。香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄个体间触角感器类型及其分布均无明显差异。触角上的各种感器类型多样,数量众多,分布集中,鞭节上感器最多,梗节次之,柄节无感器。     

Antennal Sensilla in the Parasitoid Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Parasitoid wasps of the genus Sclerodermus (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) are an important natural enemy of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sp. Antennae of females and males comprised the scape, pedicel, and 11 flagellomere segments. Based on the morphology of the sensilla in each sex, seven types of sensillum were identified: sensilla trichodea (Tr.1, Tr.2 and Tr.3), sensilla basiconica (Ba.1, Ba.2, and Ba.3), sensilla styloconica (St.1 and St.2), sensilla placodea, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla squamiforma, and Bohm’s bristles. Tr.2, Ba.1, and St.1 were only found in females, whereas Ba.2, Ba.3, and St.2 were only observed in males. Sensilla placodea were the most common, given that they occur on the antennae of many parasitoid Hymenoptera, whereas sensilla Tr were the most abundant, being distributed over the entire antennal surface. These sensilla are likely to have roles in the host locating and habitat searching behavior of adult Sclerodermus wasps. Therefore, our findings provide a basis for further studies of the host location behavior of this and other species of parasitic wasp.     

Insight Into the Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one of the most serious pests of cereals in Asia and Australasia. The structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of M. separata were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that antennae of both female and male M. separata are filiform in shape. Three groups and seven morphological sensillum types were recorded in both sexes, including uniporous sensilla (sensilla chaetica), multiporous sensilla (sensilla trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, and styloconica), and aporous sensilla (sensilla squamiformia and Böhm bristles). S. trichodea, which were the most abundant sensilla, was made of three subtypes (ST I, ST II, and ST III) according to external features and two subtypes of s. basiconica (SB I and SB II) and s. coeloconica (SCo I and SCo II) were identified, respectively. Sexual dimorphisms in sensilla of M. separata were mainly perceived as the variations in the numbers of several sensilla subtypes. Also, the possible functions of the antennal sensilla were discussed. These results contribute to our understanding of the function of antennae in the behavior of M. separata.     

茶棍蓟马（Dendrothrips minowai Priesner）触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜技术观测了茶棍蓟马若虫、蛹、雌雄成虫触角感器的类型、分布及超微结构。结果表明,各种虫态的茶棍蓟马触角上共存在9种感器：Böhm氏鬃毛（BB）、钟形感器（SCa）、锥形乳头状感器（BMS）、刺形感器（SCh）、锥形感器（SB）、腔锥形感器（SCo）、腔形感器（SCav）、耳形感器（SA）和特殊结构感器（US）。其中,刺形感器分3种亚型,锥形感器分4种亚型。若虫、蛹、雌、雄成虫的触角感器在触角上的种类和分布有较大的差异,雌虫上具8种感器,无锥形乳头状感器;雄虫上着生7种,缺少锥形乳头状感器和腔形感器;若虫上感器种类有8种,无耳形感器,独具锥形乳头状感器;蛹的感器类型及数量最少,只有2种,即刺形感器和锥形感器。     

黄翅绢野螟触角感器的扫描电镜观察

黄翅绢野螟是为害热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜的主要钻蛀性害虫。本文利用扫描电镜对其雌雄蛾触角进行观察,以探索其化学感受系统。结果表明:黄翅绢野螟触角呈丝状,包括1节柄节、1节梗节和76个亚节连接成的鞭节三部分。触角中共发现11类感器,分别是毛形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、刺形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、栓锥形感器、腔锥形感器(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、耳形感器、鳞形感器、锥形感器和Bo··hm氏鬃毛,感器的种类、分布及形态结构在雌雄蛾中不存在二型性。研究结果可为进一步揭示黄翅绢野螟寄主选择行为机制提供基础性资料。     

