中草药复合微生态制剂对急性肝脏损伤蛋鸡肝脏保护作用的研究

试验旨在研究中草药复合微生态制剂（CHCP）对急性肝脏损伤蛋鸡肝脏的保护作用。试验分两部分：①用四氯化碳豆油（SCCl₄）建立蛋鸡急性肝脏损伤模型。选取1 d健康蛋雏鸡108只随机分为4组,模型Ⅰ~Ⅲ组分别按1、2、4 mL/kg体重灌胃10%（V/V）SCCl₄,对照组按2 mL/kg体重灌胃豆油,分别在14、28及35 d时各灌胃一次;②CHCP对蛋鸡急性肝脏损伤的影响。选择1 d 健康蛋雏鸡60只随机分为5组：对照组（豆油）、模型对照组（SCCl₄）及低、中、高剂量CHCP组（SCCl₄+1‰ CHCP、SCCl₄+2‰ CHCP、SCCl₄+4‰ CHCP）,7 d起饮水使用CHCP,14、28 d按2 mL/kg体重剂量给鸡灌胃10% SCCl₄。结果表明,按2 mL/kg体重剂量在14、28 d分别灌胃10% SCCl₄即可造成蛋鸡肝脏损伤,引起肝细胞脂肪变性,空泡样变严重,核固缩,坏死;与模型对照组相比,低、中、高剂量CHCP组蛋鸡血清谷草转氨酶（AST）含量分别降低4.35%（P > 0.05）、7.57%（P > 0.05）及9.79%（P < 0.05）,中、高剂量CHCP组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量分别降低34.92%（P < 0.01）、36.51%（P < 0.01）,血清总胆红素（TB）含量分别降低25.49%（P < 0.01）、27.45%（P < 0.01）;蛋鸡肝细胞切片显示CHCP不同剂量组肝细胞充血减轻,未见脂滴空泡,排列整齐,细胞质丰富而均匀。结果表明,本试验所用的CHCP按2‰、4‰饮水使用均能减少肉鸡肝细胞坏死,降低血清转氨酶活性及TB水平,对SCCl₄诱导的肝脏损伤有保护作用。     

黄曲霉毒素B_1与M_1对小鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响

试验旨在研究黄曲霉毒素B_1与M_1(AFB_1与AFM_1)对小鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响。选取体况良好的4周龄ICR(CD-1)雄性小鼠40只,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只小鼠,其中AFB_1组小鼠每只每天灌胃0.3mg/kg体重AFB_1,AFM_1组小鼠每只每天灌胃3.0mg/kg体重AFM_1,AFB_1+AFM_1组每只每天灌胃AFB_1与AFM_1的混合溶液,其中AFB_1终浓度0.3mg/kg体重,AFM_1终浓度3.0mg/kg体重,以上3组毒素溶剂均为1.0%二甲基亚砜水溶液。对照组小鼠每只每天灌胃1.0%二甲基亚砜水溶液。每只灌胃剂量均为200μL,每天09∶00灌胃一次,连续灌胃28d。灌胃结束后,处死并解剖小鼠,收集结肠内容物,采用16SrRNA测序的方法对肠内容物细菌多样性进行测序分析。结果显示:在细菌群落的门水平、科水平及属水平,与对照组相比,3个毒素处理组小鼠肠道内容物细菌优势菌群均未发生明显排序变化(P>0.05),但不同的毒素处理仍造成了不同分类水平下细菌菌群丰度的显著变化:与对照组相比,AFB_1组及联合灌胃组小鼠肠内致病菌或条件致病菌,如Facklamia、Staphylococcus、Corynebacterium属细菌丰度显著升高(P<0.05);而AFM_1组与对照组相比未见显著差异(P>0.05)。综合试验结果,AFB_1单独作用或与AFM_1联合作用可诱导小鼠肠道内致病菌或条件致病菌细菌增殖,改变肠道健康微生物区系,损伤肠道微生物屏障功能。     

