饥饿对凡纳滨对虾能量代谢及脂肪酸组分的影响

试验考察了喂食与禁食状态下,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长及其肌肉脂肪酸组成的变化。试验虾初始重为0.2627~0.2715g,水体盐度10,温度为27~30℃。喂食采用蛋白饲料(PD)和无蛋白饲料(FPD),蛋白饲料主要以酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源,蛋白质含量为43.8%。喂食试验为30d,禁食试验为15d。结果表明,经15d的禁食,凡纳滨对虾幼虾日增重率为-1.85%,成活率为53.33%。饥饿状态下,蛋白质和脂肪是凡纳滨对虾的主要能源物质,且以蛋白质为主。饲喂蛋白质饲料组,虾体肌肉脂质中C18∶2n-6、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6和C22∶6n-3(DHA)的含量明显升高(P<0.05)。禁食(ND)状态下,C18∶2n-6、C20∶5n-3和C22∶4n-6得到保留,而C18∶3n-3、C22∶6n-3的含量明显减少(P<0.05),特别是C22∶6n-3消耗后所剩无几。g     

花鳗鲡成鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成分析

为给花鳗鲡肉质营养评价及饲料研制提供基础数据和理论分析依据,对花鳗鲡肌肉粗营养成分与脂肪酸组成进行了测定。测定结果:花鳗鲡肌肉的水分含量为68.79%,蛋白质含量为17.58%,脂肪含量为10.86%,其中C14∶0、C15∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0,C16∶0等饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的相对含量为27.6%,C16∶1、C18∶1、C20∶1、C18∶1等单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的相对含量为47.04%,C16∶3n-3、C18∶3n-3、C20∶5n-3、C22∶6n-3等n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)的相对含量为9.4%,C18∶2n-6、C20∶4n-6、C18∶2n-6等n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA)的相对含量为6.66%,多不饱和脂肪酸中DHA的相对含量为2.29%,EPA的相对含量为5.30%。分析结果显示,花鳗鲡肌肉中蛋白质和多不饱和脂肪酸含量非常高,属于优质的蛋白和脂肪源。     

凡纳滨对虾的脂肪营养需求

脂肪在凡纳滨对虾的生命活动中有着重要的作用,主要用于能量代谢和生长发育。虾类的脂肪来源一部分来自于体内的三大营养物质转化,另外主要的来源还是来自于饲料的供给。凡纳滨虾饲料中脂肪和脂肪酸的种类以及含量的不同,直接影响凡纳滨对虾的机体的生长和养殖效益。研究发现凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6比值为0.44,凡纳滨对虾饲料中脂肪添加量在8.5%~9%之间的效果最好。     

蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响

试验以300尾初始体重为(44.40±0.41)g的吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)为研究对象,分别饲喂用蚕蛹(SP)替代0、25%、50%、75%和100%鱼粉(FM)的5种等氮(32%)等脂(5.5%)的饲料(分别命名SP0、SP25、SP50、SP75和SP100,基础饲料中含8%的鱼粉),每组3重复,每重复20尾鱼,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期8周的生长试验,旨在探讨蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响。结果表明:随蚕蛹替代水平上升,吉富罗非鱼肌肉粗蛋白、灰分、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸显著下降,肌肉粗脂肪含量无显著差异;较SP0组,SP100组肌肉总氨基酸和必需氨基酸分别下降3.99%和3.46%。随蚕蛹替代量增加,吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3显著上升,C18∶2n-6显著下降;SP100组吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3较SP0组分别上升105.33%和132.72%。结论:蚕蛹替代鱼粉后显著提高了吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3含量,有利于生产富含n-3PUFA的鱼肉产品。     

