日本国有林经营管理特点

本文着重论述了日本国有林的发展阶段及其经营管理的5个特点和经验:(1)确定了发挥森林多种效益的战略指导思想;(2)健全法制,依法治林;(3)建立一套科学的森林计划体系;(4)有一个稳定的林业管理体制;(5)采取扶持政策。最后,对日本国有林今后的发展进行了展望。     

印度发展林业的基本经验

本文介绍了印度发展林业的主要经验:(1)把林业摆在主要的位置;(2)加强森林资源的保护和管理;(3)大力发展社会林业,为乡村经济服务;(4)重视科研和干部培训。作者认为,中印同属发展中国家,它们的经验对我们更有直接的借鉴意义。     

安县立体林业经济发展现状与对策

介绍四川省安县立体林业发展现状,分析安县发展立体林业存在的问题与不足,提出了安县发展立体林业的对策和建议。(1)建议国家在政策、财政、信贷和税收优惠方面对林下种养应加大扶持力度;(2)建议政府尽快建立林业产权交易中心,促进林地流转、林地租赁;(3)建议政府加强对因缺技术的林农提供无偿培训,培育龙头企业和种植大户;(4)建议林农业注重林下养殖、种植技术,保护植被和环境。     

吴中伦同志作“参加第八届世界林业大会”的报告

国家林业总局副总局长、中国林业科学研究院副院长吴中伦同志,于一九七九年二月十三日在西安为陕西省林业职工做了“参加第八届世界林业大会”的报告。报告分四部分:(1)第八届世界林业大会概况介绍;(2)大会讨论的几个主要问题;(3)在印度尼西亚的参观见闻;(4)几点体会和感想。第八届林业世界大会主要讨论了:1、林业为农村社会服务的问题。会议指出,要搞好农村林业应注意三个问题:①制订农村林业发展规划;②提倡自力更生,但政府有     

稳定发展的浙江林业

浙江林业所以能够持续稳定发展,主要在于(1)坚持政策稳定,不断完善改革;(2)有比较稳定的经济扶持政策;(3)依法治林,加强森林资源管理;(4)推行工程造林,实行科学经营。     

林业科研成果推广障碍的探讨

作者参加了1994年10月24日-28日由国际林联(IUFRO)、亚太地区林业研究支持计划(FORSPA)、国际林业研究中心(CIFOR)和联合国粮农组织亚大地区办事处(FAO/RAPA)共同举办的林业科研成果推广障碍研讨会。研讨会共有3个目标:(1)识别和分析影响林业研究过程和林业科研成果应用障碍的种类;(2)评价当前确定研究重, 人的战略以及研究的有用性和实用性;(3)形成克服不同水平障碍的战略框架。作者在大会提交的论文和讨论的基础上撰写此文, 旨在介绍这次会议取得的进展, 以促进我国林业科研成果的推广。     

私有林采伐管理制度:发达国家经验及对我国的启示

通过对世界上8个发达国家私有林采伐制度的研究,总结其经验,对我国集体林采伐制度改革提出建议。发达国家因地制宜设计私有林采伐制度,有充分的法律依据,地方政府具有更多的私有林管理权,各国用森林可持续经营的理念来指导私有林采伐、对私有林采伐行为侧重政策引导。建议我国要坚持集体林采伐许可证制度,完善林木采伐相关法律,政府制定林业规划,林主制定森林经营方案,实行多种政策调控私有林采伐行为,加强采伐后林地更新管理,积极探索各个地区不同的私有林管理制度。     

辽西地区水土保持林经营现状及可持续经营技术探讨

通过对辽西地区水土保持林发展过程的回顾,总结出辽西地区水土保持林存在的主要问题:树种结构简单;林分生产力低;多样性低指数低,“三大”效益差。并从可持续发展的角度出发,由森林可持续经营的概念结合森林等级理论和相关生态学理论,确定了森林可持续经营的目标:(1)保持林地生产力,不引起林地退化;(2)维护森林的多种产品功能、服务功能和文化价值;(3)保持森林生物多样性、景观多样性和独特性;(4)保持森林生态系统的健康和稳定性; (5)保持和提高森林生态系统结构、功能和过程的整体可再生性。并根据经营目标及辽西地区的实际状况提出了可持续经营的技术措施:(1) 建立稳定、持续、高效的森林资源体系,提高林分生态效益;(2) 大力发展农用林业,促进农、林、牧协调发展;(3)积极发展生态经济型水土保持林,努力提高森林资源的经济效益。     

国际森林年在国外

澳大利亚:是第一个提议将1985年定为国际森林年的国家。政府拨给农林部“森林年”活动专款约合人民币300万元。还成立了国内名誉委员会。主要活动项目有:(1)宣传有关保护森林的政策;(2)发行纪念邮票;(3)设立宣传厨窗;(4)张贴宣传画;(5)为林业博览会设置资料室;(6)拍摄科教影片;(7)雕刻象征森林遭受破坏的雕像;(8)制作儿童智力玩具;(9)编制广播节目;(1O)向林业工作者发行特种刊物;(11)开展有总理参加的纪念植树活动。     

加强产业结构调整是治危兴林的有效途径

调整产业结构,是治理危机,振兴林业的根本出路。由于过量采伐,使资源锐减,导致林业企业陷于“两危”困境。产业结构调整,应注意以下几个问题:(1)森林是林业企业赖以生存和发展的基础,因此,应注意培育后备森林资源,(2)发挥科技优势,生产出更多的适合生产和生活需要的高质量产品,增加经济效益;(3)以林为主,多种经营并举,(4)治危兴林,需要政策扶持。     