抗鸡球虫药常山口服液对小鼠的急性毒性作用评价

为评价抗鸡球虫病药物常山口服液的安全性,本试验采用改良寇氏法和剂量递增法对小鼠进行急性毒性试验研究,并通过病理组织学观察来明确常山口服液毒性损伤的主要靶器官。取60只昆明系小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为6组,1个对照组和5个给药组,给药组分别按1.00、1.40、1.96、2.74和3.84 g/kg体重的剂量灌胃给药,连续观察7 d,记录小鼠急性毒性反应过程,并运用改良寇氏法公式计算半数致死量（LD₅₀）及LD₅₀的95%可信限。结果显示,小鼠经口灌胃LD₅₀为2.0961 g/kg体重,LD₅₀的95%可信限为1.7414~2.5429 g/kg体重;剖检可见1.96、2.74和3.84 g/kg体重剂量组部分小鼠的肝脏、肾脏出现较严重的水肿、充血和明显的白色坏死灶;病理组织学检查显示小鼠出现急性肝脏损伤,表现为肝细胞退行性改变,病变主要是小叶周边变性、坏死及崩解,而肾脏损伤表现为肾淤血、间质水肿、肾曲小管上皮浊肿和广泛变性,各主要脏器以肝脏损害较为严重,可确定常山口服液损伤的靶器官主要为肝脏。结果表明,常山口服液按常规剂量使用是安全的,临床用于抗球虫病安全性较高,但大剂量、长疗程的用药会出现毒性反应,由于急性毒性试验观察时间较短,故还应结合长期毒性试验的毒性表现及多种检查结果综合分析评价其毒性。     

Study on Acute Toxicity Test of Anticoccidial Oral Liquid from Dichroa febrifuga in Mice

The purpose of this study was to evaluate drug safety of Dichroa febrifuga oral liquid (DFOL),and the acute toxicity test of DFOL was established in mice based on modified Karber's method and dose increasing method,and histopathological examination had been applied to explore the main target organs of its toxic injury.The dosage was determined by preliminary experiment,a total of 60 Kunming mice were selected and divided randomly into one control group and five experimental groups,DFOL was administered by intragastric gavage at five different doses (1.00,1.40,1.96,2.74,3.84 g/(kg·BW)),and observed for 7 days continuously,the LD₅₀ value and 95% confidence interval of LD₅₀ were determined by the modified Karbers method.It showed that LD₅₀ was 2.0961 g/(kg·BW) and its 95% confidence interval was 1.7414 to 2.5429 g/(kg·BW).The liver and kidney of some mice in 1.96,2.74 and 3.84 g/(kg·BW) drug groups appeared severe edema,congestion and white necrotic foci by necropsy.Acute liver injury was found in mice by histopathological examination and the liver cell showed degenerative change,kidney damage showed renal congestion,interstitial edema,renal tubule epithelial cloudy swelling and degeneration.The liver was damaged seriously in the main organ and the main toxic organ of DFOL was liver.The test showed that the toxicity of DFOL was lower and it had high security in a conventional doses for clinical anti-coccidiosis application,however,high dose,long course of medication had toxicity,and the toxicity of DFOL should be analyzed and evaluated combining with long-term toxicity tests and many other inspection results.     

