大豆耐胁迫相关蛋白编码基因GmSAMDC1的克隆及表达分析

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(S-adenosine methionine decarboxylase,SAMDC)是亚精胺和精胺合成的关键酶,更是多胺生物合成的限速酶之一,在植物耐胁迫反应中发挥重要调控作用。为研究大豆SAMDC编码基因的结构和表达特性,本研究从抗病大豆品种科丰1号中克隆了位于大豆基因组2号染色体上的GmSAMDC1(Glyma. 02G128000)基因,分析结果表明:其完整ORF长度为1 068 bp,编码一个由355个氨基酸组成的包含1个SAM_decarbox结构域的蛋白; GmSAMDC1基因所编码蛋白的理论等电点为4. 86,相对分子质量为38 987. 13 Da,为亲水性蛋白,不含跨膜区;大豆中共有8个GmSAMDC1的同源基因,GmSAMDC1与红车轴草(PNY09439. 1,82. 64%)和拟南芥(At SAMDC3,67. 22%)中的SAMDC蛋白编码基因亲缘关系最近; GmSAMDC1启动子序列包含防卫和胁迫响应元件、植物激素应答元件、光应答元件等许多顺式作用元件; GmSAMDC1在花中的表达量最高,与其大豆同源基因Glyma. 01G071300(序列相似性为94. 6%)、Glyma. 18G278800(66. 8%)和Glyma. 08G25580(66. 5%)的组织特异性表达模式比较相似; Glyma. 02G128000-GFP融合蛋白在细胞膜和细胞质上表达。本研究结果为进一步阐明大豆GmSAMDC1基因在大豆耐胁迫过程中的作用提供了理论依据。     

大豆RING/U-box蛋白Glyma.13G115900的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

课题组前期对干旱胁迫下大豆转录组的数据分析发现大豆Glyma.13G115900基因编码一个RING/U-box蛋白,其表达水平受干旱胁迫影响显著。本研究以垦丰16大豆为试验材料,克隆Glyma.13G115900基因。氨基酸多重序列比对表明其编码的蛋白与其它物种都具有高度保守的RING/U-box结构域。构建原核表达载体pET-29b-Glyma.13G115900转化到大肠杆菌中,Glyma.13G115900蛋白在大肠杆菌中能够表达。荧光定量PCR分析表明Glyma.13G115900基因的表达量受PEG、NaCl和ABA的影响显著,但基本不受冷胁迫的诱导。经PEG和NaCl处理后,该基因表达量与CK相比呈现出显著下降的趋势,PEG处理的表达量变化比NaCl下调的更明显;在ABA诱导下与CK相比该基因的mRNA丰度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,在4 h表达量出现峰值,推测该基因可能通过依赖于ABA途径参与非生物胁迫应答。以上结果为进一步深入研究该基因的调控途径奠定基础。     

大豆Glyma.05G222700.2基因生物信息学与逆境表达分析

为研究Glyma.05G222700.2基因编码的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶在抗非生物胁迫过程的功能和原理,促进大豆抗逆候选基因的开发利用,本研究通过生物信息学方法对大豆Glyma.05G222700.2基因进行同源序列、蛋白结构、进化树和转录组分析,通过qRT-PCR分析盐胁迫下大豆不同组织中该基因的表达情况。结果表明:该基因编码区长2 040 bp,编码697个氨基酸,预测分子量为656.54 kD,pI8.026。多序列比对发现Glyma.05G222700.2蛋白包含1个Pkinase结构域。进化树分析表明该蛋白与野大豆、刺毛黧豆、赤豆一致性较高。转录组数据表明Glyma.05G222700.2基因在大豆各组织中均有表达,其中在种子中表达量最高,在根中表达量最低。qRT-PCR结果发现Glyma.05G222700.2基因在毛状根、茎、叶中均有表达,在茎中表达量最高,在叶中表达量最低;在毛状根中盐胁迫12 h表达量达到极值,盐胁迫24 h表达量下降;在茎中表达量呈上升趋势,在24 h表达量达到极值;在叶中表达量不稳定,盐胁迫2 h该基因不表达,盐胁迫6 h该基因表达量达到极值并高于对照,盐胁迫12和24 h表达量低于对照。推断该基因可能在大豆抵抗盐胁迫过程中起到重要作用。     

大豆Glyma.18G261700基因生物学分析及功能初探

MYB是参与花青素合成的重要调控基因，数量众多且功能多样。为分析大豆中与花生黑色种皮调控基因AhTc1(MYB家族)同源基因的功能，本研究根据AhTc1基因序列信息，同源克隆大豆MYB家族基因Glyma.18G261700,对其进行生物信息学分析，并检测不同种皮颜色大豆苗期不同部位花青素和基因表达量。结果显示：Glyma.18G261700全长1 572 bp,编码189个氨基酸，属于R2R3型MYB。AhTc1编码的蛋白为疏水性蛋白，而Glyma.18G261700与之不同，编码的蛋白为亲水性蛋白。三级结构中Glyma.18G261700与AhTc1尾部有所区别，在调控种皮颜色中可能具有不同功能。不同种皮颜色大豆幼苗根部花青素含量较低，而Glyma.18G261700基因的表达量较高，表明在大豆幼苗期该基因的大量表达可能抑制根部花青素的合成，但对种皮颜色的调控还需进一步探索。     