叶酸对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响

以皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannaiIno(平均壳长:13.90±0.01mm;平均体重:482.2±2.2mg)为研究对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行112d的摄食生长实验,以海带为对照,探讨饲料中不同叶酸含量(0.06、1.44、2.86、5.88、14.27、35.71mg/kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,(1)叶酸缺乏可显著降低皱纹盘鲍C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的含量(P<0.05),却显著提高C18∶3n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P<0.05);(2)海带与实验基础饲料中的脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,海带中的C14∶1、C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3含量显著高于饲料组(P<0.05),而C18∶0、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C20∶0、C22∶6n-3均显著低于饲料组(P<0.05);(3)海带组鲍鱼的C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3显著高于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05),而C18∶1n-9、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C22∶6n-3则显著低于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05)。(4)C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0在鲍鱼体内的含量比较稳定,不受饲料中叶酸含量和脂肪酸组成的显著影响(P>0.05)。这些结果说明,饲料中叶酸缺乏导致皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成发生改变,很可能抑制C18∶2n-6和C18∶3n-3的碳链延长和去饱和作用,从而减少C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的合成。此外,饲料中的脂肪酸组成也是影响皱纹盘鲍体组织脂肪酸组成的一个重要因素。     

不同脂肪源对罗氏沼虾脂肪酸组成的影响

试验旨在探讨饲料中不同脂肪源组合对罗氏沼虾全虾脂肪酸组成的影响.设计5种不同脂肪源组合的饲料(Ⅰ.鱼油0.5％+豆油2.5％;Ⅱ.鱼油0.5％+菜籽油2.5％;Ⅲ.鱼油0.5％+花生油2.5％;Ⅳ.鱼油0.5％+亚麻油2.5％;V.豆油1.5％+亚麻油1.5％),投喂平均体质量为(2.22±0.04)g的罗氏沼虾60 d,采集的全虾样通过气相色谱法分析其脂肪酸相对含量.结果表明:Ⅲ组虾体单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量最高,达32.58％,显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ和V组(P＜0.05).Ⅰ组虾体n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA)含量最高,为28.62％,并且显著高于其他4组(P＜0.05).Ⅳ组虾体n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)含量最高,为17.17％,并且显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).虾体二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量(EPA+DHA)则是Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅳ和V组(P＜0.05).不同脂肪源组合对罗氏沼虾脂肪酸组成有显著影响.     

饲料不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长、虾体组分、血清抗氧化及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长性能、虾体肉质及血清抗氧化能力的影响,设计了5种不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值(D1:0.29、D2:0.56、D3:1.02、D4:2.20、D5:8.52)的等氮等脂饲料,进行了8周养殖实验,每组设4个重复,每个重复45尾虾。结果显示,饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾的存活率(SR)无显著影响;日本沼虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随饲料脂肪酸比值的增加先升后降,D3组最高且显著高于D1组。饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对虾体粗脂肪(CF)和粗蛋白(CP)影响显著,D4组虾体粗脂肪显著高于其他各组;D3组虾体粗蛋白显著高于D2、D4和D5组。虾体肌肉脂肪酸比值受饲料脂肪酸比值的影响,肌肉中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值与饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值存在显著的正相关关系。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在D5组达到最高且显著高于D1、D2和D3组,但与D4组差异不显著;D3组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D1和D3组。饲料脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾肝胰腺抗氧化基因表达影响显著,D4组Hsp60表达量最高且显著高于D5组,但与D1、D2和D3组差异不显著;D2组Hsp70和Toll表达量最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组Myd88表达量最高且显著高于其他各组。综上所述,饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值为1.02～2.20,可以显著提高日本沼虾的生长性能和非特异性免疫力。     