鹿角盘水提物对大鼠乳腺增生的作用效果及其机制研究

为了探索鹿角盘（DHAB）水提物对大鼠乳腺增生的治疗作用,初步探讨其作用机理和用药剂量,试验利用苯甲酸雌二醇（0.5 mg/（kg·d））联合黄体酮（5.0 mg/（kg·d））对SD大鼠进行肌内注射建立乳腺增生模型。试验共分7个组,每组10只大鼠,分别为空白组、乳腺增生症（HMG）模型组、阳性药三苯氧胺组（0.036 mg/（kg·d））、鹿角盘水提物4个剂量组（高剂量,2.625 g/（kg·d）;中高剂量,1.575 g/（kg·d）;中低剂量,1.05 g/（kg·d）;低剂量,0.63g/（kg·d））。按组别连续灌胃45 d,每周固定时间测定大鼠乳头直径、高度及体重。试验结束后采血取样,称量大鼠胸腺、脾脏、子宫和卵巢质量,取乳腺组织做病理学切片、HE染色,用放射免疫法检测大鼠血清中雌二醇（E₂）及孕酮（P）的含量。结果表明,使用不同剂量鹿角盘水提物均能减小乳腺增生大鼠乳头直径、高度,提高胸腺、脾脏指数,降低子宫指数,减轻乳腺小叶数、腺泡数和分泌物,降低血清E₂含量,升高血清P的含量,与模型组相比有统计学差异（P < 0.01;P < 0.05））。综合试验结果,鹿角盘水提物对乳腺增生大鼠有治疗作用,效果显著,且以中高剂量组变化最为明显。其作用机制可能通过增强机体免疫力、调节血清中E₂、P水平实现。     

Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Test on Rats of a New Kind of Antidiarrheal Chinese Herbal Medicine Compound Preparation for Livestock

In order to understand the security of a new kind of antidiarrheal Chinese herbal medicine compound preparation for livestock,acute and sub-chronic toxicity test were conducted.Acute toxicity test used the largest drug dose method,20 Wistar rats were orally treated with the Chinese medicine compound preparation.In the sub-chronic toxicity test,80 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 rats in each group and orally given a dose of 3 000,1 500,750 and 0 mg/(kg·BW）of Chinese medicine compound preparation once a day for 30 days.The general clinical status was observed,rats weight were measured and the dose was adjusted every week during the test,after the test measured blood routine index,biochemistry index,and preceded the gross anatomy observation,weighing each major organs and calculated the viscera coefficient,and proceded main viscera histopathological observation between the high dose group and the control group.The acute toxicity results showed that every rat would be alive gavaged with the lethal dose（LD₅₀）of compound preparation larger 5 g/(kg·BW).The sub-chronic toxicity autopsy showed that except heart,lung,and testicles in individual rats appeared mild bleeding in the high dose group,the other dose group organs found no abnormal change.The haematological index showed except mononuclear cell rate（P<0.05),and hematocrit declined significantly（P<0.05）in the high dose group,all the indexes of the other groups were in the normal range,there was no significant difference from the control group.The test suggested the Chinese medicine compound preparation was no toxicity under the condition of this test according to acute toxicity classification standard of exogenous chemicals by WTO,there was no effect on the growth and development of rats in the sub-chronic toxicity test,and there was no chronic toxicity at least 1 500 mg/kg feeding conditions in short-term repeated application.     

一种新兽用止泻中药复方制剂对大鼠的急性及亚慢性毒性试验

为了解一种新兽用止泻复方制剂的安全性,本试验对该复方制剂进行了经口急性毒性和亚慢性毒性研究。急性毒性试验采用最大给药剂量法对20只Wistar大鼠进行经口灌服制剂。亚慢性毒性试验将80只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只,经口染毒剂量分别为3 000、1 500、750和0 g/kg体重,连续染毒30 d。试验期间观察一般临床状况,每周测量大鼠体重并据此调整染毒剂量。试验结束后测定试验动物血液学、血清生化指标,并进行大体解剖学观察,称取各组主要脏器并计算脏器系数,对高剂量组和对照组大鼠的主要脏器进行组织病理学观察。急性毒性试验结果显示,该制剂经口染毒LD₅₀均大于5 g/kg体重时,所有大鼠均存活。亚慢性毒性剖检发现,高剂量组除个别大鼠心脏、肺脏、睾丸（♂）出现轻度淤血外,其他各剂量组的实质器官均未发现异常变化;血液学指标中除高剂量组的单核细胞比率、红细胞压积水平显著下降（P<0.05）外,其余各组各项指标均在正常范围内,与对照组无显著差异。结果表明,在本试验条件下,根据WTO有关外源性化学物急性毒性分级标准,该制剂属实际无毒物质;亚慢性毒性试验也未发现该制剂对大鼠的生长发育产生影响,短期重复应用至少在1 500 mg/kg饲喂条件下无亚慢性毒性。     