二化螟水稻、茭白种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器扫描电镜观察

【目的】为明确二化螟不同寄主种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器,对上述结构的超微形态进行了观察。【方法】选择二化螟水稻、茭白种群幼虫口器和触角及其感器为研究材料,利用扫描电子显微镜进行观察。【结果】表明,二化螟两种群梗节具2个刺形感器、3个锥形感器;上唇具6对刺形感器;上颚切齿叶具7个端齿,基外侧具2个刺形感器;轴节和茎节各具1个刺形感器;外颚叶具3个锥形感器、2个刺形感器和2个栓锥感器;下颚须侧缘具1个指形感器;下唇须端部有1个刺形感器。两种群间鞭节和下颚须感器数目存在差异:茭白种群鞭节具1个栓锥感器和2个锥形感器,水稻种群则具1个栓锥感器和1个锥形感器;茭白种群下颚须具5个锥形感器和3个柱形感器,而水稻种群具4个锥形感器和4个柱形感器。在感器长度上,茭白种群部分龄期幼虫的部分刺形感器(分布于梗节、轴节、茎节)、锥形感器(分布于梗节、下颚须、外颚叶)、栓锥感器(分布于鞭节、外颚叶)显著长于水稻种群的相应感器。茭白种群(1~5龄)的部分柱形感器(分布于下颚须)、3~5龄幼虫部分刺形感器(分布于外颚叶)显著短于水稻种群的相应感器。     

咖啡黑(枝)小蠹成虫触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

对咖啡黑(枝)小蠹(Xylosandrus compactus)雌、雄成虫触角感受器进行了扫描电镜观察。结果表明:咖啡黑(枝)小蠹雌、雄成虫之间触角形态、感受器类型和分布均无显著差异。成虫触角具有5种感受器:毛形感受器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)、锯齿形感受器、锥形感受器、芽形感受器和刺形感受器,其中毛形感受器数量最多,占总感受器的57%,刺形感受器数量最少,仅3%。各种感受器在触角各节上的分布数量显著不同,柄节、梗节感受器数量较少,分别约占感受器总数的4%和3%;鞭节分布的感受器数量最多,约占93%,其中约85%的感受器集中分布在锤状部末端。     

斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂（Microplitis prodeniae）的触角感受器进行观察。结果显示：触角为线形,鞭节有16亚节;触角共有6类感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、板形感器和钟形感觉器;毛形感器最多,分布整个触角;刺形感器分布在柄节和梗节,数量较少;锥形感器、腔锥形感器、板形感器和钟形感觉器分布在鞭节,其中钟形感觉器仅着生于雄蜂鞭节;雌雄蜂触角在形状和结构上相似,但雄蜂触角的长度和直径显著大于雌蜂;雄蜂板形感器的数量、大小和密度显著高于雌蜂。     

Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) in its Native Range Consists of Two Sympatric Cryptic Lineages as Revealed by Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences

The genetic differentiation and genetic structure of the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), was investigated in China, where the moth is native. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene of 180 individuals from 16 collections were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that two sympatric and cryptic mtDNA lineages existed within C. sasakii in China. The genetic differentiation has significant correlation with the geographical distance, but has no evidence for host plant associations. Our results of haplotype distribution suggest that the C. sasakii individuals can naturally move between areas, while the movement of individuals between long-distance locations may be associated with human activities such as the transport of fruit. Finally, an mitochondrial COI gene PCR-RFLP method was developed to differentiate the two cryptic mtDNA lineages within C. sasakii, which provides rapid and reliable tool for the future research of the two lineages.     

番石榴果实中微量矿质养分变化特征及其对果实品质的影响

番石榴属于桃金娘科（Myrtaceae）番石榴属（Psidium）,其果实富含蛋白质、维生素C等营养成分和抗氧化物质,是近年来福建省重点发展的亚热带名优水果之一。番石榴果实生长发育、产量和品质形成的重要物质基础之一是矿质养分,但果实生长发育中中微量矿质养分变化规律,特别是中微量矿质养分对不同品种果实品质的贡献度尚未明确。为了研究番石榴果实的中微量矿质养分的变化规律及其对品质的影响,以‘彩虹’和‘红宝石’番石榴为研究对象,测定了果实不同生长发育期Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 6种中微量元素含量和Vc、TA、总糖、TSS等果实品质指标,并采用相关性分析（SPSS）和方差分解分析（VPA）分析了中微量矿质元素和果实品质的相关性。2种番石榴果实生长发育过程中,6种中微量元素的含量随着果实的生长发育呈现上升趋势,可分为缓慢增长期和快速增长期。其中,‘红宝石’番石榴的分界点为谢花后64~71 d,‘彩虹’番石榴为谢花后78~85 d。SPSS分析表明,中微量养分含量影响‘彩虹’番石榴和‘红宝石’番石榴果实品质的形成。除‘红宝石’番石榴的Ca含量、Fe含量与TSS在0.05水平上正相关,其余中微量矿质元素含量与Vc、TA、总糖、TSS均在0.01水平上正相关。进一步的VPA结果显示,Mn是2种番石榴果实品质的共性元素,Ca、Fe、Mn含量解释了‘彩虹’番石榴品质变化的73%,Mg、Cu、Mn含量解释了‘红宝石’番石榴品质变化的98%。因此,2种番石榴果实风味差异的主要因素分别是Ca、Fe、Mg、Cu含量。生产上,需要根据立地条件,合理选择番石榴品种,注重中微量元素的施用,提高番石榴的品质和营养价值。本研究为不同番石榴品种施肥的优化及高优栽培提供了理论依据。     