大豆GmABCG40基因的功能预测及表达分析

通过在大豆基因组数据库中检索拟南芥At ABCG40在大豆中的同源基因,获得了Gm ABCG40基因序列。通过对Gm ABCG40基因编码的氨基酸序列及启动子序列进行生物信息学分析,结果表明:Gm ABCG40基因CDS序列全长4 284 bp,编码1 427个氨基酸。Gm ABCG40编码的蛋白为疏水性蛋白,具有多个N-糖基化位点、激酶磷酸化位点、N-豆蔻酰化位点、2个ATP/GTP结合位点基序A和1个速激肽家族信号。结构域分析表明Gm ABCG40含有2个核苷酸结合域与2个跨膜结构域,形成NBD1-TMD1-NBD2-TMD2结构,属于ABCG亚家族的成员。Gm ABCG40预测的启动子区域含有与激素、胁迫、光应答、胚乳表达和转录因子结合相关的顺式作用元件。系统进化分析表明Gm ABCG40与菜豆、红豆、木豆、百脉根等豆科植物亲缘关系较近。组织特异性表达分析结果显示Gm DABCG40在叶片中表达量最低,在根中表达量最高,推测其可能参与根中ABA的转运过程。     

大豆脯氨酸生物合成相关基因Glyma01g24530的功能预测及表达分析

干旱胁迫下的脯氨酸积累在许多植物中都存在,人们普遍认为脯氨酸含量的提高促进了植物对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。拟南芥中研究发现,△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶基因P5CS1是一种限速酶用来催化脯氨酸生物合成,对脯氨酸非常重要。本研究通过生物信息学及荧光定量PCR对大豆中的P5CS1同源基因Glyma01g24530进行了初步的功能分析和表达模式验证。结果发现:Glyma01g24530具有保守的N端乙酰谷氨酸合成酶激酶结构域和N端乙酰谷氨酸合成酶激酶结构域,系统进化树显示与各植物中P5CS家族成员相似性很高,启动子顺式作用元件序列分析表明该基因存在逆境胁迫、光反应等元件。表达模式分析显示Glyma01g24530可以被干旱、盐诱导表达,并在多数组织中表达。     

玉米热激蛋白ZmHSP70-12基因的克隆及表达分析

热激蛋白70(HSP70)是原核和真核细胞中普遍存在的一种高度保守的分子伴侣。从玉米中克隆1个HSP70家族成员。该基因cDNA序列全长为1 992 bp,开放阅读框为2 352 bp,编码663个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量约75.0 kD。蛋白结构预测及同源比对分析表明,该基因编码蛋白含ATPase位点和HSP70保守结构域,与拟南芥AtHSP70-12序列高度相似,命名为ZmHSP70-12。蛋白亚细胞定位显示,ZmHSP70-12蛋白在内质网中表达。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,ZmHSP70-12对非生物胁迫高温、干旱均具有明显的应答反应,推测ZmHSP70-12是玉米中与胁迫逆境相关的基因。     

大豆脂质转运蛋白基因GmLTP3的特征分析

将芝麻的SiLTP3序列与大豆的核苷酸序列进行blast比对,发现大豆含有与芝麻该基因同源性高达94%的序列,克隆该基因并命名为GmLTP3。通过GmLTP3的核苷酸序列推测出其氨基酸序列,利用软件进行多重序列比对和系统发育树构建,发现该氨基酸序列与已确定功能的大豆脂质转运蛋白同源性高达99%,与蒺藜苜蓿和巴旦杏的进化距离最近。采用实时荧光定量PCR法对GmLTP3基因进行定量检测,组织表达分析表明,GmLTP3属于组成性表达基因,在大豆的根、茎、叶、花、萌发的种子中均有表达,并且在花蕾、茎和萌发的种子中表达量较高,在根、叶中表达量较低。非生物胁迫诱导表达分析表明,GmLTP3基因能够对IAA、ABA、PEG、NaCl和冷害作出应答。胁迫处理2 h后,GmLTP3表达量均有下调趋势;胁迫处理12 h后,IAA、ABA、PEG、NaCl诱导GmLTP3的表达量均有不同程度的上调,冷害处理则继续下调表达量。     

长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因克隆及生物信息学分析

蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶家族2(SnRK2)基因家族受各种逆境胁迫诱导表达,在提高植物的抗逆性中发挥着至关重要的作用。为继续深入挖掘有效的抗逆相关基因资源并为转基因小麦提供重要候选基因,基于同源克隆方法从抗旱、耐盐性极强的长穗偃麦草中克隆了EeSnRK2.6基因的cDNA序列,该基因全长1 096bp,编码364个氨基酸,推测分子量为41.73kD,等电点为5.98,是亲水性氨基酸,共有18处磷酸化位点和1处跨膜域。氨基酸序列同源性分析发现,长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因与其他目前已报道的抗逆效果显著的SnRK2家族基因有较高同源性,同大豆SnRK2.6基因同源性达到95%,且具有典型的丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶保守域。系统进化树分析表明,EeSnRK2.6与SbSnRK2.6属于同一进化分枝上。因此,推测该基因属于SnRK2基因家族成员,可能在参与逆境胁迫反应、增强植物的抗逆性中起着重要作用。     

大豆GmMP基因的功能预测及表达分析

通过在大豆基因组数据库中检索拟南芥AtMP(ARF5)在大豆中的同源基因,获得了GmMP基因序列。对GmMP基因编码的氨基酸序列及启动子序列进行生物信息学分析,结果表明:GmMP基因CDS序列全长2 802 bp,编码933个氨基酸。GmMP编码的蛋白为疏水性蛋白。结构域分析表明:GmMP含有B3和AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR结构域,同时该基因是ARF家族的成员。GmMP预测的启动子区域含有与激素、胁迫、光应答、生物钟调控和转录因子结合相关的顺式作用元件。系统进化分析表明MP在豆科植物进化过程中比较保守。组织特异性表达分析结果显示GmMP在叶片中表达量最低,在茎尖中表达量最高,推测其可能参与生长素的代谢途径。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.