兽用陈皮口服液对肉仔鸡生长抑制治疗效果的评价

试验旨在建立鸡生长抑制模型并评价兽用陈皮口服液对鸡生长抑制的治疗效果。选用磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠、硫酸阿托品和地塞米松磷酸钠3种药物建立鸡生长抑制模型，从中选择一种效果较好的药物进行后续试验。结果显示，在生长抑制模型建立试验中，地塞米松组平均日增重（ADG）最低，显著低于对照组（P<0.05），料重比（F/G）最高，且显著高于对照组（P<0.05），且十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05），表明地塞米松组生长抑制效果最好，本试验选用地塞米松磷酸钠给药建立鸡生长抑制模型进行后续试验。在兽用陈皮口服液对鸡生长抑制治疗效果评价试验中，将50只AA肉鸡随机分为5组，每组10只。第1~4组分别胸肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠0.25 mg/kg体重，连续给药8 d，人工造病形成生长抑制模型；第9天开始，第1~3组连续7 d分别灌服0.1、0.2和0.3 mL/kg体重的陈皮口服液；第4组为阳性对照组，第9~16天不使用陈皮口服液，灌服等量灭菌生理盐水；第5组为阴性对照组，用等量灭菌生理盐水代替地塞米松磷酸钠，连续注射8 d，第9~16天灌服等量灭菌生理盐水。治疗结束时，第2、3组平均日增重高于第4组（阳性对照组），与空白对照组差异不显著（P>0.05），料重比低于第4组，且与空白对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）；陈皮口服液治疗组脏器系数及血液生化指标（除谷草转氨酶（AST）外）与空白对照组基本接近（P>0.05），说明陈皮口服液能明显缓解地塞米松对肉仔鸡的生长抑制，修复地塞米松生长抑制肉仔鸡的脏器损伤，且高剂量组（0.3 mL/kg体重）缓解作用更好。     

螺旋藻多糖与银杏叶提取物复方对四氧嘧啶模型小鼠的降血糖作用

为研究复合螺旋藻多糖与银杏有效成分的降血糖作用,试验选用SPF级昆明种雄性小鼠,腹腔注射0.2 mL 200 mg/（kg·d）四氧嘧啶,连续5 d,断尾采血测定空腹血糖,其值大于11.1 mmol/L时表明造模成功。试验小鼠随机分为空白对照组（C组）、模型组（M组）、阳性对照组（CY组）、单一用药组（螺旋藻多糖组（P组）、银杏黄酮组（F组）、银杏内酯组（L组）,复合用药组将螺旋藻多糖（PSP）与银杏叶有效成分（GBE）配制成1：1（CP₁组）、2：1（CP₂组）、1：2（CP₃组）的复合组,每组10只,共9组。对照和CY组每只小鼠灌服2.5 mg/（kg·d）格列本脲,其余各组按200 mg/（kg·d）灌服相应药物,每天1次,连续灌服30 d,测定小鼠血糖值及体重、脾脏指数、胸腺指数及肝糖原等指标。结果显示,与M组相比,用药组小鼠体重均极显著增加（P<0.01）,复合用药组药效高于单一用药组;各用药组脾脏、胸腺指数均极显著升高（P<0.01）;肝糖原含量极显著增多（P<0.01）;血糖值极显著下降（P<0.01）;其中CP₂组的小鼠血糖值降幅最大,其降糖率为52.14%;肝糖原增加为61.88%。综上所述,螺旋藻多糖和银杏叶有效成分发生了协同增效作用,对由四氧嘧啶引起的高血糖小鼠有明显的降血糖作用。     