中、日森林法的几点比较

林业是生产周期长、资金周转慢、要兼顾公益效能的一种特殊产业。国家如何通过立法有效地保障和促进林业的发展是应当深入探索的课题。本文认为,日本的一些做法,如(1)为了弥补林业与其它产业之间的差距,国家对林业采取经济扶持的政策,并相应地提高林业工作者的社会地位;(2)建立森林计划体系,对全国森林经营进行全面监督和管理;(3)各级政府官员的林业职责等都有明确的法律规定;可供我国的森林立法工作借鉴。     

世界林业管理体制模式研究

林业管理体制是研究林业发展战略的中心议题,是深化改革的核心。本文对世界林业机构设置类型和管理体制模式进行了探讨。根据机构的性质和任务,把世界林业管理体制划分为两大模式:政企合一和政企分离。当今,实行政企分离,独立经济核算,走企业化的道路,是一个明显的发展趋势。     

Community forestry for poverty alleviation in China with reference to Huoshan County,Anhui Province

Increasing attention has been paid to the question of whether and how community forestry links with poverty reduction in the mountainous regions in developing countries. Household-based community forestry was first implemented in Yunnan and spread over other parts of China in the 1980s. In this forestry management system, rural households are the main actors. Household forestry is a form of small-scale community forestry and suits the rural areas of China, where social overhead capital and skilled human resources are lacking. Community forestry has played a remarkable role in guiding and facilitating rural poverty alleviation in Huoshan County, Anhui Province. This paper describes how the community forestry project in Huoshan County has helped the farmers improve their livelihoods through the creation of a forestry model involving science and technology demonstration households and independent farmers’ organisations. The sustainable poverty alleviation model developed in Huoshan has proved to be effective in poverty alleviation and environmental protection, featuring the participatory forestry components of the project, namely household forestry, science and technology demonstration households, and independent farmers’ organisations. With technological and financial aid from government, the local farmers were able and willing to establish this small-scale forestry management system, planting fast-growing multiple-use tree species with substantial economic benefits.     

关于发达国家的林业扶植问题

本文简述了各发达国家的林业政策目标和扶植措施,列举了3种比较成功的扶植模式,即北欧模式、西德模式和英国模式。就有关林业扶植问题作出论述:一套有效的扶植措施必须符合本国国情,而不能照搬外国的经验;扶植林业不应单纯由国家向林业输入资金,而是要通过各种不同的手段调动林业经营者的积极性;扶植林业不应是消极地保护森林和限制采伐,而是要充分激发林业本身的活力,更有效地发展木材商品生产。     

Compiling Market and Other Financial Data on Smallholder Forestry in Leyte, the Philippines

Data collection and maintenance of databases concerning smallholder forestry presents special problems in developing countries. This paper examines forestry data collection experiences in a series of research projects in Leyte, Philippines, supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and the prospects for developing forestry accounting networks. A variety of financial data have been collected in relation to seedling production, plantation performance and timber marketing. Seedling production cost and revenue data have been obtained through snapshot surveys conducted in 2002 and 2008, and repeated attempts have been made to estimate financial returns from growing the most popular tree species. Diverse sources have been identified for timber market information. On the supply side, these include government records of registered plantations, obtaining inventory data from barangay (community) leaders, and reporting information about timber available for harvest on community notice boards. On the demand side, official records of registered timber merchants have been accessed, a detailed survey of timber processors has been conducted, and estimates are being made of apparent per capita timber consumption by district. Experiences in the Philippines reinforce that the potential for forestry accounting networks is limited by the resource-constrained situations of developing countries, placing greater reliance on one-off surveys. Use of pre-existing local networks and institutional structures offers potential for routine collection of forestry data, such as through barangay (village) leaders in the Philippines.     

芬兰林业机械装备发展趋势及动因

林业机械装备是林业高质量发展的基础和保障。学习借鉴其他国家的林业机械装备发展思路，有助于推动我国林业机械装备业的高速发展。文中以芬兰为研究对象，介绍其林业机械装备发展现状与趋势，分析林机装备发展的动因，并在此基础上提出对促进我国林业机械装备发展的几点启示，包括发挥政府引导作用、健全社会服务体系、加强产学研用结合、加大财政支持力度、加强应用服务和技术培训、鼓励林机装备企业转型升级以及深化国际交流合作。     

试论林业分类经营条件下林业经营单位的财务管理模式

以林业分类经营理论为基础，阐述了林业分类经营与森林资源分类经营的区别与联系，分析了我国林业分类经营条件下林业分类经营管理体制的基本特点，提出了林业经营单位财务管理的3种模式，即预算管理模式、企业财务管理模式和企业型财务管理模式，并论述了3种模式的基本内容和适用范围。     

国外典型林业PPP项目经验借鉴

公私伙伴关系（PPP）可以提高公共产品和服务的供给效率,促进经济增长。近年来我国林业PPP快速发展,但总体仍处于起步阶段。相比之下,国外林业PPP合作渐趋成熟,在融资模式、重点领域、资本范围、制度规范方面的探索值得我国学习借鉴。文中通过分析国外林业PPP具体案例,总结归纳出其成功经验,包括明确的政府指导方针、完善的政策法律体系、合理的利益分配、良好的社会诚信体系以及关注当地发展;建议我国加大开放力度,提升PPP项目吸引力,开展试点示范并总结推广成功经验。     

Progress and prospects of community forestry in developing and developed countries

Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations, for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years. Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents.     

林纸结合概述

本文讨论了瑞典等国林纸结合的一些特点和模式,并根据我国国情对发展我国林纸结合提出了一些看法.