Guava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psidium guajava L</Emphasis>. cv. Red Suprema) Crude Extract Protect Human Dermal Fibroblasts against Cytotoxic Damage Mediated by Oxidative Stress

We analyzed guava fruits (Psidium guajava L. cv. Red Suprema) from Cuba to determine their chemical composition, total antioxidant capacity, as well as their protective effect against oxidative damage using an in vitro model of human dermal fibroblasts. The guava fruit is a natural source of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, vitamin C, folates and beta carotenes with proven health benefits. Human dermal fibroblasts were pre-incubated with different concentrations of guava crude extract and then subjected to oxidative stress using the AAPH stressor. The number of apoptotic and dead cells, as well as the markers of oxidative damage such as lipid and protein oxidation significantly decreased when cells were pre-incubated with guava crude extract and then exposed to the stressor. The activity of antioxidant enzymes also improved when cells were pre-incubated with guava crude extract in comparison to cells subjected to stress without prior pre-incubation with the guava extract. The results obtained in this study highlight the health benefits of guava regarding oxidative stress, proving it to be an important source of bioactive compounds associated with important biological properties.     

Formulation and Physicochemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Biscuit-Type Cookies Supplemented with Fruit Powders

Cashew apple and guava residues from fruit juice industry were prepared as dehydrated fruit powders and used at different levels of wheat flour substitution for cookies formulations. The effects of guava and cashew apple fruit powders supplementation on physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of the cookies were evaluated. The pH, fibre and protein content were significantly affected. Biscuits with 15 g and 20 g/100g cashew apple and guava fruit powders showed the highest scores for sensorial attributes, respectively. The supplementation seems to be suited for wheat flour substitution and it is possible to obtain cookies with value-added food ingredient within the standards.     

龙眼果实脱落特性参数与果柄分离力的相关性分析

海南反季节龙眼采前落果普遍发生,严重制约了反季节龙眼产业的发展。而果柄分离力可以反映果实离层活动的状况,成为果实脱落进程的重要指标,但未见在龙眼上使用的报道。本研究以DS2-1000 gf和DS2-5000 gf型推拉力仪检测果柄分离力,并分析果实脱落过程中各项生理特性参数,旨在弄清龙眼果实脱落过程中果柄分离力与果实碳水化合物、呼吸速率和离层细胞壁代谢酶活性的关系。数据表明反季节龙眼果实脱落过程中,果柄分离力的变化范围为0~3000 gf,且果柄分离力低于1000 gf会导致果实呈现脱落趋势;落果率与果柄分离力呈现显著负相关性（r=-0.984,P=0.000）;果实总糖和淀粉含量与果柄分离力呈现显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.942（P=0.005）和0.952（P=0.003）;果柄呼吸耗氧速率与果柄分离力呈负相关性（r=-0.807,P=0.099）;果柄离层纤维素酶和β-甘露聚糖酶活性也与果柄分离力呈显著分负相关性,相关系数分别为-0.936（P=0.019）和-0.954（P=0.002）。结果表明反季节龙眼果实脱落进程可用果柄分离力的变化体现,果实脱落进程伴随着果柄分离力的不断降低,与果柄细胞壁降解酶活性的增加呈线性关系;脱落的发生与碳水化合物含量关系密切,而高的果实呼吸消耗,可能加快果实脱落进程。     