鸡血藤总黄酮对猪圆环病毒2型感染小鼠脾脏氧化应激的影响

试验旨在探讨鸡血藤总黄酮（TFSD）对猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）感染小鼠脾脏氧化应激的影响。将70只昆明小鼠随机分为7组,对照组、TFSD组（100 mg/kg体重）、PCV2组、PCV2＋维生素C （VC）组、PCV2＋不同浓度TFSD （25、50和100 mg/kg体重）组,每组10只,连续3 d采用灌胃和腹腔注射PCV2病毒液的方法建立小鼠氧化应激模型,第4~6天每天按上述分别灌胃给予生理盐水、VC或TFSD。第7天剖杀小鼠,取脾脏分析黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力,并检测还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）水平,计算GSH/GSSH。结果显示,PCV2感染小鼠后,脾脏中XOD与MPO的活力及GSSG水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,SOD活力、GSH水平及GSH/GSSG显著下降（P＜0.05）。TFSD处理小鼠脾脏的SOD活力、GSH水平和GSH/GSSG比值均显著高于PCV2组（P＜0.05）,而XOD、MPO活力和GSSG水平则显著低于PCV2组（P＜0.05）,对PCV2引起的氧化应激相关酶活力与相关分子水平变化的抑制作用优于VC。结果表明,鸡血藤总黄酮对PCV2诱导的小鼠脾脏氧化应激有良好的调节作用。     

新型莫西菌素浇泼剂对羊蜱蝇和消化道线虫驱虫药效评价

试验旨在通过新型莫西菌素（moxidectin,MOX）浇泼剂对羊的驱虫试验,评价MOX浇泼剂对羊蜱蝇和消化道线虫的临床药效。将150只阿勒泰羊经产母羊随机分为6组,每组25只,分别为不用药对照组、螨净药浴组、MOX注射组和MOX低（0.05 mL/（kg·BW））、中（0.1 mL/（kg·BW））和高（0.2 mL/（kg·BW））剂量浇泼组,试验期为1周。试验第1天按前述分组中方法和剂量驱虫1次。观察受试动物临床表现,测定给药前1天和给药后第7天体温、脉搏和呼吸（TPR）,血液生理、生化和尿常规指标;测定羊蜱蝇减虫率、治愈率。采取粪样测定消化道线虫每克粪中虫卵个数（EPG）减少率及转阴率。结果显示,与不用药对照组相比,给药后第7天各驱虫组TPR、血液生理、生化及尿常规指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。螨净药浴组羊蜱蝇减虫率为43.7%,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组均为100%。螨净药浴组治愈率为13.0%,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组均为100%;与不用药对照组相比,螨净药浴组消化道线虫卵减少率为0,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组分别为91.6%、93.1%、94.9%和97.8%。螨净药浴组虫卵转阴率为0,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组分别为77.0%、69.2%、69.2%和84.6%。本试验结果表明,新型MOX浇泼剂对体外寄生虫和消化道线虫均有显著疗效,且优于螨净药浴,与MOX注射剂等效。实践应用中最适MOX浇泼剂量推荐为0.05 mL/（kg·BW）（即0.25 mg/（kg·BW））。     

芩黄清肺散的急性毒性和长期毒性研究

为探索芩黄清肺散（Qinhuang qingfei powder,QQP）的安全性,对其进行急性毒性试验和长期毒性试验。急性毒性试验中,小鼠灌服QQP水煎液（6.00 mg/g体重）1周,测定其半数致死量（LD₅₀）;长期毒性试验中,将96只SD大鼠随机分为高、中、低剂量组（QQP 32.00、16.00、8.00 mg/g体重,相当于临床拟用剂量的96、48和24倍）和对照组。每组24只,雌雄各半。QQP制成药化饲料,喂养30 d。每周记录大鼠的饮水量、耗料量、体重及精神活动等,在喂养第30天和恢复期（第45天）分别对大鼠进行血液学、血液生化、病理学方面的检查。结果表明,急性毒性试验小鼠LD₅₀>6.00 mg/g体重,实际无毒;长期毒性试验中,各剂量组大鼠饮水量、耗料量、体重、血液学指标、血液生化指标和脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。大鼠主要器官大体解剖和心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、睾丸/卵巢等脏器组织病理学检查未见任何病变。综合以上结果,芩黄清肺散临床用药具有安全性。     