饲料中n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨饲料多不饱和脂肪酸n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长性能、虾体肌肉组成、抗氧化能力、血清生理指标以及消化能力的影响，实验设计了n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值分别为0.37 (D1)、0.59 (D2)、0.93 (D3)、1.51 (D4)和4.38 (D5)的5种等氮等脂饲料饲喂罗氏沼虾幼虾8周，每组设4重复，每个重复40尾虾 。结果显示，饲料n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值对罗氏沼虾幼虾存活率 (SR)无显著影响；实验虾终末体重 (FW)、增重率 (WGR)和特定生长率 (SGR)随饲料n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值增加先升后降，均在D3组最高；且D3组虾有最大的肝胰腺蛋白酶活性及脂肪酸合成酶活性。虾体肌肉粗蛋白质、水分和灰分含量不受饲料n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值影响，但总脂肪含量在D3组显著高于其他组；各组虾体肌肉的n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值的变化趋势与饲料的n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值变化趋势呈正相关。随饲料n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值增加，实验虾血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力 (T-AOC)和血清铜蓝蛋白 (CP)含量均呈现先升后降趋势，并在n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值为0.93~1.51时达到最大，但丙二醛 (MDA)含量持续上升；D1组血清总胆固醇 (T-CHO)和甘油三酯 (TG)含量显著高于其他组；血清谷草转氨酶 (AST)和谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)活性先降后升，且D3组最低。研究表明，饲料适宜的n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA可显著提升罗氏沼虾生长性能和抗氧化能力，对增重率和特定生长率进行折线回归，建议罗氏沼虾幼虾饲料中最适n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA比值为0.86~0.94。     

早熟期间中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺指数、肝脂含量及脂肪酸组成的变化

实验采用称量法和气相色谱法分别测定了性早熟前后中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺指数(HI)、肝脂含量(LC)和肝胰腺脂肪酸组成。雌雄蟹的HI和LC在早熟前后的变化趋势一致,都是早熟个体低于未成熟个体。在性早熟前,雌雄蟹的肝胰腺脂肪酸组成基本一致,只是雌蟹中C20∶5n-3较高(P<0.05)。然而,对早熟前后的个体作比较时,发现雌雄蟹变化情况有很大差异:(1)早熟雌蟹中C16∶1n-7、C16∶0和C18∶0高于未成熟雌蟹(P<0.01),而C20∶5n-3、C20∶4n-6和C22∶6n-3则低于后者(P<0.01);(2)早熟雄蟹中C18∶1高于未成熟雄蟹(P<0.05),而C14∶0(P<0.05)、C16∶1n-7(P<0.05)和C20∶5n-3(P<0.01)皆低于后者。以上结果表明:雌雄蟹在性早熟前后存在肝胰腺脂肪酸组成变化的差异,且C20∶5n-3可能主要参与成熟蜕壳和膜的构建,而C22∶6n-3可能主要参与卵巢发育和卵黄的发生。     

克氏原螯虾卵巢发育时期组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成

为了研究组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成在克氏原螯虾(Procambrus clarkii)卵巢发育过程中的变化,采用粗脂抽提及气相色谱分析法对卵巢发育5个不同时期肝胰腺和卵巢组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成进行测定和分析,结果表明:(1)随着卵巢发育,卵巢指数由0.12%显著(P≤0.05)增加到6.64%,而肝胰腺指数由7.95%降至5.31%.(2)卵巢干重百分含量从Ⅰ期的22.29%增至Ⅴ期的55.16%,而干物质中的脂肪含量仅在Ⅱ期(32.38%)到Ⅲ期(41.90%)有一个显著增加过程,后期没有增加.(3)肝胰腺和卵巢中主要脂肪酸都有C16:0、C16:1n7、C18:0、C18:1n9、C18:1n7、C18:2n6和C18:3n3等,不同的是卵巢中的C20:4n6及C20:5n3含量也较高.在主要脂肪酸中,C16:0、C18:1n9和C18:2n63种脂肪酸占绝大比例.(4)在卵巢发育过程中,卵巢中的3种高不饱和脂肪酸C20:4n6、C20:5n3及C22:6n3含量呈显著降低趋势(P≤0.05),而C18:2n6含量一直在增加.由此可见,在克氏原螫虾卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺中脂肪有转运到卵巢的可能,在卵巢发育后期各营养物质按一定比例积累,相比于高不饱和脂肪酸,C18:2n6可能在克氏原螯虾卵巢发育及胚胎发育过程中的作用更加重要.本研究旨在通过了解克氏原螯虾组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成与卵巢发育之间的关系,深入探讨亲虾在繁殖期的脂肪代谢机制.     

