日本国有林经营管理特点

本文着重论述了日本国有林的发展阶段及其经营管理的5个特点和经验:(1)确定了发挥森林多种效益的战略指导思想;(2)健全法制,依法治林;(3)建立一套科学的森林计划体系;(4)有一个稳定的林业管理体制;(5)采取扶持政策。最后,对日本国有林今后的发展进行了展望。

Features of National Forest Management

The national forest covers 31 percent of the total forest areas in Japan. Of the total national forest area 58 percent belongs to natural forest and 31 percent is man-made forest. In the past hundred years the national forest went through five development periods, i.e. the period of creation of national forest management organizations(1871-1914) which was marked with the enactment of "Forest Law" and "Special Accounting Law of the Forest", and in which forestry was regarded as a special business; the transition period of management policy of national forest (1915-1945) in which the forest management policy is sustained utilization of the forest; unification period of forest policies throughout the nation (1946-1957); rapid development period of forestry production (1958-1972); the period of new forest management policy (1973-present), The five distinct characteristics of national forest management are as follows: 1. full utilization of multifunctions of the forest. 2. Perfecting regulations and rules, and administrating forest by laws. Based on the settlement of forest ownership Japan enacted 254 regulations and detailed rules for implementation according to "Forest Law" and "Forestry Basic Law". 3. Establishing a set of scientific forest plan systems. 4. A stable forest management organization system is maitained. 5. Support policies were adopted which include, to practise "Special Accounting Law" and "General Accounting Law" which stipulate that the total income from national forest should be left to forestry departments for silvicultural expenses; special funds are appropriated by the state for transformation of mountains, afforestation and road building. At the same time granting low interest or interest-free loans, reducing taxes and adjusting tax systems. Forestry tax is 77 percent less than that of other industries. Even though, the national forest of Japan is still faced with economic crisis. With the increasing demand of the society for ecological and social effects of the forest, timber cutting decreased, price of timber dropped down and the interest rate of loans increased, Japan is now pursuing the policies on proceeds-sharing afforestation and proceeds-sharing silviculture and selling national forests in a big way.