肿节风三清颗粒安全性试验研究

试验旨在考察肿节风三清颗粒的急性毒性、亚慢性毒性和靶动物安全性，为临床安全用药提供理论依据。急性毒性试验中，一次性给小鼠灌胃给药，未测出LD₅₀，故采用24 h内多次给药的方式测定最大耐受量。亚慢性毒性试验中，大鼠以低、中、高（5、10、20 g/kg体重）3个不同剂量灌胃给药，每天1次，连用35 d，并设生理盐水对照组；在给药期间观察大鼠的临床体征和体重变化，35 d称重并测定血常规和血液生化指标，取脏器观察病理组织学变化。靶动物安全性试验，按临床推荐剂量的1、3、5倍剂量饮水投服肿节风三清颗粒，连续5 d，观察试验鸡的临床体征并按期称重，测定血常规和血液生化指标。结果显示，急性毒性试验各剂量组小鼠均无死亡，无法测出LD₅₀，最大耐受量为75 g/kg体重（以颗粒计）。亚慢性毒性试验中，给药组大鼠的临床体征、体重、血常规、血液生化指标与空白对照组大鼠相比均无显著差异（P>0.05），组织病理学观察发现实质器官无异常病变。靶动物安全性试验中，各用药组鸡的增重、饲料转化率、血常规和血液生化指标与空白对照组相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明，肿节风三清颗粒无急性毒性和亚慢性毒性作用，靶动物临床用药在5倍推荐剂量内安全。     

Protective Effect of Saccharum alhagi Against N-acetyl-para-aminophenol induced Liver Injury in Mice

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP) overdose use induced liver damage.This study was aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Saccharum alhagi against APAP-induced liver injury in mice. The aqueous extract of Saccharum alhagi was prepared, ant its ingredients were measured by phenol-sulfuric acid method and aluminium salt chromogenic method. The mice were randomly divided into seven groups,including normal control group,APAP model group,Saccharum alhagi (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg·BW)+APAP groups,positive control group and Saccharum alhagi control group. Administration once per day for 3 consecutive days,with 300 mg/(kg·BW) of APAP after 1 h from the last administration of Saccharum alhagi. 300 mg/(kg·BW) APAP were used to induce liver injury, and after 24 h from APAP challenge,the experimental animals were sacrificed to collect blood and liver tissue samples. The level of serum transaminase (ALT and AST) and the liver pathological changes were observed. The results indicated that the levels of serum AST and ALT were extremely significant lower in the Saccharum alhagi treated groups than the APAP treated group (P<0.01), and the pathological changes were significantly improved. This study showed that Saccharum alhagi could be an effective therapeutic source in APAP-induced liver injuries in mice.     

刺糖对对乙酰氨基酚诱导的肝损伤的保护作用

对乙酰氨基酚（N-acetyl-para-aminophenol,APAP）过量使用能够引起肝脏损伤,本研究旨在探讨刺糖对APAP所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及潜在的作用机理。采用水提法提取刺糖的有效成分,通过苯酚硫酸法和铝盐显色法进行刺糖提取物成分鉴定;49只雌性小鼠随机分为7组,正常对照组、模型组、刺糖不同浓度的提取物（600、300和150 mg/kg体重）+APAP组、水飞蓟宾阳性对照组及刺糖对照组（600 mg/kg体重）,灌胃3 d,末次给药1 h后,腹腔注射APAP 300 mg/kg体重,24 h后处死小鼠并采集血样和肝脏组织样品。检测血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）的活性;用HE染色制作病理标本,观察肝脏病理学变化。结果显示,刺糖提取物能够极显著降低小鼠血清中AST、ALT的含量（P<0.01）,APAP所引起的病理变化明显改善。本研究结果表明,刺糖对APAP所致的小鼠急性肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