Effect of Various Dietary Lipid Levels on Quantitative Essential Fatty Acid Requirements of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of various dietary lipid levels on quantitative requirements for essential fatty acids (EFA) by juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . A factorial experiment with three dietary lipid levels (3, 6, and 9%) and three dietary levels (0.5, 1, and 2%) of a mixture of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) was used. An increase in quantitative requirements for EFA with increasing supplementation level of dietary lipid was not demonstrated. Results suggested that this shrimp species appeared to be able to satisfy its n-3 HUFA requirements when they were supplied at 0.5% of diet; this dietary level may be even lowered. Moreover, depressed growth was observed in shrimp fed diets with the HUFA mixture supplemented at 2%. In addition, the present study showed that increasing the dietary lipid level had an effect on lipid composition of shrimp, by increasing lipid deposition in hepatopancreas and muscle tissue, but without a significant effect on growth.     

不同水平亚麻籽油对罗非鱼肝功能和脂质代谢的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0%、1.5%、3.0%、4.5%的亚麻籽油(LO)配制4种等氮(粗蛋白质33%)试验饲料,在淡水循环养殖系统中,分别饲喂初均重为(9.15±0.03)g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)8周,研究饲料中添加亚麻籽油对罗非鱼肝功能和脂质代谢的影响。结果显示:4.5%LO组鱼体肝胰脏脂肪和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他组,而各组间比肝重(HSI)无显著差异。随饲料中LO水平的增加,鱼体肝胰脏EPA、DHA、n-3 PUFA、n-3 HUFA含量及n-3/n-6比例显著升高,而3.0%LO水平后无显著变化。鱼体肝胰脏亚油酸和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)含量以对照组最高,4.5%LO组最低。各试验组鱼体肝胰脏中油酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量无显著差异。随LO添加水平的增加,鱼体血液中胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量也显著升高。而4.5%LO组血液中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著低于其他组。4.5%LO组鱼体肝胰脏苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性显著高于其他组,而脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性以1.5%和3.0%LO组最高。3.0%LO组鱼体肝胰脏超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于其他组。而肝胰脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性以4.5%LO组最低。结果表明,饲料中添加3.0%的亚麻籽油有利于罗非鱼肝胰脏和机体健康。     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, digestive enzyme, feed utilization and fatty acid composition of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus L.) reared in freshwater

Triplicate groups of 40 Japanese sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus reared in freshwater (average weight, 9.52±0.47 g) were fed with six isonitrogenous (∼46% crude protein) diets containing 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% or 16% lipid for 10 weeks respectively. The results showed that the maximum weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) all occurred at the 10% lipid level ( P <0.05) and growth depression occurred when the dietary lipid level was over 12%. Whole body and liver lipid concentrations were enhanced with the increase in the dietary lipid levels, but the muscle lipid content did not significantly change with the increase in the dietary lipid levels. Both liver pepsin and trypsin activities increased with dietary lipid levels ranging from 6% to 10%, and then decreased with a further increase in the dietary lipid content. Liver lipase activities showed a positive correlation with dietary lipid levels, but amylase activities were not markedly influenced by dietary lipid levels. High proportions of 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA), 22:1n-11 and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA), and low concentrations of n-6 fatty acids, particularly 18:2n-6 occurring in the liver and muscle, to some extent, reflected the fatty acid composition in experimental diets.     