不同发育阶段番石榴果实中挥发物成分变化

采用固相微萃取法(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)技术对不同发育阶段的番石榴果实的挥发性物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,挥发物的主要成分包括萜烯类、酯类、醇类和醛类四大类,其中萜烯类和醇类物质的相对含量随着果实的成熟而减少,酯类和醛类物质则随着果实的成熟而增加。总共分析出35种挥发性物质,青果、成熟果和完熟果中的共同挥发物有9种,分别是己醛、反-2-已烯醛、叶醇、正己醇、β-石竹烯、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、α-古巴烯、2-正戊基呋喃,其总的相对含量分别为81.61%、76.36%和85.57%。     

Repellency of selected Psidium guajava cultivars to the Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. It is caused by bacteria of the genus ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ and transmitted by two psyllid species, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, and the African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae. Considerable research has been conducted toward developing and implementing HLB and ACP management strategies. With respect to ACP control, of interest is that reports indicate guava, Psidium guajava, can be repellent to ACP. We conducted research to further evaluate repellency of guava to ACP. In one set of experiments, guava oil from five Brazilian guava cultivars (‘J3’, ‘Pedro Sato’, ‘Século XXI’, ‘Thailand’ and ‘Paluma’) was extracted from leaves (immature and mature) by hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and evaluated for psyllid repellency. In a second set of experiments, repellency of guava leaves to ACP was investigated using leaves (immature and mature) from two guava cultivars in Florida, ‘Pink’ and ‘Thai White’. In each set of experiments, repellency was evaluated by releasing ACP adults into a cage with two large vials, one containing a young flush shoot (= immature leaves) of Murraya exotica (a favored host plant of the psyllid, the flush of which is highly attractive to ACP) and one with M. exotica flush and the test material of interest (guava oil, immature guava leaf or mature guava leaf). The adults were free to move throughout the cage and into the vials, and the number of psyllids in each vial was counted after 24 h. The results showed that all guava materials tested had at least some repellency to ACP. Mature leaves tended to have a greater repellent effect than immature leaves. Each of the five oils exhibited repellency. A report in the literature suggested that sulfur compounds associated with guava may be responsible for ACP repellency. Interestingly, the five guava oil extracts we studied were repellent to ACP but none contained any sulfur compounds. Identification of the constituents responsible for repellency could lead to new ACP management tactics.     

Injury to apples and peaches at harvest from feeding by Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs early and late in the season

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species that has become an important orchard pest in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. Adults and nymphs feed on tree fruit. Feeding injury from adults has been characterized but the injury from nymphs has not been examined systematically. Since the four plant-feeding instars of H. halys (second through fifth) differ substantially in size, it is plausible that the effects of their feeding on fruit injury and injury expression may differ among them. We compared feeding injury at harvest from young nymphs (second plus third instars), older nymphs (fourth plus fifth instars), and adults that were caged on ‘Smoothee Golden’ apples and ‘Redhaven’ peaches in early June (peach and apple), late July (peach), and late August (apple). Individual apples and peaches were caged at fruit set and assigned to the following treatments (n = 28/treatment): 1) control (no H. halys), 2) young nymphs or 3) adults early in the season, and 4) young nymphs, 5) older nymphs or 6) adults later in the season. Fruit in each treatment were exposed to 3–4 young nymphs, two older nymphs or 1–2 adults placed in the cages for 96 h and evaluated for external and internal feeding injury within 36 h after harvest. No injury was recorded from unexposed peaches or apples. The percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit varied significantly among the exposed treatments. Early season feeding by young nymphs yielded the least injury to peaches and apples. In apples, the highest percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit were caused by late season feeding by adults. In peaches, early season adult feeding produced the highest percentage of injured fruit and injuries per fruit. More internal than external injury was recorded on peach and no such difference was observed on apple. The implications of these findings on H. halys management in fruit orchards are discussed.     