天冬糖苷散急性毒性及亚慢性毒性研究

试验旨在通过天冬糖苷散对小鼠的急性毒性试验和大鼠亚慢性毒性试验,评价该药物制剂的安全性。在急性毒性试验中,分别进行了预试验（5 000、1 000、200、40 mg/（kg·BW））,正式试验（5 000、2 500、1 250、625 mg/（kg·BW））和最大给药量试验（60 g/（kg·BW））。给药后,连续7 d观察小鼠精神状态和死亡情况,试验结束后对小鼠进行剖检。在亚慢性毒性试验中,将80只Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组,即高剂量组（10 g/（kg·BW））、中剂量组（5 g/（kg·BW））、低剂量组（2.5 g/（kg·BW））和对照组,各组连续给药30 d,试验期间每天观察大鼠的临床表现,并记录大鼠的体重、摄食量和饮水量,计算增重率。给药30 d后,采集血液进行血常规和血液生化指标检测,剖检并计算脏器系数,并对主要脏器进行组织病理学检查。结果显示,在急性毒性试验的预试验、正式试验和最大给药量试验中均未出现小鼠死亡,剖检脏器无肉眼可见病变。在亚慢性毒性试验中,天冬糖苷散中、低剂量组受试大鼠体重、血液学指标、血液生化指标、脏器系数和组织病理学检查结果与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。高剂量组雄性大鼠红细胞平均体积（MCV）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）含量均显著高于雄性对照组（P<0.05）;红细胞计数（RBC）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、单核细胞百分率（MONO%）均显著低于雄性对照组（P<0.05）,但在正常范围内,且各脏器病理组织学检测结果与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）,表明10 g/（kg·BW）剂量天冬糖苷散对受试大鼠的血液学指标和肝肾功能有一定影响。以上结果表明,天冬糖苷散对小鼠的LD₅₀>5 000 mg/（kg·BW）,天冬糖苷散在10 g/（kg·BW）范围内连续灌胃大鼠30 d,对大鼠无明显毒副作用,安全性好。     

Effects of 2-methylbutyrate on Daily Gain,Dietary Nutrient Digestion and Methane Emissions in Simmental Cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2-methylbutyrate on daily gain,dietary nutrient digestion and methane emissions in Simmental cattle.Thirty-six Simmental cattle (12-month-old) consuming a corn straw diet were divided randomly into four groups (control group,experimental groups 1,2 and 3) and supplemented with four levels of 2-methylbutyrate as 0,1.0,2.0 and 3.0 g/(kg·BW),respectively.Dietary nutrient digestibilities,average daily gain and methane emissions were determined.The results showed that OM digestibilities of the cattles in experimental group 2 and 3,CP digestibilities of the cattles in experimental groups 2 were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05).NFE digestibilities were not affected by adding 2-methylbutyrate (P>0.05).NDF digestibilities of the cattles in experimental group 2 were significantly higher than that in control group and experimental group 1 (P<0.05),while their ADF digestibility were significantly higher than that in control and other experimental groups (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the average daily gains of cattles increased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05),the dry matter intakes of cattles decreased significantly in experimental group 2 (P<0.05),and the feed gain ratio decreased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05).In addition,the methane emissions were decreased significantly in experimental groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05).The results indicated that the average daily gain,nutrient digestion could be improved,and methane emissions could be restrained by supplementing 2-methylbutyrate in Simmental beef cattle,the optimal dose of 2-methylbutyrate supplementation was 2.0 g/(kg·BW).     

