世界林业管理体制模式研究

林业管理体制是研究林业发展战略的中心议题,是深化改革的核心。本文对世界林业机构设置类型和管理体制模式进行了探讨。根据机构的性质和任务,把世界林业管理体制划分为两大模式:政企合一和政企分离。当今,实行政企分离,独立经济核算,走企业化的道路,是一个明显的发展趋势。

Researches on the Type of Forest Management Systems in the World

Forest management system is a crucial subject in studying the strategy of China's forest development, and is also the nucleus around which reform in forestry is intensified. A discussion having far-reaching effect is made by the author on the kinds of forest organizations and the type of forest management system. Forest organizations is a reliable guarantee for rational forest management, exerting great influence on the operation of management units. At present, there are various kinds of forest management organizations in the world, but according to the role of forests in national economy, and the form of forest ownership, they may be classified into three major kinds: (1) Separate organization: in countries where forests are nationalized ministry (committee) of forestry are set up in national government. (2) Joint organization: in countries where national forests form the main part of all forests, ministry of forestry or ministry of forestry and water conservance are set up. (3) A subunit in a large organization: a subunit such as forest service (department) is set up under the control of ministry of agriculture.Management system is controlled by social system, form of ownership, economic status, guiding thought in forest management and historical constraints. This is why differences exist in the management system of national forests in all countries. But in accordance with the nature and role of organizations, the management systems may fall into two major types: one is that with enterprise affiliated with government and the other is that with government and enterprise separated. The first type means that the forest administrative organ of the government is a functional unit, and at the same time directly manage the national forests. The forest administrative organ of USA, Japan, British Commonwealth, and China belongs to this type. The second means that government does not directly manage the national forests,which are managed by enterprises under the supervision of functional units. It is so in Sweden, Germany, France, USSR, Austria and Canada. Research results show that the two types of forest management systems have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, the second type with government and enterprises separated, with the enterprise responsible for economic accounting independently,and with forest management enterprisized, is an obvious development trend in the world nowadays.