投喂蝇蛆对中国明对虾生长及生化组成的影响

在试验生态水槽系统内,研究蝇蛆在日粮中不同配比对中国明对虾幼虾生长及生化组成的影响。以蝇蛆在日粮中的所占比例设计了5个梯度组合,经过35d投喂,对虾体长、体质量、特定生长率和成活率升高,对虾肌肉水解氨基酸的总量及其中的必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量增加;在配合饲料中混合投喂3/8以上的蝇蛆可显著提高中国明对虾幼虾的生长速率(P0.05)。对虾肌肉中∑n-3HU-FA、∑n-6HUFA的相对含量随着蝇蛆投喂量的增加而增加,蝇蛆投喂组的必需脂肪酸相对含量均显著低于对照组,多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于对照组。C22∶6n-3/C18∶2n-6比值显著高于对照组,且随着蝇蛆投喂量的增加比值增加。     

饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟幼鱼肌肉营养成分及消化酶活力的影响

配制蛋白水平34.16%、36.53%、39.10%和41.08%的4种等能半精制饲料,在水温28～32℃条件下,饲喂体质量(19.91±3.73)g的匙吻鲟45d,研究饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟肌肉营养成分和消化酶(酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活性的影响。结果显示,41.08%组体质量显著高于36.53%组,其余各组体质量差异不显著;肌肉粗蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加,各组肌肉水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著;酸性蛋白酶和肝胰脏碱性蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加,而肠道碱性蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而降低;消化道α-淀粉酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而降低,而肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力表现出相反的趋势;饲料蛋白水平对消化道和肝胰脏脂肪酶活力影响不显著,各组脂肪酶活力差异不显著。试验结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟肌肉粗蛋白含量、酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶都会产生显著影响;饲料蛋白水平为39.10%比较适宜。     

Effects of diets rich in linoleic (18:2n - 6) and α-linolenic (18:3n - 3) acids on the growth,lipid class and fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Three practical-type diets utilizing fishmeal and casein as the protein sources and containing fish oil (FO), safflower oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.2 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences in final weight, mortality or development of pathological lesions were evident either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments over this period. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO contained significantly greater amounts of liver triacylglycerol compared to fish fed FO. The major C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in SO and LO diets, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) respectively, were readily incorporated into both total lipid and individual phospholipids of turbot tissues. There was no accumulation of the Δ6-desaturation products of these fatty acids, namely 18:3(n-6) and 18:4(n-3), in any of the tissues examined. The products of elongation of 18:2(n-6) and and 18:3(n-3), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-3) respectively, accumulated in both total lipid and phospholipids with the highest levels of 20:2(n-6) in liver PC and 20:3(n-3) in liver PE. Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] levels exceeded those of arachidonic acid [AA, 20:4(n-6)] in phosphatidylinositol (PI) from liver and gill of fish fed LO. EPA levels in liver PI from fish fed LO were 3-fold and 2-fold greater than SO-fed and FO-fed fish, respectively. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO had significantly reduced levels of AA in liver and muscle total lipid and lower AA in individual phospholipid classes of liver and gill compared to FO-fed fish. The concentration of thromboxane B₂ was significantly reduced in plasma and isolated gill cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 of fish fed SO and LO compared to those fed FO. Prostaglandin E produced by isolated gill cells stimulated with A23187 was significantly reduced in fish fed both SO and LO compared to fish fed FO.     

Optimal dietary lipid requirement of postlarval white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei in relation to growth performance,stress tolerance and immune response

A 25‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal lipid level for postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp (1.7 mg) were fed five isonitrogenous diets containing grade levels of lipid (96.6, 114.3, 128.5, 136.5 and 154.5 g/kg diet, respectively). Each diet was assigned to four tanks (500 shrimp), and shrimp were fed six times a day. Weight gain was increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels, and the highest weight gain was observed in shrimp fed diet with 154.5 g/kg lipid (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the survival was lowest in shrimp fed the L15.45 and highest in shrimp fed the L11.43. Triglyceride in hepatopancreas was increased, and cholesterol was decreased with the increasing dietary lipid. Pyruvate kinase and AMPK mRNA expression were highest in shrimp fed the L12.85. Malondialdehyde in whole body was positively correlated with the dietary lipid levels. The mRNA expression of SOD and Caspase 3 was highest in shrimp fed the L12.85. After hypoxia stress, shrimp fed the L12.85 showed highest survival. The mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and Akirin was highest in shrimp fed the L11.43 and L15.45, respectively. Based on the survival after 25‐day feeding trail and after the hypoxia stress, the optimal dietary lipid for postlarval L. vannamei should be 118–124 g/kg.     