仔泻康口服液的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验研究

试验旨在通过小鼠急性毒性试验和大鼠亚慢性毒性试验对仔泻康口服液进行安全性评价,为临床安全用药提供理论依据。在急性毒性试验中,采用最大给药剂量对36只昆明小鼠进行灌胃给药。在亚慢性毒性试验中,将80只大鼠,随机均分成高、中、低剂量组和对照组,高、中、低剂量组分别按24、12和6 g/kg体重灌胃给药,对照组给予等体积生理盐水,连续给药30 d,停药后称量大鼠体重、检测血常规指标、血液生化指标、计算脏器指数并观察组织病理变化等。结果显示,在急性毒性试验中,各剂量组均无小鼠死亡,无法计算LD₅₀,最大耐受量试验也无死亡情况;在亚慢性毒性试验中,该口服液对大鼠生长发育没有影响;经剖检,仅高剂量组可见中央静脉远端的肝细胞有不同程度的肿大,但未见坏死和炎性反应,其他各剂量组的实质器官均未发现异常变化;各剂量组血液学指标、血液生化指标和脏器指数均在正常范围内,与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结果表明,根据外源化学物急性毒性分级（WHO）标准,该制剂属于无毒物质,安全性较高,在合理剂量下,临床使用仔泻康口服液是安全的。     

猫经口内服2种米尔贝肟吡喹酮片的药代动力学比较研究

本试验将16只成年健康猫随机分成2组,每组8只(公母各半),采用单剂量随机平行对照试验设计,分别单剂量(4 mg/kg体重,以米尔贝肟计)经口内服国产(受试品)和进口(对照品)米尔贝肟吡喹酮片,进行其在猫体内的药代动力学比较研究.给药后按预定时间采集血样,采用HPLC法进行血浆中米尔贝肟和吡喹酮含量的测定,实测血药浓度—时间数据采用Winnonlin 5.2药代动力学分析软件计算药代动力学参数.结果显示,米尔贝肟吡喹酮片对照品单剂量内服后,米尔贝肟的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(20.08±7.57)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为6.00 h和(764.43±251.40)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(15.00±5.05)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(18.60±1.52)h;吡喹酮的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(6.27±5.26)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(3.88±0.35)h和(1018.25±200.19)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(8.69±2.07)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(6.56±1.07)h.米尔贝肟吡喹酮片受试品单剂量内服后,米尔贝肟的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(15.07±4.05)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(5.25±1.04)h和(806.65±299.01)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(15.18±5.97)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(17.47±1.97)h,相对生物利用度为101.20%;吡喹酮的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为(11.11±4.62)h,达峰时间(T_max)和峰值浓度(C_max)分别为(5.25±1.04)h和(880.47±241.27)ng/mL,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为(9.64±2.76)ng/(L·h),平均滞留时间(MRT)(10.52±1.52)h,相对生物利用度为119.16%.与对照品相比,受试品的药代动力学参数中除米尔贝肟的消除半衰期显著缩短、吡喹酮的达峰时间显著延迟外(P<0.05),其他药代动力学参数差异均不显著(P>0.05).结果表明,猫经口内服米尔贝肟吡喹酮片受试品与对照品后具有相似的药代动力学特征.     

Effect of Total Flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on Oxidative Stress in Mice Spleen Induced by PCV2

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induced oxidative stress in mice spleen.70 Kunming mice were divided into 7 groups:Control group, TFSD group (100 mg/(kg·BW)), PCV2 group, PCV2+vitamin C (VC) group, and PCV2+various concentrations of TFSD groups (25, 50 and 100 mg/(kg·BW)). Mice were continuously treated with PCV2 via both intragastric administration and intraperitoneal injection for 3 d to establish oxidative stress models. From the 4th to 6th day, mice were intragastric administrated with saline, VC or TFSD, respectively, according to the grouping method. At the 7th day, the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the levels of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the ratio of GSH to GSSG in the mice spleen were analyzed. The results showed that PCV2 infection significantly upregulated the XOD and MPO activities and GSSG content(P <0.05), and dramatically downregulated the SOD activity, GSH level and the ratio of GSH to GSSG (P <0.05) in the mice spleen.Compared to PCV2 group, the SOD activity, GSH content and the ratio of GSH to GSSG in mice treated with TFSD were significantly increased (P <0.05), while the activities of XOD and MPO and the level of GSSG were significantly decreased (P <0.05), showing better performance in the inhibition of PCV2 induced changes of oxidative stress associated enzyme activities and moledule levels than VC.In conclusion,TFSD had regulative effect on the oxidative stress induced by PCV2 in mouse spleen.