Net choice is key to the augmentorium technique of fruit fly sequestration and parasitoid release

In Reunion Island, tephritid fruit flies are the main pests of fruit and vegetable crops, causing severe yield losses. Instead of the curative approach to reducing populations, this study focused on a particular sanitation technique, which forms the basis of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in this context, using a tent-like structure called an “augmentorium” the aim of which is to contribute to controlling these pests. This structure sequesters adult flies emerging from infested fruit while allowing the parasitoids to escape, via a net placed at the top of the structure. The size of four nets was tested in the laboratory in order to include the most effective one in an augmentorium prototype adapted to the conditions of Reunion Island. The mesh finally selected (hole area 3.00 mm²) proved to be perfectly effective with 100% sequestration of adult flies (Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera zonata). In addition, 100% of the parasitoids (Fopius arisanus and Psyttalia fletcheri) were able to escape from the cage through the mesh if they chose to do so. Farmers were enthusiastic about using the augmentorium prototype. Implications for the use of this technique in Reunion Island are discussed.     

Peach brown rot incidence related to pathogen infection at different stages of fruit development in an organic peach production system

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is the most widespread disease for organic peach production systems in Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the favorable periods for latent infection by M. fructicola in organic systems. The field experiment was carried out during 2006, 2007 and 2008 using the cultivar Aurora. After thinning fruits were bagged using white paraffin bags, and the treatments were performed by removing the bags and exposing the fruit for four days to the natural infection during each of seven fruit stages from pit hardening to harvest. Throughout the entire growing season, the conidial density and the weather variables were measured and related to the disease incidence using multiple regression analyses. At the fourth day after harvest in each season, the cumulative disease incidence was assessed, and it ranged from 40 to 98%. The incidence of brown rot on fruit that were exposed during the embryo growing stage was lower than that of unbagged fruit throughout the entire season in 2006 and 2008. The relative humidity and the conidia density were significantly correlated to disease incidence. Based on our results, M. fructicola can infect peaches during any stage of fruit development, and control of the disease must be revised to account for organic peach production systems.     

Effects of irrigation deprivation and ground cover (Trifolium repens) in the tree row on brown rot incidence in peach

Brown rot can lead to considerable fruit losses in peach orchards and cultural practices likely to contend this major disease have to be promoted. In order to limit peach brown rot incidence in a three-year-old mid-season maturing peach orchard of the cultivar ’Ruby Bright’, four combinations of irrigation and soil management treatments were assessed: conventional (Conv) irrigation (I) and soil management (S) (ConvI+ConvS); modified (Mod) irrigation and soil management (ModI+ConvS); conventional irrigation and modified soil management (ConvI+ModS); and modified irrigation and soil management (ModI+ModS). Conventional irrigation and soil management in the tree row consisted of irrigation scheduling using tensiometer readings and herbicide use, respectively. Modified irrigation and soil management in the tree row consisted of water deprivation during stage III of fruit development and ground cover with white clover, respectively. For four consecutive years (2010–2013), in the conditions of the Middle Rhone Valley in France, the lowest and highest brown rot incidence were detected under (ModI+ModS) and (ConvI+ConvS), respectively, whereas brown rot incidence under (ModI+ConvS) and (ConvI+ModS) was intermediate. This lower brown rot incidence under the modified treatments occurred from one to two weeks before fruit maturity and was still observed for several days in post-harvest storage. Ground cover with white clover was shown to limit water availability in the soil after heavy rainfall compared to bare soil, probably limiting peach growth variations, well-known as a possible source of detrimental microcracks at the fruit surface. This suggests that under our conditions appropriate cultural practices, water deprivation and a clover crop cover in the tree row possibly decrease peach disease sensitivity, which might lead to the reduced use of pesticide sprays to control brown rot in the orchard.     

Inhibitory Potential against Digestive Enzymes Linked to Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Content of Bioactive Compounds in 20 Cultivars of the Peach Fruit Grown in Poland

The presented study provides important insights on the health properties of Prunus persica fruit related to their polyphenol and carotenoid profiles, antioxidant capacity and in vitro potential to inhibit enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) and obesity (pancreatic lipase) management. Such results have not been published so far. The study showed substantial differences in the chemical composition of peach fruit depending on the cultivar. At the same time, it demonstrated some common features of selected cultivars - the varieties with light flesh (‘Spring Time’; ‘Madison’) were characterized by a high content of phenolic acids and flavonols, thus exhibiting high activity against α-amylase, while the yellow varieties with high content of carotenoids (‘Harrow Diamond’; ‘Harrow Beauty’) showed high inhibitory activity toward porcine pancreatic lipase. Finally, it has been shown that peach fruit is an interesting raw material with a varied chemical composition and nutritional value, especially with high inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes, strongly determined by the cultivar.