Evaluation of the Dietary Iron Requirement of Penaeus vannamei

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the dietary iron requirement of juvenile Penaeus vunnamei . Prior to initiation of 28 day (Experiment I) and 35 day (Experiment II) feeding trials, 17–20day-old postlarvae were fed the basal diet lacking iron supplementation but containing 12 mg Fe/kg for seven days. After conditioning, juvenile shrimp (mean weight: 0.038 g Experiment I, 0.047 g Experiment II) were fed one of four diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 80 mg Fe/kg from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Final weight gain of shrimp ranged from 1.03 to 1.28 g in Experiment I and 1.62 to 1.94 g in Experiment II. Although percent weight gain was in excess of 2700% in Experiment I and 3400% in Experiment II, there were no significant differences in growth or survival of shrimp fed the different levels of iron. Iron levels of the hepatopancreas and carapace increased linearly with dietary iron; however, there were no significant differences in the iron content of muscle tissue. Based on these results, the iron content of the basal diet appeared to satisfy physiological needs of the shrimp. Therefore, practical diets containing protein sources of animal origin which are rich in iron should not require iron supplementation.     

Effects of dietary phospholipid and highly unsaturated fatty acid on the gonadal development, tissue proximate composition, lipid class and fatty acid composition of precocious Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

Precocious puberty is a major constraint to the economical rearing Eriocheir sinensis farming. Although dietary phospholipid (PL) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) reportedly enhanced ovarian development in normal adult E. sinensis , it had opposite effects of reducing precocity in juveniles . This study investigated the effects of dietary PL and HUFA on survival, gonadal development and biochemical composition of precocious E. sinensis . Two diets with PL and HUFA supplementation (diet A) and deficient (diet B) were formulated and fed to precocious E. sinensis . Although no significant differences were found on survival and gonadosomatic index of crabs fed both diets, crabs fed diet B had significantly higher hepatosomatic index and hepatopancrean lipid content than crabs fed diet A. The percentages, 14:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, in hepatopancreas, muscle and gonads were positively correlated to the diets. Interestingly, the crabs fed diet B accumulated significantly higher 18:2n-6 in gonads and muscle than those fed diet A. Furthermore, substantially higher 20:4n-6 was detected in the gonad and muscle than in the diets. These results suggested that dietary PL and HUFA had limited effects on male gonad biochemical composition. Meanwhile, the precocious E. sinensis may be capable of negating the negative effects of HUFA deficiency by enhanced tissue 18:2n-6 accumulation and converting 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6.     

Effects of dietary lipid sources on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi‐purified diets containing casein, solvent‐extracted soybean meal and gelatin as protein sources, were supplemented with 60 g kg⁻¹ of lipid sources. The lipid sources included: pollack fish oil (PO), pork lard (PL), soy oil (SO), peanut oil (PN), rapeseed oil (RO) and a mixture of pollack fish oil and soy oil (POSO 1 : 1 w/w). Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp (0.10 g average weight) four times daily in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation (feeding ratio was about 8%) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for shrimp fed the diet containing PO and the POSO mixture oil than the other lipid sources. The nutritional values of SO, RO, PN and PL were similar. Shrimp fed on PO, mixture oil of POSO and SO had better survival rates than the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed the PL had the lowest survival rate. There were significant differences in lipid contents of whole body and hepatopancreas amongst the dietary treatments; however, lipid contents of tail muscle were not significantly affected by the dietary lipid sources. Shrimps fed POSO diet had higher protein content in whole body than those fed the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed PO diet had highest crude protein content of the tail muscle. A high correlation was found between dietary FA composition and FA composition of whole shrimp. FA composition of the whole body was generally affected by dietary lipid sources, especially dietary unsaturated FA.